The atmospheric background of perfluorocarbon compounds used as tracers.

There are seven cyclic perfluoroalkane compounds, which can be detected in extremely low concentrations, that are used to track mass movement and transfer in a variety of research and practical applications. They are used in leak detection in underground storage and pipelines and in atmospheric transport and diffusion research on local, regional, and continental scales. They are likely to be a used globally for monitoring carbon sequestration in geological formations. The atmospheric background levels of these compounds must be accurately known, and trends in their concentrations determined for these compounds to be effective in monitoring CO2 reservoirs and because there are environmental concerns about their release. Results of measurements of perfluorocarbon background concentrations from two recent field programs are presented, and trends in these values examined using data collected over the last 25 years. The current atmospheric concentrations of these compounds are in the low parts per quadrillion levels, and their annual atmospheric growth rate is less than 1 part per quadrillion per year. The environmental effects of these compounds are examined and found to be negligible at current release rates.

Legal issues in scientific research.

In recent years, regulatory and law enforcement authorities responsible for combating fraud and abuse have focused greater attention on the scientific research process, in particular, the process of seeking reimbursement for research costs, the process of performing clinical research, and the potential improper remuneration of researchers or research subjects. This article describes how the federal False Claims Act, which allows the government to recover treble damages plus substantial penalties from persons who knowingly submit false claims or make false statements to the government, has been used to achieve a number of multimillion-dollar settlements with research institutions. The article also discusses instances of temporary suspension of research activities at a number of prominent institutions and the investigation of illegal "inducements" or "kickbacks" provided by manufacturers to researchers and by research institutions to patients.