Immunotherapy in Nonendemic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Real-World Data from Two Nonendemic Regions.

BACKGROUND: nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a complex disease entity that mainly predominates in endemic regions. Real-world data with immunotherapy from nonendemic regions are limited. METHODS: we collected data from patients with recurrent/metastatic (R/M) NPC treated at a center in Greece and 8 centers in Italy. Between 2016 and 2021, 46 patients who were treated with at least one cycle of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) were identified. Herein, we present our results and a review of the literature. RESULTS: assessment of response was available in 42 patients. Overall, 11 patients responded to immunotherapy (Overall Response Rate-ORR 26.2%). Three patients had complete response (CR), and 8 patients had partial response (PR). Disease control rate (DCR) was 61.9%. Median Progression Free Survival (PFS) was 5.6 months and median Overall Survival (OS) was 19.1 months. Responders to ICI improved PFS and OS as compared to that of nonresponders. A lower probability of responding to ICI was shown in patients with more than three metastatic sites (p = 0.073), metastatic disease at initial diagnosis, (p = 0.039) or EBV DNA positive before ICI initiation, (p = 0.074). Decline in EBV DNA levels was found to be statistically significant associated with best response to ICI (p = 0.049). Safety was manageable. CONCLUSIONS: among 46 patients with R/M NPC treated with immunotherapy in two nonendemic regions, ORR was 26.2% and durable responses were observed. Low disease burden could serve as a biomarker for response to ICI.

Association of autoimmunity with survival in patients with recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated with nivolumab.

OBJECTIVES: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that occur as a consequence of enhanced immune response due to T-cell activation. The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the association between irAEs and disease outcome in patients with recurrent/metastatic (R/M) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 89 patients with R/M HNSCC who were treated with nivolumab in our center from October 2015 to January 2020. Overall survival (OS) and post-progression survival (PPS) were calculated from the date of nivolumab initiation or from the date of progression on nivolumab respectively to the date of death or censored at the last date of follow up. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients (27%) developed irAEs, with more common thyroiditis (N = 13, 14.6%). ORR did not differ between patients with irAEs (29.2%) and patients without irAEs (21.9%, p = 0.576). Median PFS was similar between the two groups (3.1 months for patients with irAEs vs. 2.6 months for patients without irAEs, p = 0.412). Median OS was significantly longer in patients with irAEs (17.9 vs. 6.3 months in patients without irAEs, log-rank p = 0.004). Additionally, median PPS was significantly improved in patients who developed irAEs (10.2 months vs. 2.8 months for patients without irAEs, log-rank p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the development of irAEs and response to nivolumab were shown to be independent prognostic factors for favorable OS and PPS. CONCLUSIONS: The development of irAEs is a strong predictor of improved survival in patients with advanced HNSCC treated with nivolumab.

Prognostic impact of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) mRNA expression on circulating tumour cells of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine the prognostic role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) by evaluating IDO1 expression in circulating tumour cells (CTCs) at baseline and after completion of chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced (LA) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with curative intent. METHODS: In a prospective cohort of 113 patients with LA HNSCC, we evaluated expression of IDO1 in the EpCAM+ CTC fraction at baseline and after cisplatin chemoradiation. The prognostic value of combined programmed cell death ligand-1 (PDL-1) and IDO1 expression was assessed. RESULTS: IDO1 was significantly overexpressed at baseline compared with the post-treatment counterparts (p=0.007). IDO1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression at baseline was associated with better survival in terms of progression-free survival (PFS) (HR=0.19, p=0.017). Post-treatment IDO1 mRNA levels were correlated with unfavourable prognosis in terms of overall survival (OS) (HR=3.27, p=0.008). Patients with combined decreased expression levels of PDL-1 and IDO1 after treatment exhibited superior PFS (p=0.043) and OS (p=0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Our results strongly suggest that IDO1 mRNA expression is an independent prognostic factor for clinical outcome. Our study provides useful information for future trials combining chemoradiation with immune checkpoint inhibitors and IDO1 inhibitors.

Surrogates of immunologic cell death (ICD) and chemoradiotherapy outcomes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

OBJECTIVES: Chemoradiation can induce immunogenic (ICD) or tolerogenic cell death. ICD relies on the generation of damage-associated molecular patterns which can stimulate toll-like receptors (TLRs). We sought to determine whether we can predict responses to chemoradiation by measuring surrogate biomarkers of ICD in a cohort of patients with locally advanced (LA) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a cohort of 113 LA HNSCC pts we evaluated expression of TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 in the EpCAM + circulating tumor cell (CTC) fraction at baseline and after cisplatin chemoradiation. We also quantified changes in chemokines CXCL10, CXCL16 and IL-2R in the serum. RESULTS: Seventy three patients had evaluable specimens. Among cases with biomarker assessment at baseline and post treatment, 36.8% had an increase in CXCL10 levels (p = 0.022), 73.7% had an increase in CXCL16 levels (p = 0.002) and 63.8% had an increase in IL2Ra levels (p = 0.032) with treatment. 52.0% of evaluable cases at baseline and post-treatment had an increase in TLR4 levels (p = 0.996), 42.9% had an increase in TLR7 levels (p = 0.042) and 27.7% had increase in TLR9 levels (p = 0.011) with treatment. CXCL10 levels at baseline were significantly associated with PFS and OS (p = 0.010 and p = 0.032, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that chemoradiation leads to quantifiable effects in surrogate markers of ICD. These effects may inform trials combining chemoradiation with immune checkpoint inhibitors. In addition, CXCL10 has prognostic effect in pts treated with chemoradiation.