Aggression expression among League of Legends and Fortnite players - a brief report.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Our primary goal was to determine and compare the anger expression strategies used by players of the two most popular online games, League of Legends and Fortnite Battle Royale, as well as those used by non-gamers. METHODS: The study sample was comprised of 450 subjects, of whom 338 were males and 112 females. The sample was further divided into four groups: 1. Non-gamers; 2. League of Legends gamers; 3. Fortnite gamers; and 4. League of Legends and Fortnite gamers. Anger attributes were measured using the validated Hungarian version of the 20-item Anger Expression Scale (Oláh 1987; Spielberger, 1985). Multinomial Logistic Regression was used to analyze the role of age and gender of the subjects to predict whether subjects were non-gamers or gamers. Subjects were further assessed by employing the Anger Expression Scale, which determines Anger-In (turning anger inwards or suppressing anger) and Anger-Out (expressing anger outwardly) profiles of individuals. The Anger-In and Anger-Out variables were added to the model. RESULTS: Compared to League of Legends gamers, Fortnite gamers had a more passive (Anger-In) anger expression strategy. Fortnite and League of Legends gamers possessed a more passive anger expression strategy relative to nongamers. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Further research is needed to determine whether the games themselves have a determining influence on the gamers anger expression strategy, or whether the gamers personality and anger expression strategy predisposed them to choose one game over the other.

Health literacy among participants from neighbourhoods with different socio-economic statuses in the southern region of Hungary: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Health literacy (HL) has a deep impact on people's decisions about their health and health care system. Measurement and improvement of HL level is essential to develop an appropriate health care system. The aim of the study was to (1) conduct a pilot study among the population of Baranya County in Hungary with different socio-economic statuses, (2) evaluate the HL level and (3) found the correlations between socio-economic data, emergency departments' visits, medical history and HL. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 with 186 participants, socio-economic status, health status, HL level and knowledge about the triage system were measured. The questionnaire included questions on socio-economic status, previous chronic diseases, and satisfaction with the emergency care system as well as the standardised European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q47). Descriptive statistical analysis (mean, SD, mode) and mathematical statistical analysis (ANOVA, chi2 test, Pearson Correlations, Two sample t-test) were applied. SPSS 24.0 statistical software was used to analyse the data. Relationships were considered significant at the p < 0.05 level. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-six people were involved in the research, but 45 of them were excluded (N = 141). The participation rate was 75.8%. There were significant differences in HL levels by gender and educational level (p = 0.017), health education (p = 0.032) and presence of children in the household (p = 0.049). Educational level (p = 0.002) and type of settlement (p = 0.01) had strong impacts on economic status. We found that 46.1% of the participants had limited comprehensive HL (cHL) level. This proportion was slightly lower for the disease prevention sub-index (33.3%). The average cHL index score was 34.8 ± 8.7 points, the average health care sub-index score was 34.6 ± 9.7 points, the average disease prevention sub-index score was 35.8 ± 9.9 points, and the average health promotion sub-index score was 34.2 ± 9.4 points. 46.1% of the examined population in Hungary had limited HL level. CONCLUSIONS: Socio-economic status has a strong influence on HL level. It is not enough to improve awareness but we need to improve knowledge and cooperation with the doctors and health care system.

[Satisfaction of parents raising children under 7 years of age with general practitioners in Hungary]. / A hétévesnél fiatalabb gyermeket nevelo szülok háziorvosokkal való elégedettsége Magyarországon.

INTRODUCTION: Development of children's primary care may only take place through proper monitoring of both providers and recipients. AIM: The aim of the study was to investigate the parental satisfaction with the doctor of 0-7 years old children. METHOD: The research took place in Budapest and five Hungarian counties in "Early Childhood (0-7 years) Programme 6.1.4/12/1-2012-0001". There were 980 parental questionnaires were evaluated and 93 parents participated in ten focus group interviews (n = 93). RESULTS: Answers indicated that parents were most satisfied with the information received from the physician of their child (score 3.8), and they were least satisfied with the waiting time and the time of consulting hours (score 3.4). The results of focus group interviews were similar to those obtained from the questionnaire survey. CONCLUSIONS: Participating parents are "rather satisfied" or "satisfied" with the physician of their child. Evaluation of the results forms basis to create indicators for primary care improvement.

