Mpox Epidemiology and Risk Factors, Nigeria, 2022.

To investigate epidemiology of and risk factors for laboratory-confirmed mpox during the 2022 outbreak in Nigeria, we enrolled 265 persons with suspected mpox. A total of 163 (61.5%) were confirmed to have mpox; 137 (84.0%) were adults, 112 (68.7%) male, 143 (87.7%) urban/semi-urban dwellers, 12 (7.4%) self-reported gay men, and 3 (1.8%) female sex workers. Significant risk factors for adults were sexual and nonsexual contact with persons who had mpox, as well as risky sexual behavior. For children, risk factors were close contact with an mpox-positive person and prior animal exposure. Odds of being mpox positive were higher for adults with HIV and lower for those co-infected with varicella zoster virus (VZV). No children were HIV-seropositive; odds of being mpox positive were higher for children with VZV infection. Our findings indicate mpox affects primarily adults in Nigeria, partially driven by sexual activity; childhood cases were driven by close contact, animal exposure, and VZV co-infection.

Prevalence, Profile and Treatment Outcome of Tuberculosis-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-Infection in South Eastern Nigeria: A 3-Year Retrospective Study.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and the Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) represent major public health challenges and are intricately linked to each other. This is more prevalent in the sub-Saharan African region, where about 80% of this co-infection is recorded. This study aimed to review the prevalence, profile, and treatment outcome of TB-HIV co-infected patients. Methodology: A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary center in southeast Nigeria for the period 2015-2017. Information elicited from participant's medical records included socio-demographic profile (age, sex, residential area, and occupation), Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) count level at the time of diagnosis of co-infection, weight, treatment outcome, as well as the record of the number of TB patients who presented within this same period. Results: The total number of TB/HIV co-infected patients who participated in the study during this period was 207, with a prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection of 33.9%. The highest proportion of cases was recorded among participants within the age group of 31-40, and the cases of co-infection were more common in males (58.9%) and students (27.5%). The results also showed a significant relationship between gender, occupation, residential area, and TB/HIV co-infection. Most of the co-infected participants had a CD4 count of <300 cells/mm3 and an associated poor treatment outcome of 41.1%. Conclusions: TB/HIV co-infection needs to be properly addressed, and screening for HIV among TB patients should be a priority. This will help in early diagnosis and subsequently improve the treatment outcome of both diseases.

Clinical characteristics and predictors of human mpox outcome during the 2022 outbreak in Nigeria: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Research from sub-Saharan Africa that contributes to our understanding of the 2022 mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) global outbreak is insufficient. Here, we describe the clinical presentation and predictors of severe disease among patients with mpox diagnosed between Feb 1, 2022, and Jan 30, 2023 in Nigeria. METHODS: We did a cohort study among laboratory-confirmed and probable mpox cases seen in 22 mpox-treatment centres and outpatient clinics across Nigeria. All individuals with confirmed and probable mpox were eligible for inclusion. Exclusion criteria were individuals who could not be examined for clinical characterisation and those who had unknown mortality outcomes. Skin lesion swabs or crust samples were collected from each patient for mpox diagnosis by PCR. A structured questionnaire was used to document sociodemographic and clinical data, including HIV status, complications, and treatment outcomes from the time of diagnosis to discharge or death. Severe disease was defined as mpox associated with death or with a life-threatening complication. Two logistic regression models were used to identify clinical characteristics associated with severe disease and potential risk factors for severe disease. The primary outcome was the clinical characteristics of mpox and disease severity. FINDINGS: We enrolled 160 people with mpox from 22 states in Nigeria, including 134 (84%) adults, 114 (71%) males, 46 (29%) females, and 25 (16%) people with HIV. Of the 160 patients, distinct febrile prodrome (n=94, 59%), rash count greater than 250 (90, 56%), concomitant varicella zoster virus infection (n=48, 30%), and hospital admission (n=70, 48%) were observed. Nine (6%) of the 160 patients died, including seven (78%) deaths attributable to sepsis. The clinical features independently associated with severe disease were a rash count greater than 10 000 (adjusted odds ratio 26·1, 95% CI 5·2-135·0, p<0·0001) and confluent or semi-confluent rash (6·7, 95% CI 1·9-23·9). Independent risk factors for severe disease were concomitant varicella zoster virus infection (3·6, 95% CI 1·1-11·5) and advanced HIV disease (35·9, 95% CI 4·1-252·9). INTERPRETATION: During the 2022 global outbreak, mpox in Nigeria was more severe among those with advanced HIV disease and concomitant varicella zoster virus infection. Proactive screening, management of co-infections, the integration and strengthening of mpox and HIV surveillance, and preventive and treatment services should be prioritised in Nigeria and across Africa. FUNDING: None.