Problematic video gaming is negatively associated with bone mineral density in adolescents.

Adolescent bone health may be negatively impacted by problematic video gaming (PVG) due to factors such as prolonged screen time, poor sleep quality, and increased depression. Although sedentary behaviors have been linked to decreased bone mass, there is limited research on how PVG impacts bone health. We aimed to evaluate the association between PVG and bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescents by comparing the BMD z-scores of adolescents with and without PVG and by identifying PVG-related risk factors that may affect low BMD scores. This cross-sectional study took place between May 2019 and August 2021 with 110 adolescents who played video games for at least two hours per day. Data on screen time, game genre, tobacco, alcohol, caffeine consumption, and vigorous physical activity status were recorded. PVG was assessed using the Internet Gaming Disorder-Short Form (IGDS9-SF), with scores ≤ 16 comprising the control group and > 16 the PVG group. Sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and depression was evaluated by Children's Depression Inventory. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD were compared between the two groups. The mean age of the participants was 14.2 ± 1.8 years, and 86.4% were males. The PVG group exhibited lower femoral neck z-scores (p = 0.013) and a higher proportion of adolescents with low femoral neck BMD risk (27.8% vs 9.7%, p = 0.041). Lumber spine z-scores did not differ (p = 0.271). Despite poorer depressive symptoms and sleep quality in the PVG group, they were not associated with low BMD risk (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.97-1.08, p = 0.398 and OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.87-1.18, p = 0.972, respectively). Among all PVG-related risk factors, video game time (aOR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.06-1.41, p = 0.006) and vigorous physical activity amount (aOR = 2.86, 95% CI = 0.93-8.76, p = 0.080) showed the strongest associations with femoral neck z-scores.  Conclusion: The results of this study, showing a negative association between PVG and femoral neck BMD in adolescents, underscore the importance evaluating, monitoring, and supporting lower extremity bone health in adolescents with PVG. What is Known: • Adolescents with problematic video gaming are at risk for depression, impaired sleep; sedentary lifestyle; consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs; and high caffeine intake. • These risk factors might lead to compromised bone health. What is New: • Problematic video gaming is associated with the low femoral neck bone mineral density risk in adolescents. • Extended video game time and reduced physical activity are found to be the primary risk factors.

Fathers' impact on outcomes in the treatment of eating disorders: A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: Male caregivers' participation in eating disorder (ED) treatment for their affected children is less consistent than female caregivers', with unclear effects. To clarify the impact, this scoping review examined literature on male caregiver involvement in ED treatment, focusing on its impact on fathers, treatment processes, and their affected children. METHODS: A search encompassing English and French peer-reviewed articles from 1990 to 2022 was conducted. Studies distinguishing between mothers and fathers, addressing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or International Classification of Diseases ED diagnoses, and involving active interventions were included. From 1651 initially identified articles, 251 were retained after abstract and title review, and 45 met all criteria. RESULTS: Documented outcomes indicated fathers' engagement in ED treatment improved their well-being and family functioning, but these gains were not consistently tied to treatment outcomes. Father attendance, improved caregiving skills, and their expectations of treatment correlated with better outcomes for their affected child. CONCLUSIONS: Father involvement in ED treatment remains under-explored. This review emphasises fathers' positive impact while highlighting the need to better understand the link with overall patient outcomes. We call for proactive exploration of how to surmount barriers to fathers' involvement and ensure that paternal contributions are optimised in ED treatment alongside those of female caregivers.

Psychological burden of asthma in adolescents and their parents.

INTRODUCTION: Asthma, a common chronic disease in adolescents is impacted by factors affecting quality of life. This study aimed to determine the psychosocial factors of adolescents with asthma and their parents. METHODS: The study included 122 adolescents with asthma, 82 healthy controls, and their parents who completed the Asthma Control Test (ACT), Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). RESULTS: The mean age was 14.2 ± 1.9 years. ACT score was high and depression was low in patients with good treatment compliance. As the age of the first asthma symptoms/diagnosis increased, somatization, anxiety, hostility and general psychopathology scores increased, as did the somatization score of parents. Parental anxiety score was not related with adolescent BSI scores in the controls but in the study group when it was higher, the anxiety, depression, somatization, and general psychopathology scores were higher. PAQLQ showed that anxiety, negative self-esteem, somatization, depression, and general psychopathology were higher in patients concerned about asthma. Depression and somatization scores were higher in the parents of patients who perceived that "Treatment does not contribute to asthma control." Somatization scores were higher among parents of patients who noted: "Asthma will not pass in the long-term" and "I cannot control asthma." CONCLUSION: Higher scores of asthma patients who were anxious about the disease and families who were despondent about treatment demonstrate that health care providers should spend more time informing patients and caregivers. Increasing patient treatment compliance during early adolescence will lessen the psychological burden of the disease.

