Effect of body condition score on the testicular biometrical measures, semen characteristics and testosterone level in jackass.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of body condition score (BCS) on testicle and epididymis biometrics, semen characteristics and testosterone level in Egyptian Jack. This study was conducted on 50 mature Jacks divided according to their body condition score into four groups: Poor (G1), moderate (G2), good (G3) and fat (G4). The complete testis was collected immediately after execution in the Giza Zoo abattoir; then, the epididymis was carefully dissected at the testicular junction. Biometrical measures including length, weight and volume were determined for the right and left testis and epididymis. Also, epididymal sperm was collected from all examined animas and evaluated for sperm concentration, progressive motility, viability and sperm abnormalities. Serum samples were collected for determination of total testosterone level. Results showed that the body condition score of the examined animal affects their biometrical measure of testicles and epididymis. There is a significant decrease (p < .05) in biometrical measures for the testicles and epididymis, sperm concentration, motility, viability and testosterone level in poor BCS animals (G1). The highest values were recorded in Good BCS (G3) Jacks. Conclusion: Jacks with good BCS (G3) should be selected for breeding activity in donkey.

Intrafollicular spontaneous parthenogenetic development of dromedary camel oocytes.

Dromedary camel oocytes are unique in their capability for intrafollicular and in vitro spontaneous parthenogenetic activation (SPA) and development. This study was designed for (a) observing the incidence of SPA and development of dromedary camel oocytes retrieved from ovaries; (b) assessing intrafollicular development of dromedary camel oocytes using histological examination; (c) evaluating the abilities of dromedary camel oocytes to mature, SPA, and develop in vitro; and (d) identifying the transcript abundance of Cdx2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in different stages of SPA and developed camel embryos. The results revealed that 2.33% of oocytes retrieved from dromedary camel ovaries were SPA and developed to blastocyst stage. Serial sections of dromedary camel ovaries also demonstrated the presence of 1.4 SPA and parthenotes per ovary, which included from two-cell to the blastocysts with demarcated trophectoderm and inner cell mass layers. A total of 2.6% in vitro matured dromedary camel oocytes developed into morulae. The SPA and developed dromedary embryos expressed transcript abundance for Cdx2 mRNA with the highest (p < .05) at the blastocyst. The present work determines for the first time the intrafollicular oocytes from the dromedary camel display SPA, and the parthenotes can develop into blastocysts and expressing Cdx2 mRNA.

Colorimetric Chemosensor and Turn on Fluorescence Probe for pH Monitoring Based on Xanthene Dye Derivatives and its Bioimaging of Living Escherichia coli Bacteria.

A new turn on fluorescence probe based on 3',6'-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2-((pyridin-2-ylmethylene)amino)-4-(p-tolyl)spiro[benzo[f]isoindole-1,9'-xanthen]-3(2H)-one (BFFPH) derived from benzo[f]fluorescein was prepared. Full characterization of the prepared probe using spectroscopic analysis was described such as IR, NMR and MS spectra. The sensitivity of BFFPH for monitoring of pH change in alkaline medium was studied. BFFPH exhibited a high sensitivity to alkaline pH by two pKa values at 8.82 and 10.66 in UV/vis spectroscopy titration. The pH monitoring was studied in broad range of pH values (2.5-12.2) at two pKa values at 8.72 and 10.73 by recording the effect of pH on the fluorescence intensity of BFFPH. The acid-base reversibility character of the probe was investigated as well as the effect of the pH change on the fluorescence quantum yield. The application of the prepared BFFPH probe for detection of living Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria using confocal fluorescence microscope was investigated.

Functional role of AKT signaling in bovine early embryonic development: potential link to embryotrophic actions of follistatin.

