A review focusing on mechanisms and ecological risks of enrichment and propagation of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements by microplastic biofilms.

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging ubiquitous pollutants in aquatic environment and have received extensive global attention. In addition to the traditional studies related to the toxicity of MPs and their carrier effects, their unique surface-induced biofilm formation also increases the ecotoxicity potential of MPs from multiple perspectives. In this review, the ecological risks of MPs biofilms were summarized and assessed in detail from several aspects, including the formation and factors affecting the development of MPs biofilms, the selective enrichment and propagation mechanisms of current pollution status of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in MPs biofilms, the dominant bacterial communities in MPs biofilms, as well as the potential risks of ARGs and MGEs transferring from MPs biofilms to aquatic organisms. On this basis, this paper also put forward the inadequacy and prospects of the current research and revealed that the MGEs-mediated ARG propagation on MPs under actual environmental conditions and the ecological risk of the transmission of ARGs and MGEs to aquatic organisms and human beings are hot spots for future research. Relevant research from the perspective of MPs biofilm should be carried out as soon as possible to provide support for the ecological pollution prevention and control of MPs.

A Low-Cost Nanomaterial-based Electrochemical Immunosensor on Paper for High-Sensitivity Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer.

Due to the lack of specific early detection methods for pancreatic cancer, it usually goes undetected until it is advanced. By employing paper-based electrodes (PPE), herein we for the first time developed a disposable low-cost paper-based immunosensor for rapid early quantitative detection of pancreatic cancer with a new biomarker, pseudopodium-enriched atypical kinase one, SGK269 (PEAK1). The immunosensor was constructed by fabricating PPEs immobilized with the versatile nanomaterial graphene oxide for the incorporation of antibodies to form an immunosensing platform, without the need of complicated surface modification. After it was confirmed that the PPEs exhibited excellent electrochemical properties, a sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor was subsequently constructed by employing graphene oxide layers immobilized with anti-PEAK1, and the antibody conjugated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs-tagged-Anti PEAK1). Further, spectral and surface characteristic studies confirmed the formation of the immunosensing platform. The immunosensor for PEAK1 exhibited a wide linear range between 10 pg mL-1 and 106 pg mL-1 with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 10 pg mL-1. The obtained results point towards rapid, sensitive, and specific early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer at the point of care and other low-resource settings.

Strong interaction between Au nanoparticles and porous polyurethane sponge enables efficient environmental catalysis with high reusability.

A novel and recoverable platform of polyurethane (PU) sponge-supported Au nanoparticle catalyst was obtained by a water-based in-situ preparation process. The structure, chemical, and morphology properties of this platform were characterized by XRD, TGA, SEM, FT-IR, and XPS. The Au/PU sponge platform exhibited excellent catalytic performances in catalytic reductions of p-nitrophenol and o-nitroaniline at room temperature, and both catalytic reactions could be completed within 4.5 and 1.5 min, respectively. Furthermore, the strong interaction between Au nanoparticles and the PU sponge enabled the catalyst system to maintain a high catalytic efficiency after 5 recycling times, since the PU sponge reduced the trend of leaching and aggregation of Au nanoparticles. The unique nature of Au nanoparticles and the porous PU sponge along with their strong interaction resulted in a highly efficient, recoverable, and cost-effective multifunctional catalyst. The AuNP/Sponge nanocatalyst platform has great potential for wide environmental and other catalytic applications.

Novel porous ceramic sheet supported metal reactors for continuous-flow catalysis.

A novel porous ceramic sheet supported nickel particles reactor was obtained by an in-situ preparation method. This reactor was then used to investigate continuous-flow catalysis of nitroaromatic compounds and methyl orange. The details of the structure and morphology were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, Raman, element mapping, mercury intrusion method and Archimedes principle. The porous ceramic sheet supported Ni particles reactor exhibited excellent catalytic performance in the catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol and methyl orange by sodium borohydride at room temperature. Both the conversion of p-nitrophenol (5 mM) and methyl orange (0.3 mM) reached nearly 100% at the injection speed of 2.67 mL·min-1. In addition, it maintained conversions of 100% after 10 recycling time since the porous ceramic sheet could reduce the aggregation for Ni particles. Furthermore, the chemisorbed oxygen, and the strong interaction between Ni and porous ceramic sheet resulted in a highly efficient, recoverable, and cost-effective multifunctional reactor. All of these advantages present new opportunities to be implemented in the field of waste water treatment and environmental toxicology. Ultimately, the porous ceramic sheet could also support other metal nanomaterial, and used in other fields of environmental catalysis.

