Copper-Nanoparticle-Decorated Hydrothermal Carbonaceous Carbon-Polydimethylsiloxane Nanocomposites: Unveiling Potential in Simultaneous Light-Driven Interfacial Water Evaporation and Power Generation.

This study introduces a hydrothermal synthesis method that uses glucose and Cu2+ ions to create a Cu-nanoparticle (NP)-decorated hydrothermal carbonaceous carbon hybrid material (Cu-HTCC). Glucose serves both as a reducing agent, efficiently transforming Cu2+ ions into elemental Cu nanostructures, and as a precursor for HTCC microstructures. An enhanced plasmon-induced electric field resulting from Cu NPs supported on microstructure matrices, coupled with a distinctive localized π-electronic configuration in the hybrid material, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis, lead to the heightened optical absorption in the visible-near-infrared range. Consequently, flexible nanocomposites of Cu-HTCC/PDMS and Cu-HTCC@PDMS (PDMS = polydimethylsiloxane) are designed as 2 and 3D structures, respectively, that exhibit broad-spectrum solar absorption. These composites promise efficient photo-assisted thermoelectric power generation and water evaporation, demonstrating commendable mechanical stability and flexibility. Notably, the Cu-HTCC@PDMS composite sponge simultaneously exhibits commendable efficiency in both water evaporation (1.47 kg m-2 h-1) and power generation (32.1 mV) under 1 sunlight illumination. These findings unveil new possibilities for innovative photothermal functional materials in diverse solar-driven applications.

Real-world efficacy and safety of capecitabine with oxaliplatin in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater.

BACKGROUND: Adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater (AoV) is one of the rare periampullary cancers, and due to its anatomical location, it is categorized into various histologic subtypes. Its rarity and diversity pose challenges in treatment decision-making for patients with advanced AoV carcinoma. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of the combined regimen of capecitabine and oxaliplatin (CAPOX) in a real-world clinical setting. METHODS: This investigation encompassed patients with advanced AoV carcinoma who underwent CAPOX treatment. Histologic phenotypes were identified through a combination of histopathological analysis and protein expression markers, including MUC1, CDX2, CK20, and MUC2. The correlation between histopathological determinants and survival outcomes was explored, in addition to an evaluation of the safety profile of CAPOX therapy. RESULTS: From January 2010 to June 2023, 42 patients received CAPOX. Of these, 14 patients (33.3%) had not received any prior palliative chemotherapy, while 28 patients (66.7%) had undergone one prior line of chemotherapy. At a median follow up of 9.0 months, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.38 months (95% CI, 2.78-5.69) and the median overall survival (OS) was 9.57 months (95% CI 7.56-11.6). The objective response and disease control rates were 38.1% and 61.9%, respectively. Patients who received CAPOX as a second-line treatment had poorer PFS (HR = 2.62; 95% CI, 1.49-4.90, p = 0.003) and OS (HR = 2.82, 95% CI, 1.47-5.38, p = 0.001) compared to those who received CAPOX as a first-line chemotherapy. There were no statistically significant differences in PFS (p = 0.185) and OS (p = 0.097) between groups based on histologic subtypes. Neutropenia (14.3%) emerged as the predominant grade 3-4 toxicity. Notably, treatment cessation occurred in select instances owing to grade 3 fatigue (9.5%) and peripheral neuropathy (9.5%). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the therapeutic efficacy and safety of CAPOX in a real-world setting, consistent with prior phase II trial results. While CAPOX proved feasible for advanced AoV carcinoma regardless of histologic subtype, its reduced effectiveness in second-line settings necessitates further research to determine its optimal palliative use.

Real-world outcomes of third-line immune checkpoint inhibitors versus irinotecan-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer: a Korean, multicenter study (KCSG ST22-06).

