Congenital heart disease in men - birth characteristics and reproduction: a national cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Women with congenital heart disease (CHD) are more often born preterm or small-for-gestational age and with a caesarean section. This pattern together with an increased risk of congenital anomalies seems to be repeated in the next generation. Information on the effect of paternal CHD on their offspring is sparse. In this study we investigated if men with CHD differ from those who do not have CHD with respect to characteristics related to their own births, their reproductive patterns and the neonatal outcomes of their children. METHODS: In this national cohort study data were derived from Swedish population-based registries. The population consists of all men born in 1973-1983 who were alive and living in Sweden at 13 years of age (n = 522 216). The index group is men with CHD (n = 2689). Men diagnosed with CHD were compared with men without CHD. The CHD were also divided into two groups, complex and simple CHD and comparisons between the groups were made. RESULTS: Men with CHD are more likely to have been born preterm (p < 0.001), small-for gestational-age (p < 0.001) or large-for-gestational-age (p < 0.001) than men without CHD. They are also more likely to have been the result of a twin pregnancy (p < 0.001) and to have been delivered by caesarean section (p < 0.001). Men with CHD have a decreased likelihood to become fathers compared to non-CHD men and in this study their offspring do not have a higher incidence of CHD than offspring to non-CHD fathers. The neonatal outcomes of children of men with CHD do not differ from the outcomes of children of non-CHD men. CONCLUSIONS: Men with CHD were more often born with non-optimal characteristics compared to men without the condition. However, the increased risk does not repeat itself in the next generation. This knowledge can lead to improved preconception counselling for couples in which the father has a CHD.

Reproductive patterns and pregnancy outcomes in women with congenital heart disease--a Swedish population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To study women diagnosed with congenital heart disease (CHD) with respect to characteristics related to their own births, their subsequent likelihood of giving birth and the obstetric and neonatal outcomes of their pregnancies. DESIGN: Population-based register study. POPULATION: All women born in 1973-1983 who were alive and living in Sweden at 13 years of age (n=500 245). METHODS: Women diagnosed with CHD (n=2 216) were compared with women without CHD (n=492 476). A total of 188 867 mother-firstborn-offspring pairs were identified and available for analysis. RESULTS: Mothers of women with CHD were more often older and single/unmarried. Women with CHD were more often born preterm or small-for-gestational age (SGA) than women without CHD, more likely to have been born with a cesarean section, to have given birth during the study period, and to be younger at the time of their first pregnancy. Women with CHD were also more prone to give birth to children preterm or SGA and their babies were more often delivered by cesarean section with a higher frequency of congenital abnormality. CONCLUSIONS: Women with CHD were more likely to have been born preterm or SGA and these outcomes were repeated in the next generation. Women with CHD should not be discouraged from pregnancy. Prenatal diagnostics should be discussed and offered to these women, as there is an increased risk for congenital abnormalities.

Birth characteristics of women with Marfan syndrome, obstetric and neonatal outcomes of their pregnancies-A nationwide cohort and case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate birth characteristics, obstetric and neonatal outcomes of the first childbirth in women with Marfan syndrome by use of Swedish national registers since pregnancy-related outcomes in women with Marfan syndrome have only been sparsely investigated. STUDY DESIGN: In this national population-based cohort study and matched case-control study of Swedish women born 1973-1993, women with Marfan syndrome (n=273) were compared to women without the condition (n=1 017 265). The study population was followed until 2013. A total of 364 553 mother-firstborn-offspring pairs were analyzed. Sixty-one women with Marfan syndrome became mothers. Women with Marfan syndrome were also compared to 543 healthy controls. RESULTS: Women with Marfan syndrome were more often born preterm (p<0.001), small-for-gestational age (p<0.001), and delivered by cesarean section (p=0.001). Women with Marfan syndrome had no increased risk of giving birth by cesarean section (p=0.079). No increased neonatal risks in their children were found. Women with Marfan syndrome were less likely to give birth than those without (p<0.001). There were no maternal deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Women with Marfan syndrome were more likely to be born preterm, SGA and by cesarean section. These increased risks of preterm birth and SGA babies were not found in connection with their own first childbirth. Pregnancies with known fetal Marfan syndrome have to be carefully monitored. The results are important for obstetricians giving preconception counseling and treating women with Marfan syndrome. Further studies are needed to evaluate risks during pregnancy and long-term effects of pregnancy on the cardiovascular status of women with Marfan syndrome.