Novel TiO2 catalyst carriers with high thermostability for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3.

A series of TiO2 catalyst carriers with ceria additives were prepared by a precipitation method and tested for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH3. These samples were characterized by XRD, N2-BET, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR, TEM, XPS and in situ DRIFTS, respectively. Results showed that the appropriate addition of ceria can enhance the catalytic activity and thermostability of TiO2 catalyst carriers significantly. The maximum catalytic activity of Ti-Ce-Ox-500 is 98.5% at 400 °C with a GHSV of 100 000 h-1 and the high catalytic activity still remains even after the treatment at high temperature for 24 h. The high catalytic performance of Ti-Ce-Ox-500 can be attributed to a series of superior properties, such as larger specific surface area, more Brønsted acid sites, more hydrogen consumption, and the higher proportion of chemisorbed oxygen. Ceria atoms can inhibit the crystalline grain growth and the collapse of small channels caused by high temperatures. Furthermore, in situ DRIFTS in different feed gases show that the SCR reaction over Ti-Ce-Ox-500 follows both E-R and L-H mechanisms.

Multiplexed Instrument-Free Bar-Chart SpinChip Integrated with Nanoparticle-Mediated Magnetic Aptasensors for Visual Quantitative Detection of Multiple Pathogens.

A portable multiplexed bar-chart SpinChip (MB-SpinChip) integrated with nanoparticle-mediated magnetic aptasensors was developed for visual quantitative instrument-free detection of multiple pathogens. This versatile multiplexed SpinChip combines aptamer-specific recognition and nanoparticle-catalyzed pressure amplification to achieve a sample-to-answer output for sensitive point-of-care testing (POCT). This is the first report of pathogen detection using a volumetric bar-chart chip, and it is also the first bar-chart chip using a "spinning" mechanism to achieve multiplexed bar-chart detection. Additionally, the introduction of the spin unit not only enabled convenient sample introduction from one inlet to multiple separate channels in the multiplexed detection, but also elegantly solved the pressure cross-interference problem in the multiplexed volumetric bar-chart chip. This user-friendly MB-SpinChip allows visual quantitative detection of multiple pathogens simultaneously with high sensitivity but without utilizing any specialized instruments. Using this MB-SpinChip, three major foodborne pathogens including Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes were specifically quantified in apple juice with limits of detection of about 10 CFU/mL. This MB-SpinChip with a bar-chart-based visual quantitative readout has great potential for the rapid simultaneous detection of various pathogens at the point of care and wide applications in food safety, environmental surveillance, and infectious disease diagnosis.

Catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide in blast furnace gas over Sm-Ce-Ox@ZrO2 catalyst.

Carbonyl sulfur (COS) is a prominent organic sulfur pollutant commonly found in the by-product gas generated by the steel industry. A series of Sm-doped CeOx@ZrO2 catalysts were prepared for the hydrolysis catalytic removal of COS. The results showed that the addition of Sm resulted in the most significant enhancement of hydrolysis catalytic activity. The 3% Sm2O3-Ce-Ox@ZrO2 catalyst exhibited the highest activity, achieving a hydrolysis catalytic efficiency of 100% and H2S selectivity of 100% within the temperature range of 90-180 °C. The inclusion of Sm had the effect of reducing the acidity of the catalyst while increasing weak basic sites, which facilitated the adsorption and activation of COS molecules at low temperatures. Appropriate doping of Sm proved beneficial in converting active surface chemisorbed oxygen into lattice oxygen, thereby decreasing the oxidation of intermediate products and maintaining the stability of the hydrolysis reaction.

Effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on melanin interference toxicity and transgenerational toxicity of ethylhexyl salicylate based on DNA methylation sequencing.

Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) are new hydrophobic organic pollutants in the aquatic environment. When ingested by aquatic organisms, OUVFs can induce a variety of toxic effects in organisms and be transferred to offspring. However, as the main active ingredient in sunscreens, OUVFs have rarely been investigated for their melanin interference toxicity or transgenerational toxic effects on aquatic organisms and their interactive toxic effects with nanoplastics (NPs). Here, we show the mechanism by which OUVFs interfere with melanogenesis in parental or offspring zebrafish and the effect of polystyrene (PS) NPs on the melanin-interference effect of OUVFs. We found that EHS induced significant enrichment of the melanogenesis pathway, inhibited the expression of the key melanin gene microphthalmia-associated transcription factor a (mitfa) and induced the mitf tyrosinase (tyr)-dopachrome tautomerase (dct)-tyrosinase related protein 1 (tyrp1) signaling cascade in parents, which ultimately induced a decrease in melanin content. After reproduction, transgenerational melanin interference effects of EHS may occur through the maternal inheritance of mitfa. Coexisting PS-NPs may inhibit the melanin interference toxicity or transgenerational toxicity of EHS by reducing ultraviolet irritation to the skin through adsorption of EHS. Our results demonstrate the ecotoxic potential of OUVFs in terms of melanin interference and the interference of PS-NP carrier effects on the toxicity of OUVFs. We anticipate that our assay will contribute to the assessment of the toxic effects of OUVFs and provide a basis for the interactive ecotoxicity assessment of PS-NPs and hydrophobic organic pollutants.

Co/SBA-16 coating supported on a 3D-printed ceramic monolith for peroxymonosulfate-activated degradation of Levofloxacin.

This study reports a simple method for anchoring dispersed Co nanoparticles on SBA-16 mesoporous molecular sieve coating grown on the 3D-printed ceramic monolith (i.e., Co@SBA-16/ceramic). The monolithic ceramic carriers with a designable versatile geometric channel could improve the fluid flow and mass transfer but exhibited a smaller surface area and porosity. The SBA-16 mesoporous molecular sieve coating was loaded onto the surface of the monolithic carriers using a simple hydrothermal crystallization strategy, which can increase the surface area of the monolithic carriers and facilitate the loading of active metal sites. In contrast to the conventional impregnation loading method (Co-AG@SBA-16/ceramic), dispersed Co3O4 nanoparticles were obtained by directly introducing Co salts into the as-made SBA-16 coating (containing a template), accompanied by conversion of the Co precursor and removal of the template after calcination. These promoted catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The developed Co@SBA-16/ceramic catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic performance for the continuous removal of levofloxacin (LVF) in fixed bed reactors. Co/MC@NC-900 catalyst exhibited a ∼ 78% degradation efficiency in 180 min compared to that of Co-AG@SBA-16/ceramic (17%) and Co/ceramic (0.7%). The improved catalytic activity and reusability of Co@SBA-16/ceramic was because of the better dispersion of the active site within the molecular sieve coating. Co@SBA-16/ceramic-1 exhibits much better catalytic activity, reusability and long-term stability than Co-AG@SBA-16/ceramic. After a 720 min continuous reaction, the LVF removal efficiency of Co@SBA-16/ceramic-1 in a 2 cm fixed-bed reactor was stable at 55%. Using chemical quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, the possible LVF degradation mechanism and degradation pathways were proposed. This study provides novel PMS monolithic catalysts for the continuous and efficient degradation of organic pollutants.

Neurotoxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics with different particle sizes at environment-related concentrations on early zebrafish embryos.

Nanoplastics (NPs) have received global attention due to their wide application and detection in various environmental or biological media. NPs can penetrate physical barriers and accumulate in organisms after being ingested, producing a variety of toxic effects and possessing particle size-dependent effects, distinguishing them from traditional contaminants. This paper explored the neurotoxicity of polystyrene (PS)-NPs of different particle sizes on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos at environmental concentrations at the tissue and molecular levels using visualized transgenic zebrafish. Results showed that all particle sizes of PS-NPs produced developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos and induced neuronal loss, axonal deletion/shortening/hybridization, and developmental and apoptotic-related genetic alterations, ultimately leading to behavioral abnormalities. PS-NPs with smaller sizes may have more severe neurotoxicity due to their entry into the embryo and brain through the chorionic pore before hatching. In addition, PS-NPs at 100 nm and 1000 nm can specifically interfere with GABAergic, cholinergic or serotonergic system and affect neuronal signaling. Our results reveal the neurotoxic risk of NPs, and smaller particle-size NPs may have a greater ecological risk. We anticipate that our study can provide a basis for exploring the toxicity mechanisms of NPs and the environmental risk assessment of NPs.

Methanol steam reforming for hydrogen production over NiTiO3 nanocatalyst with hierarchical porous structure.