Predictors of bone mineral density in adolescents with atypical anorexia nervosa.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to evaluate the bone mineral density (BMD) z scores of adolescents with atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN) and investigate the potential predictors of low BMD risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Potential factors that might have an effect on the femoral neck and lumbar spine dual energy X-ray absorptiometry data of adolescents (11-18 years) with AAN were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: Among adolescents with AAN, 13 (34.2%) had a z score lower than - 1 and 25 (65.8%) had a z score equal or greater than - 1. When adolescents with a BMD score lower and higher than - 1 were compared, normal BMD group had a significantly higher mean lifetime maximum BMI (p = 0.0035). Similarly previous overweight history was significantly higher in the normal BMD group (p = 0.005). A positive correlation was found between femoral neck (p = 0.002, r: 0.546) and lumbar spine (p: 0.002, r: 0.505) z scores and lifetime maximum BMI. There was also a positive correlation between lumbar spine BMD scores and BMI at admission (p = 0.001, r: 0.540). Lumbar spine z scores and amenorrhea duration were negatively correlated (p: 0.002, r: - 10.867). CONCLUSION: In the adolescent period similar to AN, AAN cases are also at risk for disordered bone health. In adolescents with AAN, BMI prior to the illness was estimated to be the significant parameter for the risk of low BMD. Special attention should be paid to the bone health of adolescents with AAN, especially for those who do not have a previous overweight history.

Predictors for the use of herbal and dietary supplements in children and adolescents with kidney and urinary tract diseases.

Complementary and alternative medicine are treatments administered alone or in combination with conventional medical treatments. Data on complementary and alternative medicine use in children with kidney and urinary tract diseases are limited. In this cross-sectional study, the frequency and preferred methods of complementary and alternative medicine use and factors associated with their use were evaluated in 201 patients (48% female; median age, 11 years; median disease duration, 5.1 years) with kidney and urinary tract diseases and 260 healthy (without chronic disease) controls. Data were collected through a questionnaire-based interview and patients' medical records. Herbal and dietary supplements, including fish oil, were the most commonly used complementary and alternative medicine agents in both groups. There was no difference in herbal and dietary supplement use between the groups when fish oil was excluded (29% vs. 28%; p = 0.88). Herbal and dietary supplements were mainly used to improve/mitigate renal disease (52%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that disease duration > 7 years (odds ratio (OR), 3.70; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.48-9.20), current use of six or more drugs (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.28-24.41), and recurrent urinary tract infection or nephrolithiasis (OR, 3.92; 95% CI, 1.02-15.09) were the independent risk factors for herbal and dietary supplement use, except fish oil. Middle socioeconomic status was associated with decreased herbal and dietary supplement use, except fish oil, compared with low socioeconomic status (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.11-0.81). Herbal and dietary supplements were used by 78% patients, despite knowing that these products could have side effects; only 42% of the patients shared the information about herbal and dietary supplement use with their doctors.Conclusion: Herbal and dietary supplement use is frequent in children with kidney and urinary tract diseases. Educating health professionals regarding such use is mandatory for developing strategies to prevent critical consequences. What is Known: • Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices are therapeutic approaches that do not have sufficient efficacy and safety evidence. • CAM is widely used in healthy children and in certain chronic diseases. What is New: • Herbal and dietary supplements (HDSs) were the most commonly used method in kidney and urinary tract diseases. • Duration of disease, number of drugs, and socioeconomic status are determinants of HDS use except fish oil.

Is Ramadan fasting correlated with disordered eating behaviours in adolescents?