Minor physical anomalies are more common in children with idiopathic epilepsy.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of minor physical anomalies (prenatal errors of morphogenesis) was evaluated in patients with idiopathic epilepsy to get indirect data on the possible role of aberrant neurodevelopment in the etiology of the disease. AIM: Connecting to current opinions on a possible role of aberrant neurodevelopment in idiopathic epilepsy it seems important to introduce somatic trait marker research focusing on brain maldevelopment. METHODS: A scale developed by Méhes (1985) was used to detect the presence or absence of 57 minor physical anomalies in 24 patients with idiopathic epilepsy and in 24 matched controls. RESULTS: The mean value of all minor physical anomalies was significantly higher in the group of patients compared to controls. In case of 3 minor physical anomalies we could demonstrate statistically significant differences between children with epilepsy and the control sample. Two minor malformations (primitive shape of ears, double posterior hair whorl) and one phenogenetic variant (inner epicanthic folds) had a significantly higher frequency in patients compared to control individuals. CONCLUSION: The overrepresentation of minor physical anomalies in idiopathic epilepsy can strongly support the view that this disorder is related to pathological factors operating early in development.

[Minor physical anomalies in autism]. / Minor fizikális anomáliák autizmusban.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Minor physical anomalies are mild, clinically and cosmetically insignificant errors of morphogenesis which have a prenatal origin and may bear major informational value for diagnostic, prognostic and epidemiological purposes. Since both the central nervous system and the skin are derived from the same ectodermal tissue in utero, minor physical anomalies can be external markers of abnormal brain development and they appear more commonly in neurodevelopmental disorders. In a recently published meta-analysis Ozgen et al. have published the results of seven studies--all have used the Waldrop Scale which contains 18 minor physical anomalies--and reported on the higher prevalence of minor physical anomalies among patients with autism. There are only a very few data on the individual analysis of the prevalence of minor physical anomalies in autism. METHODS: In our study we have studied the prevalence of 57 minor physical anomalies in 20 patients with autism and in 20 matched control subjects by the use of the Méhes Scale. RESULTS: The prevalence of minor physical anomalies was significantly higher in the autism group (p < 0.001). The individual analysis of the 57 minor physical anomalies showed the significantly more frequent apperance of four signs (primitive shape of ear p = 0.047, abnormal philtrum p = 0.001, clinodactylia p = 0.002, wide distance between toes 1 and 2 p = 0.003). No correlation was found between the four significantly more common minor physical anomalies. CONCLUSION: The higher prevalence of minor physical anomalies in autism supports the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of the disorder and the individual analysis of minor physical anomalies can help to understand the nature of the neurodevelopmental defect.

Clinical evaluation of lithium disilicate versus indirect resin composite partial posterior restorations - A 7.8-year retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate retrospectively the longevity of lithium disilicate ceramic (LidiSi) vs. laboratory-processed resin-based composite (RBC) inlay/onlay/overlay restorations and risk factors associated with restoration deficiencies and failures. METHODS: Patients (n = 91) receiving LidiSi (73.1%) and RBC (36.9%) inlays/onlays/overlays between 2007 and 2017 were selected. The restorations were evaluated using the modified U.S. Public Health Service criteria. The survival of the restorations was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log rank test. Factors affecting the occurrence of deficiencies were examined by logistic regression analysis. This was performed with the use of the Generalized Estimating Equation model including Repeated measurements (GEER), with the consideration that the same patient had several teeth in the sample. Risk estimation was conducted for each evaluated criterion (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The survival of LidiSi and RBC restorations were 96.8% and 84.9%, respectively after a mean observation period of 7.8 ± 3.3 years. The annual failure rate was 0.2% for LidiSi and 1.0% for RBC. The probability of survival was above 98% for both restorations in the first 6 years, however, it dropped to 60% for RBC by the end of the 15th year. For both materials the reasons for failure included secondary caries, restoration fracture, and endodontic complication. In addition, LidiSi also failed due to tooth fracture, while RBC due to marginal gap formation and loss of retention. Among the evaluated risk factors, material of restoration (OR=6.8, CI95%:3.1-14.9), oral hygiene (OR=8.0, CI95%: 2.9-22.1], and bruxism (OR=1.9, CI95%: 1.1-3.3) showed a significant impact on the evaluated criteria. SIGNIFICANCE: LidiSi and RBC restorations showed similarly excellent 6-year survival, however, in the long term significantly more failures should be expected for RBCs.