Steam reforming for hydrogen production is one of the important research directions for clean energy. NiTiO3 catalysts with a hierarchical porous structure are prepared and applied to methanol steam reforming for hydrogen production. The results show that the optimum catalyst (10% Ni-Ti-Ox) not only has a hierarchical porous structure, but it also involves the coexistence of NiTiO3, anatase TiO2 and rutile TiO2. The formation of NiTiO3 is beneficial to the adsorption and activation of methanol molecules on the surface of the Ni-Ti-Ox catalyst, and the main intermediate species of the methanol molecular reaction are hydroxyl groups, methoxy species and formic acid species. Furthermore, the methanol steam reforming reaction is mainly dominated by methanol decomposition at low temperature (350-500 °C), while it is mainly dominated by methanol and water molecular reactions at high temperature (500-600 °C).

Ternary dual S-scheme In2O3/SnIn4S8/CdS heterojunctions for boosted light-to-hydrogen conversion.

Developing artificial S-scheme systems with highly active catalysts is significant to long-term solar-to-hydrogen conversion. Herein, CdS nanodots-modified hierarchical In2O3/SnIn4S8 hollow nanotubes were synthesized by an oil bath method for water splitting. Benefiting from the synergy among the hollow structure, tiny size effect, matched energy level positions, and abundant coupling heterointerfaces, the optimized nanohybrid attains an impressive photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 110.4 µmol/h, and the corresponding apparent quantum yield reaches 9.7% at 420 nm. On In2O3/SnIn4S8/CdS interfaces, the migration of photoinduced electrons from both CdS and In2O3 to SnIn4S8via intense electronic interactions contributes to the ternary dual S-scheme modes, which are beneficial to promote faster spatial charge separation, deliver better visible light-harvesting ability, and provide more reaction active sites with high potentials. This work reveals protocols for rational design of on-demand S-scheme heterojunctions for sustainably converting solar energy into hydrogen in the absence of precious metals.

Resource utilization of high-concentration SO2 for sulfur production over La-Ce-Ox composite oxide catalyst.

Sulfur dioxide is one of the main causes of air pollution such as acid rain and photochemical smog, and its pollution control and resource utilization have become important research directions. La2O3 was incorporated into CeO2 to enhance the surface basicity of La-Ce-Ox catalyst and increase the concentration of chemisorbed oxygen, thereby promoting the improvement of catalytic performance of SO2 reduction by CO. Results have showed that the incorporation of La2O3 would not only increase the concentration of chemisorbed oxygen and hydroxyl on the catalyst surface, but also increase the basicity of the catalyst, thereby facilitating the adsorption of SO2 on the catalyst surface. The 12%La-Ce-Ox was the optimal catalyst, and its SO2 conversion at 350-400 ℃ reached close to 100%, and the sulfur yield at this temperature range was higher than 93%. Finally, according to the in situ infrared diffuse reflectance spectrum, it was found that the main reaction intermediates of 12%La-Ce-Ox in the catalytic reduction of SO2 were weakly adsorbed sulfate, SO32-, non-coordinating CO32-, monodentate carbonate, and CO, so the catalytic reaction followed the L-H and E-R mechanisms simultaneously.

Melanin interference toxicity or transgenerational toxicity of organic UV filter ethylhexyl salicylate on zebrafish.

With the improvement of human health awareness, the production and usage of sunscreens have increased dramatically, and their active ingredients, organic ultraviolet (UV) filters (OUVFs), have the potential to induce melanin abnormalities in aquatic organisms due to their UV-absorbing properties as they enter the aquatic environment directly with the washing of skin during water activities. In this paper, the melanin interference toxicity or transgenerational toxicity effects of typical OUVFs ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) were investigated based on transcriptomic sequencing technology. Results showed that EHS induced significant enrichment of the melanin-related pathway cAMP signaling pathway in parental skin tissue through UV absorption, with sensitive genes identified as melanocortin 1 receptor, protein kinase A catalytic subunit beta a, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta 2, adenylate cyclase 1 and G protein subunit alpha I a. qRT-PCR verification results showed that EHS may inhibit the expression of the melanin master regulator microphthalmia-associated transcription factor a (mitfa) and its induced signaling cascade mitf-tyrosinase (tyr)-dopachrome tautomerase (dct)-tyrosinase related protein 1 (tyrp1) by inducing abnormal expression of the above sensitive genes, thereby reducing melanogenesis. After reproduction, the melanin interference effect of EHS on the parents can be carried over to offsprings through maternal inheritance of abnormally expressed mitfa and parental transfer of pollutants, as evidenced by significant enrichment of melanogenesis pathway, abnormal expression of sensitive genes mitfa, tyr, dct and tyrp1b and significant decreases in melanin content and spinal melanin area. These findings revealed the specific melanin interference toxicity of OUVFs with UV-absorbing properties, facilitating a comprehensive ecological risk assessment of OUVFs and providing scientific support for the management of new pollutants.

