Astrocyte-derived neurons provide excitatory input to the adult striatal circuitry.

Astrocytes have emerged as a potential source for new neurons in the adult mammalian brain. In mice, adult striatal neurogenesis can be stimulated by local damage, which recruits striatal astrocytes into a neurogenic program by suppression of active Notch signaling (J. P. Magnusson et al., Science 346, 237-241 [2014]). Here, we induced adult striatal neurogenesis in the intact mouse brain by the inhibition of Notch signaling in astrocytes. We show that most striatal astrocyte-derived neurons are confined to the anterior medial striatum, do not express established striatal neuronal markers, and exhibit dendritic spines, which are atypical for striatal interneurons. In contrast to striatal neurons generated during development, which are GABAergic or cholinergic, most adult astrocyte-derived striatal neurons possess distinct electrophysiological properties, constituting the only glutamatergic striatal population. Astrocyte-derived neurons integrate into the adult striatal microcircuitry, both receiving and providing synaptic input. The glutamatergic nature of these neurons has the potential to provide excitatory input to the striatal circuitry and may represent an efficient strategy to compensate for reduced neuronal activity caused by aging or lesion-induced neuronal loss.

Distinct origin and region-dependent contribution of stromal fibroblasts to fibrosis following traumatic injury in mice.

Fibrotic scar tissue formation occurs in humans and mice. The fibrotic scar impairs tissue regeneration and functional recovery. However, the origin of scar-forming fibroblasts is unclear. Here, we show that stromal fibroblasts forming the fibrotic scar derive from two populations of perivascular cells after spinal cord injury (SCI) in adult mice of both sexes. We anatomically and transcriptionally identify the two cell populations as pericytes and perivascular fibroblasts. Fibroblasts and pericytes are enriched in the white and gray matter regions of the spinal cord, respectively. Both cell populations are recruited in response to SCI and inflammation. However, their contribution to fibrotic scar tissue depends on the location of the lesion. Upon injury, pericytes and perivascular fibroblasts become activated and transcriptionally converge on the generation of stromal myofibroblasts. Our results show that pericytes and perivascular fibroblasts contribute to the fibrotic scar in a region-dependent manner.

Pericyte-derived fibrotic scarring is conserved across diverse central nervous system lesions.

Fibrotic scar tissue limits central nervous system regeneration in adult mammals. The extent of fibrotic tissue generation and distribution of stromal cells across different lesions in the brain and spinal cord has not been systematically investigated in mice and humans. Furthermore, it is unknown whether scar-forming stromal cells have the same origin throughout the central nervous system and in different types of lesions. In the current study, we compared fibrotic scarring in human pathological tissue and corresponding mouse models of penetrating and non-penetrating spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis and glioblastoma. We show that the extent and distribution of stromal cells are specific to the type of lesion and, in most cases, similar between mice and humans. Employing in vivo lineage tracing, we report that in all mouse models that develop fibrotic tissue, the primary source of scar-forming fibroblasts is a discrete subset of perivascular cells, termed type A pericytes. Perivascular cells with a type A pericyte marker profile also exist in the human brain and spinal cord. We uncover type A pericyte-derived fibrosis as a conserved mechanism that may be explored as a therapeutic target to improve recovery after central nervous system lesions.