Digital versus conventional panoramic radiography in predicting inferior alveolar nerve injury after mandibular third molar removal.

The aim of the study was to compare the accuracy of conventional and digital panoramic radiography (OPG) in relation to 4 specific high-risk signs (interruption of the superior cortical line, diversion, narrowing of the canal, and dark band of the root), which would indicate a close anatomic relationship between third molar roots and the inferior alveolar canal.Four hundred mandibular third molar surgical removals after conventional and 272 after digital radiographs were evaluated in the study. The association between postoperative inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) paresthesia and the presence of any preoperative high-risk signs in the OPG was investigated. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were completed to compare the accuracy of conventional and digital radiographic techniques detecting high-risk signs predicting possible IAN paresthesia.Digital OPG results showed significantly higher sensitivity in diversion (P = 0.014) and narrowing (P < 0.002) of the canal, whereas the specificity of these signs was significantly lower (P < 0.001 and P = 0.035). The likelihood ratio analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis did not prove the significant difference between digital and conventional imaging according to the examined high-risk signs. Positive predictive values of the signs were found in conventional radiography between 3.6% and 10.9%, whereas in the digital images, it ranged from 2.9% to 7.9%.The results of this study failed to prove significant difference between the accuracy of digital and conventional OPG for predicting IAN paresthesia, whereas low positive predictive values indicate both imaging techniques as inadequate screening methods for predicting IAN paresthesia after mandibular third molar removal.

[Retrospective study of direct composite restorations according to the USPHS criteria]. / Direkt kompozit restaurációk retrospektív vizsgálata USPHS kritériumrendszer alapján.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate and describe the occurrence of different deficiencies of composite restorations in molar and premolar teeth. Further aim was to investigate possible correlations between occurring malformations and the localization or size of the restorations. 240 class II composite restorations (in 85 patients) were involved in the study. Control examinations were carried out five years after restorations, according to the United States Public Health Services' criteria. Namely, anatomic form, marginal integrity, marginal stain, color stability, surface smoothness, and the presence of secondary caries or fractures of the restorations. The associations between variables were calculated by bivariate analyses using either Pearson chi-square or Fisher tests. P < 0.05 was considered significant. In 0.8% of the fillings, secondary caries and in 0.4% of the cases, fracture was found as a failure. The frequency of adjacent deficiencies were found as follows: color instability, 12.5%; marginal stain, 20.8%; anatomic deformity, 15.0%; failure of marginal integrity, 8.8%; and surface roughness, 2.5%. Color instability was significantly more frequent in premolar teeth, than in molars (P = 0.031). Color instability (P = 0.015), marginal stain (P < 0.001) and anatomic form malformation (P = 0.002) occurred more frequently in MOD restorations than in MO/OD fillings. Our results suggest that class II restorations are correct both functionally and esthetically in 98.8% of the cases, even after a 5-year-period.

Understanding Health Literacy among University Health Science Students of Different Nationalities.