BACKGROUND: TGF-ß signaling pathways regulate several crucial processes in female reproduction. AKT is a non-SMAD signaling pathway regulated by TGF-ß ligands essential for oocyte maturation and early embryonic development in the mouse, but its regulatory role in bovine early embryonic development is not well established. Previously, we demonstrated a stimulatory role for follistatin (a binding protein for specific members of TGF-ß superfamily) in early bovine embryonic development. The objectives of the present studies were to determine the functional role of AKT signaling in bovine early embryonic development and embryotrophic actions of follistatin. METHODS: We used AKT inhibitors III and IV as pharmacological inhibitors of AKT signaling pathway during the first 72 h of in vitro embryo culture. Effects of AKT inhibition on early embryonic development and AKT phosphorylation were investigated in the presence or absence of exogenous follistatin. RESULTS: Pharmacological inhibition of AKT signaling resulted in a significant reduction in early embryo cleavage, and development to the 8- to 16-cell and blastocyst stages (d7). Treatment with exogenous follistatin increased AKT phosphorylation and rescued the inhibitory effect of AKT inhibitors III and IV on AKT phosphorylation and early embryonic development. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, results suggest a potential requirement of AKT for bovine early embryonic development, and suggest a potential role for follistatin in regulation of AKT signaling in early bovine embryos.

Efficacy and toxicity of plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) using gold nanorods (GNRs) against mammary tumors in dogs and cats.

Plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) was introduced as a promising treatment of cancer. This work was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of intratumoral (IT) injection of 75µg gold nanorods (GNRs)/kg of body weight followed by direct exposure to 2 w/cm2 near infra-red laser light for 10min on ablation of mammary tumor in 10 dogs and 6 cats. Complete blood count (CBC), liver and kidney function were checked before the start of treatment and one month after injection of GNRs. Results showed that 62.5% (10/16), 25% (4/16) and 12.5% (2/16) of treated animals showed complete remission, partial remission and no response, respectively. Tumor was relapsed in 4 cases of initially responding animals (25%). Overall survival rate was extended to 315.5±20.5days. GNRs have no toxic effect on blood profile, liver or kidney functions. In conclusion, GNRs can be safely used for treatment of mammary tumors in dogs and cats.

Intraovarian Injection of Reconstituted Lyophilized Growth-Promoting Factor Extracted from Horse Blood Platelets (L-GFequina) Increases Oocytes Recovery and In Vitro Embryo Production in Holstein Cows.

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of intraovarian injections of a reconstituted lyophilized growth-promoting factor extracted from horse blood platelets (L-GFequina) on the number of ovarian follicles, the recovery of cumulus−oocyte complexes (COCs), and embryo development to the blastocyst stage in Holstein cows. Thus, 12 Holstein cows were assigned to three protocols. According to the number of punctured follicles in protocol 1, ovum pick-up (OPU) was conducted on days 6 and 14 of the cycle (day 0 = estrus). In protocol 2, every large follicle (more than 7 mm) was removed, and 1 mL of L-GFequina was intraovarian injected (day 0). Two days later, equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) was administered, and OPU sessions were conducted on days 6, 10, and 14. The same ovarian stimulation procedure as that in protocol 2 was performed in protocol 3, except that equine L-GFequina was not supplied. OPU was carried out on days 6 and 10 of the cycle. The results indicate that the intraovarian injection of L-GFequina significantly (p < 0.05) increased the number of OPU sessions per cycle, the recovery of cumulus−oocyte complexes (COCs), and the production of blastocysts. In conclusion, an intraovarian injection of L-GFequina can improves OPU-IVEP results in Holstein cows.

Impact of Nano-Bromocriptine on Egg Production Performance and Prolactin Expression in Layers.

The current study aimed to investigate the potential use of nano-bromocriptine in improving the laying performance of late laying hens by modulating the prolactin gene expression. A total of 150 NOVOgen brown laying hens aged 70 weeks were randomly allocated into three groups of 50 birds each. The first group was kept as a control, while the second and the third groups were treated with bromocriptine and nano-bromocriptine, respectively, at a dose of 100 µg/kg body weight per week. The pause days, egg production, feed per dozen egg, and Haugh unit were determined on a monthly basis. Also, the relative prolactin gene expression in the pituitary gland was quantified using qPCR and the number of the ovarian follicles was determined after slaughtering at the 84th week of age. It was found that nano-bromocriptine and bromocriptine improved egg laying performance with minimal pause days, reduced feed per dozen egg, and depressed the relative prolactin gene expression; however, nano-bromocriptine treatment was significantly effective compared to bromocriptine. In conclusion, nano-bromocriptine might be beneficial for elongating sequences and reducing pauses.

