Quality of plant-based food materials and its prediction during intermittent drying.

In most drying processes, several physical, chemical and nutritional modifications take place in food products. Innovative drying techniques such as intermittent drying can enhance the quality of dehydrated products effectively and efficiently. Intermittent drying is a technique where drying conditions are changed through varying the drying air temperature, humidity, velocity, pressure, or even mode of heat input. This drying technique has been successfully applied to overcome the problems of conventional drying systems such as longer time consumption, case hardening, lower energy efficiency and poor-quality attributes. However, as the effect of intermittent drying on food quality is not yet well understood, a comprehensive study of quality change during intermittent drying is crucial. The main aim of this paper is to present a thorough review of the potential effect of intermittent drying methods on physical, chemical, nutritional, and stability characteristics of plant-based food material. It is found that application of intermittency using different drying systems has a significant effect on product quality and its stability. In addition, a comprehensive review on existing models of physio/biochemical kinetics for food drying is presented. Finally, the paper is concluded with the discussion of the current challenges and future directions of intermittent drying for producing high-quality dried food products.

Multiphase porous media modelling: A novel approach to predicting food processing performance.

The development of a physics-based model of food processing is essential to improve the quality of processed food and optimize energy consumption. Food materials, particularly plant-based food materials, are complex in nature as they are porous and have hygroscopic properties. A multiphase porous media model for simultaneous heat and mass transfer can provide a realistic understanding of transport processes and thus can help to optimize energy consumption and improve food quality. Although the development of a multiphase porous media model for food processing is a challenging task because of its complexity, many researchers have attempted it. The primary aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of the multiphase models available in the literature for different methods of food processing, such as drying, frying, cooking, baking, heating, and roasting. A critical review of the parameters that should be considered for multiphase modelling is presented which includes input parameters, material properties, simulation techniques and the hypotheses. A discussion on the general trends in outcomes, such as moisture saturation, temperature profile, pressure variation, and evaporation patterns, is also presented. The paper concludes by considering key issues in the existing multiphase models and future directions for development of multiphase models.

Nutritional quality of heat-sensitive food materials in intermittent microwave convective drying.

BACKGROUND: The retention of health promoting components in nutrient-rich dried food is significantly affected by the dehydration method. Theoretical and experimental investigations reported in the literature have demonstrated that intermittent microwave convective drying (IMCD) can effectively improve the drying performance. However, the impact of this advanced drying method on the quality food has not been adequately investigated. DESIGN: A programmable NN-SD691S Panasonic inverter microwave oven (1100 W, 2450 MHz) was employed for the experiments. The microwave power level was set at 100 W and ran for 20 seconds at different power ratios and the constant hot air conditions was set to a temperature of 60°C and 0.86 m/s air velocity. OBJECTIVE: In this study, natural bioactive compounds (ascorbic acid and total polyphenol), water activity, colour and microstructure modifications which can occur in IMCD were investigated, taking kiwifruit as a sample. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The microwave (MW) power ratio (PR) had significant impact on different quality attributes of dried samples. The results demonstrate that applying optimum level MW power and intermittency could be an appropriate strategy to significantly improve the preservation of nutrient contents, microstructure and colour of the dried sample. The IMCD at PR 1:4 was found to be the ideal drying condition with the highest ascorbic acid retention (3.944 mg/g DM), lowest colour change (ΔERGB = 43.86) and a porous microstructure. However, the total polyphenol content was better maintained (3.701 mg GAE/g DM) at higher microwave density (PR 1:3). All samples attained a desirable level of water activity which is unsusceptible for microorganism growth and reproduction. CONCLUSION: Overall, IMCD significantly improved the drying performance and product quality compared to traditional convective drying.

Feasibility study for thermal treatment of solid tire wastes in Bangladesh by using pyrolysis technology.

In this study on the basis of lab data and available resources in Bangladesh, feasibility study has been carried out for pyrolysis process converting solid tire wastes into pyrolysis oils, solid char and gases. The process considered for detailed analysis was fixed-bed fire-tube heating pyrolysis reactor system. The comparative techno-economic assessment was carried out in US$ for three different sizes plants: medium commercial scale (144 tons/day), small commercial scale (36 tons/day), pilot scale (3.6 tons/day). The assessment showed that medium commercial scale plant was economically feasible, with the lowest unit production cost than small commercial and pilot scale plants for the production of crude pyrolysis oil that could be used as boiler fuel oil and for the production of upgraded liquid-products.