An adequate level of health literacy is essential for clear communication between patients and health care workers. The internationalization of universities is increasing in the field of health care. The aims of our research were to measure (1) the level of health literacy and its correlation among university students and (2) the relationship between the different instruments measuring health literacy. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the 2020/2021 academic year. The questionnaire included questions on sociodemographic status, study data, health status, and health literacy level. According to the HLS-EU-Q16 health literacy questionnaire, more than half of the students had a limited HL level in disease prevention (52.4%) and health promotion (58.4%) subindexes. Nationality was found to be an influencing factor (p < 0.001). According to the NVS, 80.1% of the students had an adequate HL level. A significant correlation was found between the results and nationality (p = 0.005). None of the Chew questions demonstrated a correlation with nationality (q1 p = 0.269, q2 p = 0.368, q3 p = 0.528). Nationality is a key factor in the level of subjective and functional health literacy. We need to measure both types of levels to see the real results.

Increased prevalence of minor physical anomalies in patients with epilepsy.

Our aim was to investigate the rate and topological profile of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) in adult patients with epilepsy with the use of the Méhes Scale, a comprehensive modern scale of dysmorphology. Consecutive epilepsy patients admitted for outpatient evaluation were included. Patients with comorbidities of neurodevelopmental origin (such as autism, severe intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, tic disorder, Tourette syndrome, bipolar disorder, specific learning disorder and specific language impairment) were excluded. All participants underwent physical examination with the use of the Méhes Scale for evaluation of MPAs, including 57 minor signs. The frequency and topological profile of MPAs were correlated to clinical patient data using Kruskal-Wallis, chi2 tests and logistic regression model. 235 patients were included, according to the following subgroups: acquired epilepsy (non-genetic, non-developmental etiology) [N = 63], temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE with HS) [N = 27], epilepsy with cortical dysgenesis etiology [N = 29], cryptogenic epilepsy [N = 69] and idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) [N = 47]. As controls, 30 healthy adults were recruited. The frequency of MPAs were significantly affected by the type of epilepsy [H(6) = 90.17; p < 0.001]. Pairwise comparisons showed that all patient groups except for acquired epilepsy were associated with increased frequency of MPAs (p < 0.001 in all cases). Furrowed tongue and high arched palate were more common compared to controls in all epilepsy subgroup except for TLE (p < 0.001 or p = 0.001 in all cases). A positive association was detected between the occurrence of MPAs and antiepileptic drug therapy resistance [Exp(B) = 4.19; CI 95% 1.37-12.80; p = 0.012]. MPAs are more common in patients with epilepsy, which corroborates the emerging concept of epilepsy as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Assessment of these signs may contribute to the clarification of the underlying etiology. Moreover, as increased frequency of MPAs may indicate pharmacoresistance, the identification of patients with high number of MPAs could allow evaluation for non-pharmacological treatment in time.

Sense of Coherence and Self-Rated Aggression of Adolescents during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic, with a Focus on the Effects of Animal Assisted Activities.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused extreme deviations from everyday life. The aim of this study was to investigate how these deviations affected adolescents' sense of coherence and their level of aggression, and whether this was influenced by their relationship with animals, especially horses. In two random samples of students from vocational schools in Hungary, taken in June 2018 and June 2020 (n1 = 525, n2 = 412), separate groups were drawn from those who had regularly engaged in equine-assisted activities (ES) and those who had not (OS) before the pandemic. Data were collected using an anonymous, paper-based questionnaire, and during the pandemic an online version of the Sense of Coherence (SOC13) and Bryant-Smith (B12) scales. During the pandemic, boys' sense of coherence weakened and their aggressiveness increased. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that, regardless of gender and age group, increased time spent using the internet (p < 0.001), a lack of classmates (p = 0.017), reduced time spent outdoors (p = 0.026) and reduced physical activity (p < 0.038) during the pandemic significantly increased the tendency for aggressive behavior, whereas being with a horse or pet was beneficial (p < 0.001). The changes imposed by the curfew were rated as bad by 90% of the pupils, however, those with a strong sense of coherence felt less negatively about them. Schools should place a great emphasis on strengthening the students' sense of coherence.