Effect of oxygen tension and antioxidants on the developmental competence of buffalo oocytes cultured in vitro.

AIM: Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the major disruptors of oocyte developmental competence, which appears due to the imbalance between the production and neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In Experiment 1, buffalo oocytes were in vitro matured, fertilized, and cultured at 38.5°C under 5% CO2 + 20% O2 in standard CO2 incubator (OS) or under 5% O2 + 5% CO2 + 90% N2 (Multi-gas incubator, low O2). In Experiment 2, buffalo cumulus oocytes complexes (COCs) were matured in Basic maturation medium (BMM) composed of TCM199+ 10% FCS+ 10 µg/ml FSH+ 50 µg/ml gentamicin (control group) or in BMM supplemented with 50 µM ascorbic acid (ascorbic acid group) or 3.0 mM glutathione (glutathione group) or 10-5 M melatonin (melatonin group) and cultured at 38.5°C under 20% O2 for 24 h. Matured buffalo oocytes in control, ascorbic acid, or melatonin groups were fertilized and zygotes were cultured for 8 days under the same conditions. RESULTS: In both experiments, maturation, cleavage, and blastocyst rates were recorded. Results showed that culture of buffalo oocytes under low O2 (5% O2) significantly increased maturation, cleavage, and blastocyst rates (p<0.05). Meanwhile, under 20% O2, addition of 10-5 M melatonin or 50 µM ascorbic acid to in vitro maturation (IVM) medium significantly improved cumulus cell expansion, nuclear maturation rates of buffalo oocytes (p<0.05), and increased cleavage and blastocyst rates (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: About 5% O2 is the optimum condition for in vitro production of buffalo embryos, and addition of 10-5 M melatonin to IVM medium for oocytes cultured under 20% O2 could alleviate the adverse effect of high oxygen tension and increased embryo yield.

Synthesis and Molecular Docking of Some Novel Thiazoles and Thiadiazoles Incorporating Pyranochromene Moiety as Potent Anticancer Agents.

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy has become one of the methods that are being adopted to treat cancer. Coumarins, thiazoles and thiadiazoles are versatile synthetic scaffolds possessing wide spectrum of biological effects including potential anticancer activity. OBJECTIVE: In the efforts to develop suitable anticancer drugs, medicinal chemists have focused on coumarin derivatives. A series of novel thiazole-pyranochromene and thiadiazole-pyranochromene derivatives were synthesized via heterocyclization of varies hydrazonoyl halides with methyl pyrano[3,2- g]chromen-3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazine-1-carbodithioate and pyrano[3,2-g]chromen-3-yl)ethylidene)- hydrazine-1-carbothioamide, respectively. METHOD: All the newly synthesized compounds have been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data (IR, 1H and 13C NMR, Mass). Moreover, all the products were evaluated for their anticancer activity against HEPG2-1. RESULTS: The results revealed that six new compounds showed promising anticancer activity. CONCLUSION: In the present paper, 3-acetyl-5-methoxy-8-methyl-2H,6H-pyrano[3,2-g]chromene-2,6- dione proved to be a useful precursor for synthesis of various 1,3-thiazoles and 1,2,4-thiadiazoles incorporating pyrano[3,2-g]chromene moiety as anticancer agents. The computational studies using MOE 2014.09 software are confirming the results in biological activity.

Part III: Novel checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) inhibitors; design, synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrimidine-benzimidazole conjugates.

Recently a dramatic development of the cancer drug discovery has been shown in the field of targeted cancer therapy. Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) inhibitors offer a promising approach to enhance the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy. Accordingly, in this study many pyrimidine-benzimidazole conjugates were designed and twelve feasible derivatives were selected to be synthesized to investigate their activity against Chk2 and subjected to study their antitumor activity alone and in combination with the genotoxic anticancer drugs cisplatin and doxorubicin on breast carcinoma, (ER+) cell line (MCF-7). The results indicated that the studied compounds inhibited Chk2 activity with high potency (IC50 = 5.56 nM - 46.20 nM). The studied candidates exhibited remarkable antitumor activity against MCF-7 (IG50 = 6.6  µM - 24.9 µM). Compounds 10a-c, 14 and 15 significantly potentiated the activity of the studied genotoxic drugs, whereas, compounds 9b and 20-23 antagonized their activity. Moreover, the combination of compound 10b with cisplatin revealed the best apoptotic effect as well as combination of compound 10b with doxorubicin led to complete arrest of the cell cycle at S phase where more than 40% of cells are in the S phase with no cells at G2/M. Structure-activity relationship was discussed on the basis of molecular modeling study using Molecular modeling Environment program (MOE).