This study aimed to examine the cross-sectional relationship between Ramadan fasting as a spiritual factor with prolonged hunger and disordered eating behaviors. The study was conducted in June 2016 (11th-29th days of Ramadan) and consisted of 238 fasting and 49 non-fasting adolescents. Risk of disordered eating was evaluated using the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 (TFEQ-R18). Body image dissatisfaction was rated with Stunkard's Figure Rating Scale (FRS). Nutritional status was assessed using a 24-hour dietary recall. There was no significant difference between energy intake, EAT-26 and TFEQ-R18 scores (except the emotional eating sub-scores) between the groups. FRS revealed that the comparisons of their "ideal" and self were not significantly different between the groups whereas the gap between the figures they think healthy and closest to self was significantly higher amongst non-fasting adolescents. Two-hundred and two (97.5%) adolescents reported fasting for religious purposes whereas only 8 (3.4%) for losing weight. The EAT-26 total scores were in the pathological range in 39 (16.8%) adolescents who fasted for religious purposes. This study suggests that motivation of adolescents to fast during Ramadan was due to spiritual decisions rather than weight control or other factors and Ramadan fasting was not correlated with disordered eating behaviors or body image dissatisfaction.

The effects of parental and peer factors on psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with obesity.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the relationships among psychiatric symptoms, effect of beliefs and attitudes of parents about obese people and victimization or bullying in obese adolescents. METHODS: The study group included 110 obese or overweight adolescents and 55 adolescents of normal weight as the control group. All adolescents completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and Traditional Bullying Scale. The parents completed the Attitudes Toward Obese Persons (ATOP) Scale and Beliefs About Obese Persons (BAOP) Scale. RESULTS: The BSI subscale scores for depression were significantly higher in the study group. There was no significant relationship found between psychiatric symptoms of obese or overweight adolescents and the ATOP and BAOP scores of parents. When victims, bullies/victims, bullies and those not included in any group among obese or overweight adolescents were examined, psychiatric symptoms of victims and bullies/victims were significantly higher. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the clinical treatment of obesity is not just a matter of diet and exercise but additionally dealing with issues of depression and anxiety. A very satisfactory result of the study was that parents of obese or overweight adolescents did not show an increased weight bias. This study has also shown the association between negative social and psychological ramifications, as the study group was more likely to be the victims and perpetrators of bullying behaviors than their normal-weight peers. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, case-control analytic study.

Bladder and voiding dysfunction in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a novel finding and potential causes.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the bladder capacity (BC) and bladder dynamics of adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN). METHODS: The participants consisted of 15 adolescents newly diagnosed with AN according to the DSM 5 criteria and in the acute weight loss period who were questioned about the symptoms of lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction. Functional bladder capacity (FBC) and voided volume with uroflowmetry were measured for each subject; the larger volume of the two was chosen for the bladder capacity. Uroflowmetry was used to obtain uroflow curves for the participants whose patterns were labeled as pathologic if they were outside the bell-shape. RESULTS: Fourteen (93.3%) of the patients exhibited at least one of the LUT dysfunction symptoms (pathologic voiding symptom/urinary incontinence/pathologic uroflow pattern). BC was observed to increase in 86.6% (n = 13) of the patients. Eighty% of the patients (n = 12) showed pathological uroflow patterns. In patients with pathological uroflow patterns, which showed insufficiency of bladder contraction, assistance of abdominal muscles was needed during voiding. CONCLUSION: The novel findings presented in this study are the increase of BC in adolescents with AN, the presence of at least one type of voiding or bladder dysfunction, and the pathology of uroflow patterns of most patients show that the bladder dynamics is affected in AN. The most important contribution of this study to the literature is that impaired bladder dynamics was determined to be a medical complication of AN. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Case-control analytic study, Level III.

Sounds unrealistic: an adolescent girl with anorexia nervosa consumes 19 L of fluid in a few hours: what happens to the physiology?