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) or irinotecan-based chemotherapy is frequently used after failure of second-line paclitaxel plus ramucirumab treatment for patients with locally advanced unresectable or metastatic advanced gastric cancer (AGC). This study aimed to compare the efficacy between ICI and irinotecan-based chemotherapy as third-line treatment in patients with AGC. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients with AGC, whose third-line treatment started between July 2019 and June 2021 at 17 institutions in Korea. The ICI group included patients who received nivolumab or pembrolizumab, and the irinotecan-based chemotherapy group included patients who received irinotecan or FOLFIRI (5-fluorouracil, leucovorin and irinotecan). RESULTS: A total of 363 patients [n = 129 (ICI) and n = 234 (irinotecan-based chemotherapy)] were analyzed. The median progression-free survival was 2.3 and 2.9 months in ICI and irinotecan-based chemotherapy groups, respectively (p = 0.802). The median overall survival (OS) was 5.5 and 6.0 months in ICI and irinotecan-based chemotherapy groups, respectively (p = 0.786). For all patients included in this study, multivariable analysis showed that weight loss, peritoneal metastasis, low serum sodium or albumin, and short duration of second-line treatment were associated with inferior OS (p < 0.05). ICI showed significantly longer OS than irinotecan-based chemotherapy in patients without peritoneal metastasis. Whereas ICI showed significantly shorter OS in patients without PD-L1 expression than irinotecan-based chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: No significant difference in survival outcome was observed between ICI and irinotecan-based chemotherapy as third-line treatment for AGC patients. ICI might be preferred for patients without peritoneal metastasis and irinotecan-based chemotherapy for patients with tumors without PD-L1 expression. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered in the Clinical Trial Registry of Korea ( https://cris.nih.go.kr : KCT 0007732).

Bemarituzumab as first-line treatment for locally advanced or metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: final analysis of the randomized phase 2 FIGHT trial.

BACKGROUND: We report the final results of the randomized phase 2 FIGHT trial that evaluated bemarituzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody selective for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (FGFR2b), plus mFOLFOX6 in patients with FGFR2b-positive (2 + /3 + membranous staining by immunohistochemistry), HER-2-negative gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer (GC). METHODS: Patients received bemarituzumab (15 mg/kg) or placebo once every 2 weeks with an additional bemarituzumab (7.5 mg/kg) or placebo dose on cycle 1 day 8. All patients received mFOLFOX6. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), objective response rate, and safety. Efficacy was evaluated after a minimum follow-up of 24 months. RESULTS: In the bemarituzumab-mFOLFOX6 (N = 77) and placebo-mFOLFOX6 (N = 78) arms, respectively, 59.7% and 66.7% of patients were FGFR2b-positive in ≥ 10% of tumor cells. The median PFS (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 9.5 months (7.3-13.7) with bemarituzumab-mFOLFOX6 and 7.4 months (5.7-8.4) with placebo-mFOLFOX6 (hazard ratio [HR], 0.72; 95% CI 0.49-1.08); median OS (95% CI) was 19.2 (13.6-24.2) and 13.5 (9.3-15.9) months, respectively (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.52-1.14). Observed efficacy in FGFR2b-positive GC in ≥ 10% of tumor cells was: PFS: HR 0.43 (95% CI 0.26-0.73); OS: HR 0.52 (95% CI 0.31-0.85). No new safety findings were reported. CONCLUSIONS: In FGFR2b-positive advanced GC, the combination of bemarituzumab-mFOLFOX6 led to numerically longer median PFS and OS compared with mFOLFOX6 alone. Efficacy was more pronounced with FGFR2b overexpression in ≥ 10% of tumor cells. Confirmatory phase 3 trials are ongoing (NCT05052801, NCT05111626). CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03694522.

Bemarituzumab plus mFOLFOX6 as first-line treatment in East Asian patients with FGFR2b-overexpressing locally advanced or metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer: subgroup of FIGHT final analysis.

BACKGROUND: In the FIGHT study (NCT03694522) bemarituzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody selective for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (FGFR2b), plus mFOLFOX6 showed clinically meaningful efficacy in patients with FGFR2b-positive (2+/3+ membranous staining by immunohistochemistry) locally advanced unresectable/metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal cancer (G/GEJC). A meaningful proportion of patients in FIGHT were enrolled in East Asia, reflecting global epidemiology of G/GEJC. METHODS: This subgroup analysis of the global, phase 2, double-blind FIGHT study included all patients enrolled in East Asian sites. Patients were randomized 1:1 to bemarituzumab-mFOLFOX6 (15 mg/kg and one 7.5 mg/kg dose on cycle 1, day 8) or matching placebo-mFOLFOX6. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), objective response rate, and safety. Efficacy was evaluated after a minimum follow-up of 24 months. RESULTS: The East Asian subgroup comprised 89 patients (57% of overall study population); 45 were randomized to bemarituzumab-mFOLFOX6 and 44 to placebo-mFOLFOX6. Median PFS (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 12.9 months (8.8-17.9) with bemarituzumab-mFOLFOX6 and 8.2 months (5.6-10.3) with placebo-mFOLFOX6 (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.29-0.87); median OS (95% CI) was 24.7 months (13.8-33.1) vs 12.9 months (9.3-21.4), respectively (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.32-0.96). Treatment benefit was more pronounced in patients with FGFR2b-positive G/GEJC in ≥ 10% of tumor cells. No new safety signals were reported. CONCLUSION: In East Asian patients with FGFR2b-positive advanced/metastatic G/GEJC enrolled in the global FIGHT study, bemarituzumab-mFOLFOX6 showed clinically meaningful outcomes over placebo-mFOLFOX6.