Darkening of third molar roots: panoramic radiographic associations with inferior alveolar nerve exposure.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to examine the association between the darkening of the root on the preoperative panoramic radiograph and intraoperative inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) exposure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the present study, 116 mandibular third molar surgical extraction cases with darkening of the third molar roots on the preoperative panoramic radiographs were selected for a case group, and 193 patients with one or more of the following "high-risk" signs, indicating a close spatial relationship between the root and dental canal, were selected for the control group: interruption of the white line, diversion of the canal, and/or narrowing of the canal. The correlation between the radiographic markers and IAN exposure was estimated using bivariate analysis. RESULTS: The IAN was visible in 47 (15.2%) of 309 intraoperative extractions. Darkening of the third molar roots was significantly associated with IAN exposure (P < .001). Those with both darkening and adjacent "high-risk" radiographic markers present simultaneously had a significantly greater risk of IAN exposure than those with darkening only (P < .001) or any other combination of multiple high-risk factors (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Significant differentiation between isolated darkening and darkening with both adjacent and high-risk signs seems to be essential in predicting IAN exposure.

[The specific panoramic radiographic signs and their relation with inferior alveolar nerve injuries after mandibular third molar surgery]. / A jellegzetes panorámaröntgen-jelek szerepe a nervus alveolaris inferior sérülések várható megítélésében alsó bölcsességfogak eltávolításakor.

The aim of the authors was to describe the classic specific panoramic signs (indicating a close spatial relationship between dental canal and third molar's root) on panoramic radiographic images and determine their role in the risk assessment, predicting inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) paresthesia after lower third molar removal. The authors represented an informative case, where the IAN was visible during the surgery. The exact knowledge of classic panoramic radiographic signs should help the determination of "high risk" cases predicting IAN paresthesia after mandibular third molar removal. The authors keep panoramic radiography rather a routine than the most superior diagnostic tool in third molar surgery.

Food intake precipitates seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Various factors have been considered as potential seizure precipitants. We here assessed the temporal association of food intake and seizure occurrence, and characteristics of seizures and epilepsy syndromes involved. 596 seizures from 100 consecutive patients undergoing long-term video-EEG monitoring were analyzed. Preictal periods of 60 min were assessed as to the occurrence of food intake, and latencies between food intake and seizure onset were analyzed. Seizures of temporal origin were highly significantly more frequently preceded by food intake compared to those of extratemporal origin; and were associated with shorter food intake-seizure latency. Seizure precipitation by food intake showed male predominance. Shorter food intake-seizure latency was associated with less severe seizures and less frequent contralateral spread of epileptic discharges. We here show for the first time that not only in specific rare reflex epilepsies but in the most frequent form of focal epilepsy, temporal lobe epilepsy, seizures are significantly precipitated by food intake. Seizure occurrence was increased over a period of up to one hour following food intake, and remained more localized in terms of both ictal EEG spread and as reflected by seizure severity. This finding supports the emerging concepts of ictogenesis, implying a continuum between reflex and spontaneous seizures-instead a dichotomy between them.

Effects of Caffeine and Caffeinated Beverages in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults: Short Review.

The prevalence of ED consumption has increased over the past 10-15 years. Studies describing the effects of caffeine and caffeinated beverages show confusing results, so it seems important to regularly summarize the available facts, and in more detail. By a thorough analysis of more than 156 scientific papers, the authors describe the molecular background of absorption, as well as the positive and negative effects of different dosages of caffeine, just like its effects in physical activity and performance. ED and EDwA consumption is a regular habit of not only adults, but nowadays even of children and adolescents. There are no safe dosages described of caffeine or ED consumption for children. There are no positive short- or long-term effects of these compounds/products concerning developing brain functions, psycho-motor functions, or social development. Instead, there are many unpleasant side effects, and symptoms of regular or higher-dose ED consumption, especially at younger ages. This mini review describes many details of these unpleasant side effects, their severity, and motivations for consuming these compounds/products. In a quantitative research in Hungary (10-26 years, mean age: 15.6 ± 3.8 y, 1459 subjects, randomly chosen population), a survey based on a questionnaire asking people about their ED consumption habits was conducted. According to the data, 81.8% of the participants consumed EDs at least once, and 63.3% tried several products of the kind. A positive correlation was found between age and consumption (p < 0.001). The results show that a high proportion of this group often consumed EDwA, in many cases leading to harmful side-effects of caffeine overdose. In a sample of Hungarian high school and college students (17-26 years), ED consumption matched the international data, and only 19.7% of respondents did not use EDs at all (had never tasted an ED in their life).

