RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Prolonged fetal exposure to hyperglycemia may increase the risk of developing abnormal glucose metabolism and type-2 diabetes during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood; however, the mechanisms by which gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) predisposes offspring to metabolic disorders remain unknown. AIM: To quantify the nerve axons, macrophages, and vasculature in the pancreas from adult offspring born from mouse dams with GDM. METHODS: GDM was induced by i.p. administration of streptozotocin (STZ) in ICR mouse dams. At 12 wk old, fasting blood glucose levels were determined in offspring. At 15 wk old, female offspring born from dams with and without GDM were sacrificed and pancreata were processed for immunohistochemistry. We quantified the density of sensory [calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)] and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) axons, blood vessels (endomucin), and macro-phages (CD68) in the splenic pancreas using confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Offspring mice born from STZ-treated dams had similar body weight and blood glucose values compared to offspring born from vehicle-treated dams. However, the density of CGRP+ and TH+ axons, endomucin+ blood vessels, and CD68+ macrophages in the exocrine pancreas was significantly greater in offspring from mothers with GDM vs control offspring. Likewise, the microvasculature in the islets was significantly greater, but not the number of macrophages within the islets of offspring born from dams with GDM compared to control mice. CONCLUSION: GDM induces neuronal, vascular, and inflammatory changes in the pancreas of adult progeny, which may partially explain the higher propensity for offspring of mothers with GDM to develop metabolic diseases.
RESUMEN
Resumen El propósito de esta revisión es analizar la progresión bioquímica de la placa aterosclerótica y la relación que presenta con la diabetes y la alimentación. Se exponen las evidencias científicas de pacientes con diabetes, que a diferencia de pacientes no diabéticos presentan niveles más elevados de algunos ácidos grasos en la placa de ateroma (como el palmítico, linoleico y oleico), elevada incidencia de trombosis coronaria relacionada con el incremento en el tamaño de la base necrótica y la disminución del tamaño de la capa fibrosa de los ateromas. Entre ambos grupos de pacientes se expone la diferencia en el perfil de lípidos de la placa aterosclerótica, así como los cambios celulares involucrados en la formación de la misma y la influencia de la alimentación sobre su desarrollo.
Abstract The purpose of this review is to analyze the biochemical progression of atherosclerotic plaque and its association with diet and diabetes. This study shows the scientific evidence of demonstrating that diabetic patients present high levels of fatty acids like palmitic acid and linoleic acid in their atheroma plaques in comparison with non-diabetic patients. This study also establishes how patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher prevalence of atherosclerotic heart diseases in the form of Coronary Thrombosis and have different anatomopathological appearance like higher necrotic core and thin fibrotic layer than the general population. Furthermore this review describes the different anatomopathological appearance and cellular changes involved in the formation of these plaques and how diet can affect the development of these plaques.