Pinecone oil supplemented to multiparous sows from 107 days prenatal to 21 days postpartum improves reproductive performance and milk composition and affects serum parameters.

Pinecone oil (PO) of Pinus koraiensis mainly contains α-pinene, ß-pinene, and limonene that may ameliorate animal well-being and growth performance. This study evaluated its effects on feed intake, milk composition and yield, serum parameters, and litter growth of sows. Twenty-seven pregnant sows (parity 2-4) were distributed to three dietary treatments. The trial started on Day 107 of gestation and ended on Day 21 of lactation. Sows were given either a basal diet or the basal diet + 200 or 400 mg/kg PO. Each treatment contained nine sows and each sow was considered an experimental unit. Results showed that the average daily gain and weaned body weight of piglets from the sows fed 400 mg/kg PO supplements were higher (p < 0.05) than the piglets from the control sows. Lactose content in colostrum samples and fat content in milk samples were higher (p < 0.05) in 400 mg/kg PO-treated sows, respectively, than those from the sows fed basal diet. Additionally, cortisol concentration and aspartate aminotransferase concentration in sow serum was lowered (p < 0.05) by 400 mg/kg PO on Day 21 of lactation. In conclusion, supplementation of 400 mg/kg PO during late gestation and lactation contributed to greater offspring growth performance, possibly by enhanced milk quality and alleviated maternal stress.

Assessing the potential of phytogenic feed additives: A comprehensive review on their effectiveness as a potent dietary enhancement for nonruminant in swine and poultry.

Phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) often referred to as phytobiotics or botanical feed additives, are natural compounds derived from various plants, herbs, spices and other botanical sources. These feed additives are intended to serve a variety of purposes, including an immune system regulator, an antimicrobial, an antimutagenic, an antioxidant and a growth promoter. They are composed of bioactive compounds extracted from plants, including essential oils, polyphenols, terpenoids and flavonoids. They are mostly utilized as substitute antibiotic growth promoters in nonruminant (swine and poultry) livestock production, owing to the prohibition of antibiotic usage in the feed industry. It has been thoroughly examined to ascertain their impact on intestinal health and activity, correlation with animals' effective health and well-being, productivity, food security and environmental impact. The potential uses of these feed additives depend on the properties of herbs, the comprehension of their principal and secondary components, knowledge of their mechanisms of action, the safety of animals and the products they produce. They are gaining recognition as effective and sustainable tools for promoting animal health and performance while reducing the reliance on antibiotics in nonruminant nutrition. Their natural origins, multifaceted benefits and alignment with consumer preferences make them a valuable addition to modern animal farming process. However, because of their inconsistent effects and inadequate knowledge of the mechanisms of action, their usage as a feed additive has been limited. This review offers a comprehensive assessment of the applications of PFAs as an effective feed supplement in swine and poultry nutrition. In summary, this comprehensive review provides current knowledge, identifies gaps in research and emphasizes the potential of phytogenic additives to foster sustainable and healthier livestock production systems while addressing the global concerns associated with antibiotic use in livestock farming.

The impact of glycine and glutamate, as components of glutathione precursors, on the productivity, digestive performance and blood profile of weaning pigs.

The impact of glycine and glutamate, as components of glutathione (GSH) precursors, was studied as a factor in determining the growth rate of weaning pigs, their digestion of nutrient supplements and their blood concentration levels. There were 180 crossbred weaning pigs with an average body weight (BW) of 7.94 ± 1.53 kg (five pigs per pen [two barrows and three gilts]; nine pens per treatment) that were randomly assigned to one of four diets. We used a basal diet as the control, TRT1 as the treatment with 0.10% precursor of GSH, TRT2 as the treatment with 0.20% precursor of GSH and TRT3 as the treatment with 0.30% precursor of GSH. The BW of weaning pigs exhibited a linear increase on days 7 (p < 0.001), 21 (p < 0.001) and 42 (p < 0.009) following the supplementation with the GSH precursor. Supplementation with GSH precursor led to a consistent and gradual increase in average daily gain (ADG) on days 8-21, 22-42 and overall, as indicated by a significant linear trend (p < 0.05). G: F was linearly increased (p < 0.05) on days 22-42 and overall with the increment in the precursor of GSH supplementation. However, GSH precursor supplementation did not have any impact on nutrient digestibility and blood profile in the treatment group. In summary, the administration of GSH precursor improved BW, ADG and G: F ratio while not affecting nutrient digestibility or blood profile.

