Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 Signaling Inhibits Foxp3 Expression and Suppressive Functions in Treg Cells through the mTORC1 Pathway.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in immune homeostasis by inhibiting cells within the innate and adaptive immune systems; therefore, the stability and immunosuppressive function of Treg cells need to be maintained. In this study, we found that the expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) by Treg cells was lower than that by conventional CD4 T cells. IRS1-overexpressing Treg cells showed the downregulated expression of FOXP3, as well as Treg signature markers CD25 and CTLA4. IRS1-overexpressing Treg cells also showed diminished immunosuppressive functions in an in vitro suppression assay. Moreover, IRS1-overexpressing Treg cells were unable to suppress the pathogenic effects of conventional T cells in a transfer-induced colitis model. IRS1 activated the mTORC1 signaling pathway, a negative regulator of Treg cells. Moreover, IRS1 destabilized Treg cells by upregulating the expression of IFN-γ and Glut1. Thus, IRS1 acts as a negative regulator of Treg cells by downregulating the expression of FOXP3 and disrupting stability.

Development of an ultrasound triggered nanomedicine-microbubble complex for chemo-photodynamic-gene therapy.

Recently, combination therapy has received much attention because of its highly therapeutic effect in various types of cancers. In particular, chemo-photodynamic combination therapy has been considered as an outstanding strategy. However, an abnormal increase in tumor angiogenesis caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been reported. In this study, the complex of doxorubicin (DOX)-encapsulating anti-angiogenic small interfering RNA (siRNA) nanoparticle and chlorin e6 (Ce6)-encapsulating microbubble has been developed to suppress tumor angiogenesis. The first compartment, doxorubicin-encapsulating siRNA nanoparticle, was electrostatically coated using two biocompatible polymers to prevent the damage of genetic materials. The other part, Ce6-encapsulating microbubble, serves as an ultrasound-triggered local delivery system as well as a drug carrier. Both the in vitro and in vivo experimental results demonstrate successful inhibition of angiogenesis with a minimized damage of siRNAs caused by ROS as well as improved therapeutic effect by chemo-photodynamic-gene triple combination therapy using ultrasound-triggered local delivery.

Force uniformity control for large-area roll-to-roll process.

Demand for high throughput manufacturing has recently increased in various fields, such as electronics, photonics, optical devices, and energy. Moreover, flexible electronic devices are indispensable in applications such as touch screens, transparent conductive electrodes, transparent film heaters, organic photovoltaics, organic light-emitting diodes, and battery. For these applications, a large-area roll-to-roll (R2R) process is a promising method for producing with high throughput. However, bending deformation of rollers is unavoidable in a large-scale R2R system, which produces non-uniformity in force distribution during processing and reduces the sample quality. In this study, we propose a new R2R imprinting module to mitigate the deformation by using an additional backup roller to achieve uniform force distribution. From numerical simulations, we found that there exists an optimal imprinting force for each backup roller length to obtain the best uniformity. Experimental results using a large-area pressure sensor verified the effectiveness of the proposed method. Finally, the R2R nanoimprint lithography process showed that the proposed method produces patterns of 100 nm width with uniform residual layer thickness, which are distributed across the substrate of 1.2 m width.

BATF3 is sufficient for the induction of Il9 expression and can compensate for BATF during Th9 cell differentiation.

Th9 cells preferentially produce IL-9 and participate in allergic responses and asthma. Differentiation of Th9 cells is induced by IL-4 and TGF-ß, and then the cells are amplified by OX40 signals. The transcription factors PU.1, IRF4, and BATF are required for Th9 differentiation. BATF3 is an AP-1 family transcription factor that is highly homologous to BATF; however, its role in Th9 cells is poorly defined. Here, we show that OX40 signaling induced the expression of Batf3 and that its overexpression in the presence or absence of OX40 signaling increased the expression of IL-9 in Th9 cells. BATF3 physically interacted with IRF4 and was bound to the Il9 locus. A transient reporter assay revealed that the BATF3-IRF4 complex induced Il9 promoter activity. BATF3 rescued Il9 expression and restored the capacity to induce the airway inflammation in Batf KO Th9 cells. Thus, BATF3 itself is sufficient for the induction of Th9 cell differentiation and can substitute for BATF during Th9 cell differentiation.