Seasonal variations in developmental competence and relative abundance of gene transcripts in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) oocytes.

Hot season is a major constraint to production and reproduction in buffaloes. The present work aimed to investigate the effect of season on ovarian function, developmental competence, and the relative abundance of gene expression in buffalo oocytes. Three experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, pairs of buffalo ovaries were collected during cold season (CS, autumn and winter) and hot season (HS, spring and summer), and the number of antral follicles was recorded. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were aspirated and evaluated according to their morphology into four Grades. In experiment 2, Grade A and B COCs collected during CS and HS were in vitro matured (IVM) for 24 hours under standard conditions at 38.5 °C in a humidified air of 5% CO2. After IVM, cumulus cells were removed and oocytes were fixed, stained with 1% aceto-orcein, and evaluated for nuclear configuration. In vitro matured buffalo oocytes harvested during CS or HS were in vitro fertilized (IVF) using frozen-thawed buffalo semen and cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage. In experiment 3, buffalo COCs and in vitro matured oocytes were collected during CS and HS, and then snap frozen in liquid nitrogen for gene expression analysis. Total RNA was extracted from COCs and in vitro matured oocytes, and complementary DNA was synthesized; quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed for eight candidate genes including GAPDH, ACTB, B2M, GDF9, BMP15, HSP70, and SOD2. The results indicated that HS significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the number of antral follicles and the number of COCs recovered per ovary. The number of Grade A, B, and C COCs was lower (P < 0.05) during HS than CS. In vitro maturation of buffalo oocytes during HS significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the number of oocytes reaching the metaphase II stage and increased the percentage of degenerated oocytes compared with CS. Oocytes collected during HS also showed signs of cytoplasmic degeneration. After IVF, cleavage rate was lower (P < 0.01) for oocytes collected during HS, and the percentage of oocytes arrested at the two-cell stage was higher (P < 0.01) than oocytes IVF during CS. Oocytes matured during CS showed a higher (P < 0.01) blastocyst rate than those matured during HS. Also, COCs recovered in HS showed significant (P < 0.05) upregulation of HSP70 mRNA expression compared with those recovered in CS. For in vitro matured oocytes, CS down regulated the transcript abundance of ACTB and upregulated GAPDH and HSP70 mRNA levels compared with HS condition. In conclusion, HS could impair buffalo fertility by reducing the number of antral follicles and oocyte quality. In vitro maturation of buffalo oocytes during HS impairs their nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, fertilization, and subsequent embryo development to the morula and blastocyst stages. This could be in part because of the altered gene expression found in COCs and in vitro matured oocytes.

Influence of follicle size, methods of retrieval on oocytes yield and morphology in Egyptian Jennies ovaries with special reference to maturation rate in vitro.