Dietary inclusion of micelle silymarin enhances egg production, quality, and lowers blood cholesterol in Hy-line brown laying hens.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of micelle silymarin (MS) supplementation on productive performance, egg quality, and blood biochemical parameters in laying hens. A total of 384 (Hy-Line brown, 28-week-old) laying hens were randomly distributed into one of four dietary treatment groups (eight replication per treatment; 12 hens per replicate) for a 12-week long feeding trial. Hens were fed a basal diet with the addition of 0%, 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.06% of MS respectively. The results expressed that egg production percentage and egg weight were linearly (p < 0.05) enhanced at Weeks 0-6, 7-12, and 0-12, when 0%, 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.06% of MS were added to laying hen diets. The feed conversion ratio and feed intake improved (p < 0.05) linearly at Weeks 0-6, 7-12, and 0-12 with increasing levels of MS supplementation in laying hens. The eggshell thickness and eggshell strength were linearly (p < 0.05) improved at weeks 4, 8, and 12 with an MS-supplemented diet. Additionally, eggshell colour, Haugh unit, and albumin height had no significant (p > 0.05) difference throughout the experimental period with different levels of MS-supplemented diet. The yolk colour of eggs showed significant (p < 0.05) differences at weeks 8 and 12 with levels of the MS-supplemented diet. However, at the end of the trial, the blood profile indicated that cholesterol levels decreased (p < 0.05) linearly, and triglyceride levels showed a tendency to decrease (p < 0.10) with MS supplementation. In conclusion, increasing the level of MS addition in the laying hen diet improved the egg production percentage and egg quality, reducing cholesterol levels in Hy-Line brown hens. However, this study indicates that MS can be added to the diet of laying hens up to 0.06% for improved egg production and egg quality.

Influences of flavonoid (quercetin) inclusion to corn-soybean-gluten meal-based diet on broiler performance.

Quercetin (a predominant flavonoid) is considered to have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This trial was conducted to evaluate the impact of graded doses of quercetin (QS) on growth efficiency, nutrient retention, faecal score, footpad lesion score, tibia ash and meat quality. In a 32-day feeding test, a total of 576 1-day-old Ross 308 broilers (male) were allocated arbitrarily with an average body weight of 41 ± 0.5 g. The trial had four dietary treatments with eight repetitions of 18 birds per pen and a basal diet incorporating 0%, 0.02%, 0.04% and 0.06% of QS. As the QS dosage increased, body weight gain tended to increase linearly on Days 9-21 (p = 0.069) and overall period (p = 0.079). Similarly, feed intake increased (p = 0.009) linearly with the increasing doses of QS on Days 9-21. Likewise, there was a linear improvement in dry matter (p = 0.002) and energy (p = 0.016) digestibility after QS administration. Moreover, the inclusion of QS supplement (0%-0.06%) linearly increased (p = 0.012) tibia ash in broilers. However, the faecal score and footpad lesion score showed no significant outcome (p > 0.05). By giving broilers a graded amount of QS, the relative organ weights of breast muscle (p = 0.009) and spleen (p = 0.006) improved linearly, meat colour lightness increased (p = 0.015), redness tended to improve (p = 0.065) linearly and drip loss decreased (p = 0.015) linearly. The inclusion of QS in the graded-level diet led to improvements in growth efficiency, nutrient absorption, meat quality and tibia ash, which recommended it as a beneficial feed additive for the broiler.

Supplemental impact of silymarin in growing pig diet on the growth performance, total tract digestibility, faecal microflora, faecal noxious gas emission and absorption rate in blood.