Simultaneous catalytic removal of NO, mercury and chlorobenzene over WCeMnOx/TiO2-ZrO2: Performance study of microscopic morphology and phase composition.

Nitrogen oxides, mercury and chlorobenzene are important air pollutants emitted by waste incineration and other industries. Coordinated control of multiple pollutants has become an important technology for air pollution control. Through solid-phase structure control, the catalytic performance of the WCeMnOx/TiO2-ZrO2 catalyst for simultaneous catalytic removal of NO, mercury and simultaneous removal of NO and chlorobenzene were improved. MnWO4 improved the solid acidity of the catalyst and improved the catalytic activity at high temperature. The formation of Ce0·75Zr0·25O2, Ce2WO6, Ce2Zr2O7 and Ce2Ti2O7 improved the catalytic activity at low temperature. The presence of TiOSO4 would affect the valence of metal ions and the reduction of chemisorbed oxygen, thereby reducing the catalytic activity at low temperature. Within the same size range of nanoparticles, cyclic nanoparticles exposed more active sites due to their hollow structure, and their catalytic performance was better than spherical nanoparticles. The thickness of the circular nanoparticles of WCM/TZ-14 catalyst was about 14 nm, and the diameter was about 40 nm Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 and MnWO4 were also present in the phase composition. Therefore, it exhibited the best performance for simultaneous catalytic removal of NO, mercury and simultaneous removal of NO and chlorobenzene. The coincidence temperature window was 347-516 °C. Finally, WCM/TZ-14 catalyst followed both E-R and L-H mechanisms in the NH3-SCR reaction.

Selective catalytic reduction of NO over W-Zr-O x /TiO2: performance study of hierarchical pore structure.

A series of W-Zr-O x /TiO2 catalysts with hierarchical pore structure were prepared and used for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3. Results showed that the 5C-WZ/T had a hierarchical pore structure, and exhibited high catalytic activity and good resistance to water and sulfur poisoning. The activity of the 5C-WZ/T catalyst was close to 100% in the range of 350-500 °C. The hierarchical pore structure not only improved the specific surface area, redox performance, and acid quantity, but also enabled the catalyst to expose more active sites and improved the catalytic performance. Although the reducing atmosphere caused by citric acid monohydrate reduced the chemical adsorption oxygen concentration, it increased the oxygen mobility and Ti3+ ion concentration, which was more conducive to the improvement of catalytic activity. Finally, the NH3-SCR reaction over 5C-WZ/T catalyst followed L-H and E-R mechanisms. The monodentate nitrite, bidentate nitrate, gas-phase NO2, coordinated NH3 and NH4 + were the main reaction intermediates.

Resource utilization of waste V2O5-based deNOx catalysts for hydrogen production from formaldehyde and water via steam reforming.

The harmless disposal of abandoned and toxic V2O5(WO3)/TiO2 (VWT) deNOx catalysts has become a worldwide great demand, a new resource path for hydrogen production from steam reforming of formaldehyde and water using the waste VWT deNOx catalysts as catalyst carriers was proposed. The waste V2O5-based catalysts supported NiO (N/VWT) catalysts prepared by impregnation method were comparatively studied for hydrogen production. The H2 and CO selectivity of the optimum N/VWT separately reached 100% and 72.5%, and the formaldehyde conversion of the N/VWT reached 86.3% at 400 ℃ and higher than 93.0% at 450-600 ℃. Analysis showed that the hydroxyl species played the most important role, and its richness determined the catalytic performance directly. The high acid sites and excellent redox properties were beneficial to enhance the catalytic performance. The in situ DRIFT study verified that the hydrogen bonds between formate species and hydroxyl groups reduced reaction steps, which accelerated the progress of the reaction. The adsorbed formaldehyde transformed to formate species firstly, and then produced H2 and CO2 (or CO) by dehydrogenation. Ultimately, the resource utilization path not only completely solved the harmless problems of the waste V2O5-based deNOx catalysts and formaldehyde, but also contributed to the hydrogen production.

Smart paper transformer: new insight for enhanced catalytic efficiency and reusability of noble metal nanocatalysts.