UNLABELLED: This work was designed to evaluate the ovarian follicular development, oocytes morphology, methods of oocytes reterival, and the effect of different in vitro maturation (IVM) media on cumulus cell expansion and nuclear maturation of Jennies oocytes. Experiment 1, the number of small (<6 mm), medium (6 to 9 mm) and large size (>10 mm) ovarian follicles was recorded. Cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were reterived and classified into 4 Grades based on their cumulus-cells investment and the homogenous of the ooplasm. In Experiment 2, COCs were recovered by using 18-G, 20-G needle or slicing and scraping of ovarian follicles to determine the number and morphology of the recovered COCs. In Experiment 3, Grade A and B COCs were IVM in DMEM-HG, DMEM-LG, DMEM-F12, TCM199, TCM199-F12 or CR1aa media supplemented with 10% FCS+10 µg FSH/mL+10 IU hCG/mL+50 µg/mL gentamicin. Maturation was performed for 36 h at 38.5 °C under 5% CO2 in humidified air. After IVM, cumulus cell expansion and oocytes nuclear canfiguration were determined. An average of 6.40±0.26 follicles was recorded per Jenny ovary, representing 3.37±0.46, 1.89±0.14 and 1.14±0.16, for the small, medium and large size follicles, respectively. Oocyte recovery was higher (P<0.05) in large and medium size follicle than in the small one (62%, 60% and 45.1%, respectively). Small size follicles produced higher (P<0.05) percentage of Grade A COCs than large or medium size follicles. A higher number of oocytes was recovered by slincing and scraping of follicles (4.86±0.67), then aspiration of follicles using 18-G needle (3.14±0.36 COCs/ovary, P<0.05). Aspiration using 18-G needle or slicing and scraping of follicles using produced a significantly higher (P<0.05) percentage of Grade A COCs compared to aspiration of follicles using 20-G needle (56.6%, 46.7% and 32.0%, respectively, P<0.05). IVM of COCs in CR1aa and TCM 199-F12 media significantly increased (P<0.05) Grade 3 cumulus-cell expansion compared with TCM199, DMEM-F12, DMEM-LG and DMEM-HG (65.5% and 64.0%, 52.8%, 32.1%, 0.0% and 7.4%, respectively). The proportion of IVM oocytes reaching the M II stage was significantly higher (P<0.05) for oocytes matured in TCM199-F12 or CR1aa media than TCM199, DMEM-HG, DMEM-LG, DMEM-F12 (69.1% and 62.2%, 55.7%, 45.8%, 39.0% and 40.7%, respectively). The proportion of degenerated oocytes IVM in TCM199-F12 (10.3%), CR1aa (11.3%) or TCM199 (13.1%) was lower (P<0.05) than that matured in DMEM-HG, DMEM-LG or DMEM-F12 media (23.7%, 29.3% and 22.9%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Slicing and scraping or aspiration of follicles using 18-G needle increased the number and percentage of Grade A Jennies oocytes. TCM199-F12, CR1aa and TCM199 medi are more suitable for IVM of Jenny oocytes by promoting cumulus cells expansion and nuclear maturation to M II stage.

Mitochondrial distribution, ATP-GSH contents, calcium [Ca2+] oscillation during in vitro maturation of dromedary camel oocytes.

Dromedary camel oocytes have the ability to spontaneous parthenogenetic activation and development in vivo and in vitro. The present study was conducted to investigate changes in mitochondrial distribution, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and glutathione (GSH) contents and [Ca(2+)] oscillation during in vitro maturation and spontaneous parthenogentic activation of dromedary camel oocytes. Dromedary camel cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in TCM199 medium supplemented with 10% FCS + 10 µg/mL FSH + 10 IU hCG + 10 IU eCG + 10 ng/mL EGF and 50 µg/mL gentamycine. Maturation was performed at 38.5 °C under 5% CO(2) in humidified air for 40 h. After maturation and removal of cumulus cells, oocytes were classified into: immature cultured (Group 1); metaphase II (M II, Group 2); and spontaneously parthenogenetically activated (with 2 polar bodies, Group 3); cleaved embryos (Group 4); and immature oocytes served as a control (Group 5). Cytoplasmic mitochondrial distribution, ATP-GSH contents, calcium [Ca(2+)] oscillation were determined. Results indicated that M II and spontaneously parthenogenetically activated oocytes represent 37.53% and 32.67% of the cultured oocytes, respectively, and 3.3% cleaved and developed to 2-16-cell stage embryos. Mitochondrial distribution, ATP-GSH contents and [Ca(2+)] oscillation were significantly (P < 0.01) differ between immature and matured dromedary camel oocytes. Mitochondrial distribution showed clustering form in matured oocytes without polar body. High polarized mitochondrial distribution (HPM) was detected in M II and spontaneously parthenogenetically activated oocytes, and the intensity of MitoTracker Red was higher in spontaneously parthenogenetically activated than M II. ATP-GSH contents and the duration of [Ca(2+)] oscillation were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in spontaneously parthenogenetically activated than M II oocytes or that matured without polar body. In conclusion, the higher incidence of spontaneously parthenogenetically activated in vitro matured dromedary camel oocytes could be attributed to the high polarized mitochondrial distribution associated with significantly higher ATP-GSH contents and duration of [Ca(2+)] oscillation.