Pre-Heating Effect on Monomer Elution and Degree of Conversion of Contemporary and Thermoviscous Bulk-Fill Resin-Based Dental Composites.

Detection of unreacted monomers from pre-heated resin-based dental composites (RBC) is not a well-investigated topic so far. The objectives were to determine the temperature changes during the application and polymerization, the degree of conversion (DC) and unreacted monomer elution of room temperature (RT), and pre-heated thermoviscous [VisCalor Bulk(VCB)] and high-viscosity full-body contemporary [Filtek One Bulk(FOB)] bulk-fill RBCs. The RBCs' temperatures during the sample preparation were recorded with a K-type thermocouple. The DC at the top and bottom was measured with micro-Raman spectroscopy and the amounts of eluted BisGMA, UDMA, DDMA, and TEGDMA were assessed with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The temperatures of the pre-heated RBCs decreased rapidly during the manipulation phase. The temperature rise during photopolymerization reflects the bottom DCs. The differences in DC% between the top and the bottom were significant. RT VCB had a lower DC% compared to FOB. Pre-heating did not influence the DC, except on the bottom surface of FOB where a significant decrease was measured. Pre-heating significantly decreased the elution of BisGMA, UDMA, DDMA in the case of FOB, meanwhile, it had no effect on monomer release from VCB, except TEGDMA, which elution was decreased. In comparison, RBC composition had a stronger influence on DC and monomer elution, than pre-cure temperature.

Increased Prevalence of Minor Physical Anomalies Among the Healthy First-Degree Relatives of Bipolar I Patients - Results With the Méhes Scale.

Minor physical anomalies are somatic markers of aberrant neurodevelopment, so the higher prevalence of these signs among the relatives of bipolar I patients can confirm minor physical anomalies as endophenotypes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of minor physical anomalies in first-degree healthy relatives of patients with bipolar I disorder compared to normal control subjects. Using a list of 57 minor physical anomalies (the Méhes Scale), 20 first-degree unaffected relatives of patients with the diagnosis of bipolar I disorder and as a comparison 20 matched normal control subjects were examined. Minor physical anomalies were more common in the ear, head, mouth and trunk regions among the relatives of bipolar I patients compared to normal controls. By the differentiation of minor malformations and phenogenetic variants, we have found that both minor malformations and phenogenetic variants were more common among the relatives of bipolar I patients compared to the control group, while individual analyses showed, that one minor malformation (sole crease) and one phenogenetic variant (high arched palate) were more prevalent in the relative group. This is the first report in literature on the increased prevalence of minor physical anomalies among the first-degree unaffected relatives of bipolar I patients. The study support the concept, that minor physical anomalies can be endophenotypic markers of bipolar I affective disorder.

Altered urinary profiles of endogenous steroids in postmenopausal women with adenocarcinoma endometrii.