Although noble metal nanocatalysts show superior performance to conventional catalysts, they can be problematic when balancing catalytic efficiency and reusability. In order to address this dilemma, we developed a smart paper transformer (s-PAT) to support nanocatalysts, based on easy phase conversion between paper and pulp, for the first time. The pulp phase was used to maintain the high catalytic efficiency of the nanocatalysts and the transformation to paper enabled their high reusability. Herein, as an example of smart paper transformers, a novel chromatography paper-supported Au nanosponge (AuNS/pulp) catalyst was developed through a simple water-based preparation process for the successful reduction of p-nitrophenol to demonstrate the high catalytic efficiency and reusability of the noble metal nanocatalyst/pulp system. The composition, structure, and morphology of the AuNS/pulp catalyst were characterized by XRD, TGA, FE-SEM, ICP, TEM, FT-IR, and XPS. The AuNS/pulp catalyst was transformed into the pulp phase during the catalytic reaction and into the paper phase to recover the catalysts after use. Owing to this smart switching of physical morphology, the AuNS/pulp catalyst was dispersed more evenly in the solution. Therefore, it exhibited excellent catalytic performance for p-nitrophenol reduction. Under optimal conditions, the conversion rate of p-nitrophenol reached nearly 100% within 6 min and the k value of AuNS/pulp (0.0106 s-1) was more than twice that of a traditional chromatography paper-based catalyst (0.0048 s-1). Additionally, it exhibited outstanding reusability and could maintain its high catalytic efficiency even after fifteen recycling runs. Accordingly, the unique phase switching of this smart paper transformer enables Au nanosponge to transform into a highly efficient and cost-effective multifunctional catalyst. The paper transformer can support various nanocatalysts for a wide range of applications, thus providing a new insight into maintaining both high catalytic efficiency and reusability of nanocatalysts in the fields of environmental catalysis and nanomaterials.

High-Throughput Screening for Engineered Nanoparticles That Enhance Photosynthesis Using Mesophyll Protoplasts.

Certain engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have unique properties that have exhibited significant potential for promoting photosynthesis and enhancing crop productivity. Understanding the fundamental interactions between NPs and plants is crucial for the sustainable development of nanoenabled agriculture. Leaf mesophyll protoplasts, which maintain similar physiological response and cellular activity as intact plants, were selected as a model system to study the impact of NPs on photosynthesis. The mesophyll protoplasts isolated from spinach were cultivated with different NMs (Fe, Mn3O4, SiO2, Ag, and MoS2) dosing at 50 mg/L for 2 h under illumination. The potential maximum quantum yield and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production of mesophyll protoplasts were significantly increased by Mn3O4 and Fe NPs (23% and 43%, respectively), and were decreased by Ag and MoS2 NPs. The mechanism for the photosynthetic enhancement by Mn3O4 and Fe is to increase the photocurrent and electron transfer rate, as revealed by photoelectrochemical measurement. GC-MS based single cell type metabolomics reveal that NPs (Fe and MoS2) altered the metabolic profiles of mesophyll cells during 2 h of illumination period. Separately, the effect of NPs exposure on photosynthesis and biomass were also conducted at the whole plant level. A strong correlation was observed with protoplast data; plant biomass was significantly increased by Mn3O4 exposure (57%) but was decreased (24%) by treatment of Ag NPs. The use of mesophyll protoplasts can be a fast and reliable tool for screening NPs to enhance photosynthesis for potential nanofertilizer use. Importantly, inclusion of a metabolic analysis can provide mechanistic toxicity data to ensure the development "safer-by-design" nanoenabled platforms.

Effect of fluorine additive on CeO2(ZrO2)/TiO2 for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3.

A series of CeO2(ZrO2)/TiO2 catalysts with fluorine additive were prepared by impregnation method and tested for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH3. These samples were characterized by XRD, N2-BET, Raman spectra, SEM, TEM, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR and XPS, respectively. Results showed that the optimal catalyst with the appropriate HF exhibited excellent performance for NH3-SCR and more than 96% NO conversion at 360°C under GHSV of 71,400h-1. It was found that the grain size of TiO2 increased and the specific surface area reduced with the modulation of HF, which was not good for the adsorption of gas molecule. However, the modulation of HF exposed the high energy (001) facets of TiO2 and increased the surface chemisorbed oxygen concentration, oxygen storage capacity and Ce3+ concentration of catalyst. In addition, the synergy of (101) and (001) facets was beneficial to the improvement of catalytic activity.