Therapeutic potential of alkaloids in autoimmune diseases: Promising candidates for clinical trials.

Clinical investigations have characterized numerous disorders like autoimmune diseases, affecting the population at a rate of approximately 8-10%. These disorders are characterized by T-cell and auto-antibodies responses to self-molecules by immune system reactivity. Several therapeutic options have been adopted in clinics to combat such diseases, however, most of them are recurring. Thus, the discovery of new effective agents for the treatment of autoimmune diseases is paramount. In this context, natural products might be a useful alternative to the current therapies. Plant alkaloids with their substantial therapeutic history can be particularly interesting candidates for the alleviation of autoimmune ailments. This review encompasses various alkaloids with significant effects against autoimmune diseases in preclinical trials. These results suggest further clinical assessment with respect to autoimmune illnesses. Furthermore, the application of modern technologies such as nanoformulation could be also helpful in the design of more effective therapies and thus further studies are needed to decipher their therapeutic efficacy as well as potential limitations.

Phyto-glycosides as Therapeutic Target in the Treatment of Diabetes.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by increased level of glucose in the blood due to defects in insulin action, insulin secretion or both. The effective management of diabetes is extremely important, otherwise, chronic uncontrolled diabetes could lead to diabetes late complications namely neuropathy, retinopathy, cardiomyopathy and nephropathy. The survey has shown that diabetes mellitus is one of the five leading causes of death all over the world. The therapeutic agents in clinical practice are facing the challenge of several unwanted effects, ineffectiveness in a large population and patient compliance therefore, new effective therapies are most warrant. In this connection, the natural product could be the best option as already accepted therapeutic modality since time immemorial. This review encounters various plant derived glycosides with antidiabetic effects; mediated through different mechanism(s). It is concluded that focusing glycosides as antidiabetic therapy could lead to the discovery of some new effective therapeutic agents.

Antidepressant Potential of Peptides: New Insights as Future Therapeutic.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Clinical depression is an unsatisfactory mood disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. The disorder is associated with a phenomenal number of suicidal attempts each year, and it has been estimated that 10-20 million people around the world made an attempt of suicide in some stage of the disease. Thus, medicinal intervention is ultimately required to avoid such type of extreme outcomes. There are numerous therapeutic antidepressant options in clinical practice, however, most of them face the challenge of efficacy, side effects, and patient compliance. In this scenario, new effective and safe therapeutic agents are becoming the major focus of researchers in the area of neuropharmacology, who and are evaluating different sources such as synthetic and natural therapeutics. Similarly, thousands of peptides have already shown vital role in human physiology for regulation of different activities. CONCLUSION: This mini-review will focus on peptides with reported antidepressant activity, along with their mechanism of action. Furthermore, the present article summarizes the literature pertaining to these peptides as antidepressant agents.