The research was done to examine the impact of dietary silymarin on growth performance, total tract digestibility, faecal microbial, faecal gas emission and absorption rate in blood of growing pigs. Experiment 1: a total of 140 growing pigs (24.47 ± 2.49 kg) were used in a 6-week trial. There were four dietary treatment groups (seven replicate pens/treatment, five pigs/pen) and treatment diets composed of corn, soybean meal (SBM), distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and rapeseed meal-based basal diets with 0%, 0.025%, 0.050% and 0.10% of micelle silymarin respectively. Experiment 2: A total of 18 pigs were divided into six treatment groups. Treatment diets: TRT1, TRT2 and TRT3 were basal diets with 30, 150 and 300 g powdered silymarin respectively; and TRT4, TRT5 and TRT6 were basal diets with 30, 150 and 300 g micelle-type silymarin respectively. Average daily gain (ADG) tended to increase (p < 0.10) at Week 3 and overall experiment after silymarin addition. Overall ADG and average daily feed intake are also intended to improve (p < 0.10) linearly in this study. During Week 6, growing pigs fed silymarin showed linearly increased (p < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, nitrogen and energy. Dietary silymarin supplementation increased (p < 0.10) linearly the faecal Lactobacillus count at Week 3 while Escherichia coli count was linearly decreased at both the 3rd week (p < 0.05) and 6th week (p < 0.10). Silymarin supplementation showed no effect on faecal gas emissions. A higher (p < 0.05) absorption rate in the blood was found in micelle-type silymarin compared to powdered silymarin after the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th and 24th h of feeding. Results suggest that silymarin in a corn-SBM-DDGS-rapeseed meal-based diet may help to improve ADG, FI, ATTD and faecal microflora in growing pigs. And absorption rate in the blood of pig is higher in micelle-type silymarin.

A Prospective Study of Preemptive Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Therapy in HBsAg-Positive Patients With Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Receiving Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone.

INTRODUCTION: This prospective study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of preemptive antiviral therapy with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) for HBsAg-positive patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma receiving rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) chemotherapy. METHODS: We enrolled 73 patients from 20 institutions. The primary end point was the absolute risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatitis during preemptive TDF therapy and for 24 weeks after withdrawal from TDF. Hepatitis was defined as a more than 3-fold increase in serum alanine aminotransferase from baseline or an alanine aminotransferase level of ≥100 U/L. HBV-related hepatitis was defined as hepatitis with an increase in serum HBV-DNA to >10 times that of the pre-exacerbation baseline or an absolute increase of ≥20,000 IU/mL compared with the baseline. RESULTS: No patient developed HBV reactivation or HBV-related hepatitis during preemptive antiviral therapy (until 48 weeks after completion of R-CHOP chemotherapy) with TDF. All adverse events were grade 1 or 2. HBV reactivation was reported in 17 (23.3%) patients. All HBV reactivation was developed at a median of 90 days after withdrawal from TDF (range, 37-214 days). Six (8.2%) patients developed HBV-related hepatitis at a median of 88 days after withdrawal from TDF (range, 37-183 days). DISCUSSION: Preemptive TDF therapy in HBsAg-positive patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma receiving R-CHOP chemotherapy was safe and effective for preventing HBV-related hepatitis. However, a long-term maintenance strategy of preemptive TDF therapy should be recommended because of the relatively high rate of HBV-related hepatitis after withdrawal from TDF ( ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02354846).

Clinical significance of serum-derived exosomal PD-L1 expression in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: Interactions between the programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) lead to immune evasion in various tumors and are associated with poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer; however, the roles of PD-L1-containing exosomes in pancreatic cancer is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the correlation between circulating exosomal PD-L1 (exoPD-L1) and PD-L1 expression in tumor tissue, and survival outcomes in patients with advanced PDAC. METHODS: Exosomes were derived from pre-treatment serum samples isolated using ExoQuick kit from 77 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Exosomal PD-L1 (exoPD-L1) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and matched tumor tissues PD-L1 expression were evaluated by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (22C3) assay, described with combined positive score. Cutoff value of exoPD-L1 for survival was assessed with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to obtain median overall survival (OS), and hazard ratio was estimated using a stratified Cox regression model. RESULTS: The median exoPD-L1 serum concentration was 0.16 pg/mg, with undetected levels in seven patients. ExoPD-L1 levels were significantly higher in patients with systemic disease than in those with locally advanced disease (p = 0.023). There was a significantly higher proportion of elevated exoPD-L1 levels in patients with positive PD-L1 expression compared to patients with negative PD-L1 expression (p = 0.001). Patients were classified into groups with low and high exoPD-L1 levels using ROC curve-derived cutoffs (0.165 pg/mg; area under the curve, 0.617; p = 0.078). At a median follow-up of 8.39 months, the median OS was 13.2 (95% CI, 8.17-18.3) and 6.36 months (95% CI, 3.27-9.45) in the low and high exoPD-L1 groups, respectively (HR = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.35-1.04; p = 0.059). ExoPD-L1 levels did not affect the proportion of CD8+CD69+ effector cytotoxic T cells in either of the groups (p = 0.166). CONCLUSIONS: The serum-derived exoPD-L1 levels were higher in metastatic pancreatic cancer than locally advanced disease. Collectively, higher serum exoPD-L1 levels in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer suggested worse survival outcomes and may have clinical implications.