BACKGROUND: Adolescents with eating disorders (EDs) may present not only with abnormal eating behaviors but also with abnormal drinking behaviors varying widely. These behaviors include water loading to cheat on weight measurements, to feel full and suppress appetite and/or to induce vomiting; as well as restricting fluid intake in addition to food. METHOD: We present a 16-year-old female adolescent with anorexia nervosa restrictive type and major depressive disorder who was hospitalized due to acute food refusal and developed generalized seizures due to dilutional hyponatremia in consequence of consuming excessive amount of water. Psychiatric diagnoses were made according to 'The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders' (5th ed.; DSM-5) criteria. RESULTS: After starting nutritional rehabilitation with a low calorie meal plan to avoid refeeding syndrome, a weight gain of 2 kg was noted in the second day of hospitalization. At the bedside visit, she was observed in a disoriented manner and consecutively in seconds, lost consciousness with a generalized tonic-clonic seizure lasting 2 min. Her serum sodium level was measured as 116 mEq/L, which was normal at the time of admission. It was later learned that she secretly ingested 19 L of water in a short amount of time. She regained consciousness and no further seizures were observed after intravenous sodium deficit correction and fluid restriction therapy. Her serum sodium level was normalized (137 mEq/L) within 12 h. CONCLUSION: A thorough clinical assessment of hydration and drinking behaviors as well as eating behaviors is essential for patients with EDs to avoid serious medical complications with high mortality and morbidity during follow-up. It is interesting that this amount of fluid consumption in such a short period of time did not present to the clinic with vomiting, gastric dilatation or bowel irrigation symptoms in a case with acute food refusal and restriction for a year, instead absorbed very quickly causing acute and severe symptomatic hyponatremia with generalized seizures.

Bisphenol A and phthalate levels in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Endocrine disruptors have been proposed in the etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as they have the potency to interfere with hormone-sensitivity systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of bisphenol A (BPA) and phtalates in adolescents with PCOS. Sixty-two girls with PCOS and 33 controls, age 12-18 years were enrolled in the study. The diagnosis of PCOS was made using modified Rotterdam criteria. Urinary BPA levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), the most commonly used phthalate and mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP), its main metabolite were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Adolescents with PCOS had markedly increased BPA levels (15.89 µg/g creatine ± 1.16) when compared with the control group (7.30 µg/g creatine ± 1.38) (p = .016). In adolescents with PCOS, BPA was significantly correlated with polycystic morphology on ultrasound but not with obesity androgen levels, or other metabolic parameters. Patients with PCOS (DEHP: 0.40 ppm ± 0.24, MEHP: 0.13 ppm ± 0.23) and controls (DEHP: 0.49 ppm ± 0.27, MEHP: 0.14 ppm ± 0.3) had similar serum phtalate concentrations (p = .7 and p = .3, respectively). Exposure to specific endocrine disruptors such as BPA could modify neuroendocrine, reproductive, and metabolic regulation favoring PCOS development in adolescents.

Emotion regulation, emotion recognition, and empathy in adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

PURPOSE: Emotional functions may play an important role in anorexia nervosa (AN). The onset of the disorder generally occurs during adolescence, which is a critical period of emotional development. However, most studies that evaluated emotional functions in AN were conducted in adult patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate emotion regulation, emotion recognition, and empathy skills in adolescent girls with AN by controlling for the effects of depression and anxiety symptoms, childhood traumatic experiences, and attachment security on emotional functions. METHODS: Thirty-two adolescent girls with AN and 32 healthy counterparts completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, and the Child and Adolescent KA-SI Empathic Tendency Scale-Adolescent Form. RESULTS: The results revealed that adolescents with AN were found to have more difficulties in emotion regulation, higher alexithymic tendencies, and lower empathy skills compared with the control group. However, emotion recognition was not found to be significantly different between the two groups. These results were the same when controlling for the effects of depression and anxiety symptoms, childhood traumatic experiences, and attachment security except for empathy skills. Alexithymia and depressive symptoms were significantly related to emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents with AN. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the results, it seems that emotion regulation and alexithymia may play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of AN. Accordingly, it is necessary to focus on the improvement of these skills during the treatment of AN. Furthermore, interventions promoting these skills during adolescence may be preventive. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, case-control study.

Co-occurrence of Substance Use and Eating Disorders: An Approach to the Adolescent Patient in the Context of Family Centered Care. A Literature Review.