OBJECTIVE: The potential role of androgen metabolism as co-factors in the development of carcinoma endometrii was investigated. DESIGN: The urinary concentration of 23 androgen, progesterone and corticoid metabolites was quantitatively determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion-monitoring. We obtained 24-h urine samples from 13 patients with adenocarcinoma endometrii and from 10 age-matched normal female subjects. In the course of the urinary steroid determination, we observed changes in the steroid profiles in the disease examined compared to the same age and same sex control group. Profiling urinary steroids has to give comprehensive information about the synthesis of steroids including the glandular and peripheral steroid metabolisms. RESULTS: The concentrations of 16-hydroxy- dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnanediol and pregnenediol were not significantly different in the two groups. The concentrations of androsterone, etiocholanolone, 11beta-hydroxy-androsterone, 11beta-hydroxy-etiocholanolone, pregnanetriol, pregnenetriol, tetrahydrocortisone, tetrahydro-11-dehydrocorticosterone, tetrahydro-corticosterone, allo-tetrahydro-corticosterone, tetrahydrocortisol, allo-tetrahydrocortisol, alpha-cortolone, beta-cortolone and alpha-cortol were significantly lower in the postmenopausal women with adenocarcinoma than in the controls. CONCLUSION: The changes in the concentrations of single metabolites point out the important role of steroid group, thus providing help in the recognition and treatment of diseased states.

[Major contributing factors of self perceived health in Hungarian ambulance personnel]. / A kivonuló mentodolgozók egészségi állapotát befolyásoló fobb tényezok hazánkban.

UNLABELLED: Health status of ambulance personnel has an important impact on the quality of patient care. Surveys in some smaller regions of Hungary have been conducted on health behavior of ambulance personnel; however they do not mirror the complexity of multidimensional health status in this respect. The aim of the present study is to examine the self-perceived health status of ambulance personnel (AP) and its most salient work related and individual factors. METHODS: A quantitative cross-sectional survey was carried out among AP of the Hungarian National Ambulance and Emergency Service in 2008. The survey covered all the regions and sample taking ensured the study to be of representative value. Anonymously 364 individuals gave their answers that could be evaluated. After data procession and coding, records were statistically analyzed by SPSS 15.0. Spearman correlation, chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to measure the significance of variables. The survey was conducted with a self-fill-in questionnaire measuring the following dimensions of self-perceived health: self-rated health, self-rated physical fitness and limitation in daily activities by health problems. RESULTS: The results revealed that self-perceived general health status of ambulance personnel does not differ significantly among the emergency units in many terms. However, there are significant differences regarding the complexity of the duties what they have to deal. In their self rated health 1.9 times (95% CI:1.2-2.8), in their self rated physical fitness 2.0 times (95% CI:1.3-3) and in the limitation of daily activities by health problems 1.9 times (95% CI:1.2-3.1) those ambulance personnel feel more favorable who do any kind of sports activity. Generally they experience serious stress; they have not enough leisure time and hardly do sport. Due to their bad lifestyle all fifth ambulance personnel suffer from serious obesity. CONCLUSION: Physical activity may enhance self perceived health even though if the person delivers physical symptoms. Regular training to increase the physical fitness should be implemented for ambulance personnel that could well contribute to copying with psychological trauma.

[The role of panoramic radiography in assessing the risk of injury to the inferior alveolar nerve before the extraction of mandibular wisdom teeth. The effect of the extent of root curvature and inferior alveolar canal-root tip overlap on the risk assessment]. / A panorámaröntgen szerepe a nervus alveolaris inferior sérülések várható kockázatában alsó bölcsességfogak eltávolítása elôtt. A gyökérgörbület és a gyökércsúcs-canalis mandibulae átfedésének hatása a rizikóbecslésre.

The aim of the present study was to determine on panoramic radiographic images the effect of the distance between the root curvatures and inferior alveolar canal (IAC) root tip overlap on the surgeon's risk assessment predicting inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) paresthesia after lower third molar removal. In this case-control study 41 cases with postoperative IAN paresthesia and 359 controls without any postoperative complications were involved. Demographic data, root curvatures and the extent of IAC-root tip overlap were registered. The cases of major curvature--larger than 90 degrees (P=0.015; odds ratio [OR]=2.65), the "deepest" superimposition (P<0.001; OR=1.96), female gender (P=0.020) and increased age (P=0.008) were significantly associated with IAN paresthesia. Assessing root curvatures and the extent of IAC-root tip overlap for predicting IAN paresthesia after mandibular third molar removal should help to improve risk assessment.