In this review article, the co-occurrence of substance use and eating disorders will be discussed with a specific emphasis on the approach to the adolescent patient in the context of family centered care. The evidence to date suggests that the associations between eating and substance use disorders are multifactorial. Balancing between confidential health care for substance use and family centered health care for eating disorders is a real challenge in the management of adolescent patients with co-occurring eating and substance use disorders. Reconciling confidential health care with parental involvement should be considered with individually determined limits of confidentiality.

Increased P-wave dispersion a risk for atrial fibrillation in adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

Studies have shown that a prolonged P-wave dispersion is a risk factor for the development of atrial fibrillation. The aim of this study was to evaluate P-wave dispersion in adolescents with anorexia nervosa at diagnosis. We evaluated electrocardiographic findings, particularly the P-wave dispersion, at initial assessment in 47 adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Comparison of P-wave dispersion between adolescents with anorexia nervosa and controls showed a statistically significant higher P-wave dispersion in patients with anorexia nervosa (72 ± 16.3 msec) when compared to the control group (43.8 ± 9.5 msec). Percent of body weight lost, lower body mass index, and higher weight loss rate in the patients with anorexia nervosa had no effect on P-wave dispersion. Due to the fact that anorexia nervosa has a high mortality rate we believe that cardiac pathologies such as atrial fibrillation must also be considered in the medical evaluation.

Fasting during Ramadan: a religious factor as a possible trigger or exacerbator for eating disorders in adolescents.

Culture-based contributors play a role in eating disorders (EDs). Here, we present one such factor that may play a role in triggering ED's in adolescents: Fasting during the holy period of Ramadan. Ramadan is the Islamic month of fasting, in which participating Muslims refrain from eating, drinking, and smoking, which starts from dawn lasting until sunset. For the past 2 years, we have noticed an increase in patients with disordered eating patterns that have applied to Hacettepe University, Division of Adolescent Medicine during or shortly after Ramadan. We document six of these patients, three of which were diagnosed with an ED and three that did not meet full criteria. We argue that the possible effects of a drastic change in ones diet such as that which occurs during Ramadan, play an important role in triggering ED's in adolescents with a predisposition or may exacerbate an eating pathology.

Quality of life measures and psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus and familial Mediterranean fever.

PURPOSE: To describe the relation between global Quality of Life (QL) and psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), and to analyze the perceptions of parents and adolescents. METHODS: This study included 51 adolescents diagnosed with SLE (n=25) and FMF (n=26), and 51 healthy adolescents. The Health Related QL (HRQL) of SLE patients was rated by parents and adolescents using the Simple Measurement of Impact of Lupus Erythematosus in Youngsters© (SMILEY©). The global QL of FMF patients and healthy adolescents was rated by the response given to the first question of the SMILEY© by each parent and adolescent. All participants completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), which measures psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS: In total, 92.3% with FMF, 56% with SLE and 76.5% of healthy adolescents reported their global QL as good and very good using the first question of the SMILEY©. The global QL perceptions of adolescents and their parents did not correlate (FMF, p=0.94; SLE, p=0.16). SLE patients had the highest rate of depression (54.2%), whereas hostility was detected among 54.9% of healthy adolescents. Significant relations were detected between BSI and SMILEY© scores. CONCLUSION: The global QL perceptions of adolescents with FMF were better than those of healthy adolescents, which may be explained by their perceived relief of anguish they suffer during their short-lived attacks. The global QL perceptions of adolescents with SLE were the worst, most probably due to the chronic course resulting in an awareness of limitations and intense treatment. Adolescents with SLE had similar psychopathological symptom scores when compared with FMF patients and healthy adolescents. This could be explained by developing resilience. Differences in the perception of adolescents versus their parents regarding global QL emphasized the importance of adolescent-specific interviews for chronic illnesses and multidisciplinary follow-up with adolescent medicine.

The Impact of Chest Binding on Pulmonary Functions of Trans and Gender Diverse Youth.

PURPOSE: There is a scarcity of information regarding the health consequences of chest binding and its effects on pulmonary functions (PFs). This study aimed to evaluate binding practices, physical outcomes, and effects on PFs of trans or gender diverse (TGD) youth who bind. METHODS: The TGD and control groups underwent pulmonary function tests (PFTs), with the TGD group undergoing testing both with their binder and after removal. We additionally evaluated binding practices and its physical outcomes. RESULTS: 33 TGD participants with a mean age of 20.15 ± 2.76 and 31 controls with a mean age of 20.74 ± 2.95 years were included. A large majority reported physical side effects, back pain being the most common. The comparison of PFTs of the TGD group with and without binder showed that vital capacity , forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second values were significantly lower in the presence of a binder (both % predicted and L) (p < .005). Binding duration (both lifetime and weekly) did not correlate with PFTs, however, the ratio of change in forced expiratory volume -1/ forced vital capacity induced by binding correlated with weekly binding duration. When we separately compared the PFTs of the TGD group with and without binder to the control group, we found no significant difference. DISCUSSION: Despite the abundance of physical side effects, comparison with the control group does not support long-lasting effects of binding on PF; however, it indicates acute restrictive impairment without a significant effect on airflow obstruction in youth who bind. These findings hold significance in facilitating well-informed decision-making processes pertaining to binding practices.

Binge eating symptomatology in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Several factors may contribute to binge eating behaviors in PCOS. However, findings are contradictory and studies in the adolescence are limited. We aimed to evaluate the eating attitudes of adolescents with PCOS and the possible etiological factors underlying the association between PCOS and binge eating symptomology. Between 2019 and 2022, 46 newly diagnosed adolescents with PCOS and 56 controls matched for age and BMI z-score were included. The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18, and a questionnaire assessing postprandial reactive hypoglycemia symptom severity were given. Binge eating symptomology, in terms of over, uncontrolled, and emotional eating, were more prevalent in the PCOS group. Uncontrolled, emotional, and binge eating were positively correlated with postprandial reactive hypoglycemia symptom score. Overeating was also associated with clinical hyperandrogenism. Improving the disease outcome and reducing the future complications requires early recognition and management of emotional and uncontrolled eating behaviors in adolescents with PCOS.

Neural correlates of distorted body images in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa: How is it different from major depressive disorder?

Body image disturbance is closely linked to eating disorders including anorexia nervosa (AN). Distorted body image perception, dissatisfaction and preoccupation with weight and shape are often key factors in the development and maintenance of these disorders. Although the pathophysiological mechanism of body image disorder is not yet fully understood, aberrant biological processes may interfere with perceptive, cognitive and emotional aspects of body image. This study focuses on the neurobiological aspects of body image disturbance. The sample consisted of 12 adolescent girls diagnosed with AN, nine girls with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 10 without psychiatric diagnoses (HC, the healthy control group). We applied a block-design task in functional magnetic resonance imaging using participants' original and distorted overweight and underweight images. After imaging, the participants scored the images for resemblance, satisfaction and anxiety levels. The findings of this study demonstrate that overweight images elicited dissatisfaction and increased occipitotemporal activations across all participants. However, no difference was found between the groups. Furthermore, the MDD and HC groups showed increased activations in the prefrontal cortex and insula in response to underweight images compared to their original counterparts, whereas the AN group exhibited increased activations in the parietal cortex, cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal cortex in response to the same stimuli.

Adolescents' Cannabis Knowledge and Risk Perception: A Systematic Review.

To systematically review evidence evaluating cannabis-related knowledge and perception of risk in children and adolescents. We systematically searched Medline, PsycINFO, and EMBASE using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses methodology. 133 studies from around the world (including ages 10-18 yrs) met inclusion criteria, with 70% meeting grade 2C quality. Increased knowledge and perception of risk of cannabis frequently correlated with lower levels of current use and intent to use. Studies examining correlations over time generally demonstrated increased adolescent cannabis use and decreased perception of risk. Included prevention-based interventions often enhanced knowledge and/or perception of risk in adolescents exposed to the intervention. Studies exploring outcomes relating to legislative changes for recreational marijuana use demonstrated considerable heterogeneity regarding knowledge and perception of risk whereas studies that focused on medicinal marijuana legislative changes overwhelmingly demonstrated a decrease in perception of risk post legalization. Increased knowledge and perception of risk of cannabis in adolescents often correlate with lower levels of current use and intention to use in the future. Further study and implementation of public health and clinically-oriented strategies that seek to increase knowledge among youth about the potential health harms of cannabis use should continue and be prioritized.