Performance comparison of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy with visible-light-activated organic dyes: Rose bengal, crystal violet, methylene blue, and toluidine blue O.

This study evaluated the photobiocidal performance of four widely distributed visible-light-activated (VLA) dyes against two bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli) and two bacteriophages (phages MS2 and phi 6): rose bengal (RB), crystal violet, methylene blue, and toluidine blue O (TBO). The photobiocidal performance of each dye depended on the relationship between the type of dye and microorganism. Gram-negative E. coli and the non-enveloped structure of phage MS2 showed more resistance to the photobiocidal reaction than Gram-positive S. epidermidis and the enveloped structure of phage phi 6. RB had the highest potential to yield reactive oxygen species. However, the photobiocidal performance of RB was dependent on the magnitude of the surface charge of the microorganisms; for example, anionic RB induced a negative surface charge and thus electrical repulsion. On the other hand, the photobiocidal performance of TBO was observed to be less affected by the microorganism type. The comparative results presented in our study have significant implications for selecting photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) dyes suitable for specific situations and purposes. Furthermore, they contribute to the advancement of PACT-related technologies by enhancing their applicability and scalability.

Tendon Stress Estimation from Strain Data of a Bridge Girder Using Machine Learning-Based Surrogate Model.

Prestressed girders reduce cracking and allow for long spans, but their construction requires complex equipment and strict quality control. Their accurate design depends on a precise knowledge of tensioning force and stresses, as well as monitoring the tendon force to prevent excessive creep. Estimating tendon stress is challenging due to limited access to prestressing tendons. This study utilizes a strain-based machine learning method to estimate real-time applied tendon stress. A dataset was generated using finite element method (FEM) analysis, varying the tendon stress in a 45 m girder. Network models were trained and tested on various tendon force scenarios, with prediction errors of less than 10%. The model with the lowest RMSE was chosen for stress prediction, accurately estimating the tendon stress, and providing real-time tensioning force adjustment. The research offers insights into optimizing girder locations and strain numbers. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using machine learning with strain data for instant tendon force estimation.

Construction of Asbestos Slate Deep-Learning Training-Data Model Based on Drone Images.

The detection of asbestos roof slate by drone is necessary to avoid the safety risks and costs associated with visual inspection. Moreover, the use of deep-learning models increases the speed as well as reduces the cost of analyzing the images provided by the drone. In this study, we developed a comprehensive learning model using supervised and unsupervised classification techniques for the accurate classification of roof slate. We ensured the accuracy of our model using a low altitude of 100 m, which led to a ground sampling distance of 3 cm/pixel. Furthermore, we ensured that the model was comprehensive by including images captured under a variety of light and meteorological conditions and from a variety of angles. After applying the two classification methods to develop the learning dataset and employing the as-developed model for classification, 12 images were misclassified out of 475. Visual inspection and an adjustment of the classification system were performed, and the model was updated to precisely classify all 475 images. These results show that supervised and unsupervised classification can be used together to improve the accuracy of a deep-learning model for the detection of asbestos roof slate.

Effect of DHA supplementation on broilers' growth performance, meat quality and blood profile.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is vital in the meat composition of broilers which is helpful to maintain a healthy diet in humans. The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of DHA from fish oil on growth performance, organ weight, and meat quality along with the blood profile of broilers. A total of 1600, 1-day old, Ross 308 broilers with an average body weight of 43.15 ± 1.35 g were used in 5 weeks trail. Birds were randomly allotted into one of four dietary treatment groups named: control (CON), basal diet; treatment (TRT)1, CON + 0.05% DHA; TRT2, CON + 0.1% DHA; TRT3, CON + 0.15% DHA. Each treatment group consisted of 20 replications with 20 broilers per pen. The experiment was divided into three phases. Phase 1 (Day 1-7), Phase 2 (Day 7-21), and overall phase (Day 21-35). During Phase 1 and 2, no significant changes were observed on body weight gain (BWG) as the DHA levels increased in the diet. However, during Phase 3, broilers fed diet supplemented with DHA at increasing levels linearly increased (p < 0.05) BWG and feed intake (FI). Also, water holding capacity was reduced and drip loss percentage on Day 7 was increased linearly (p < 0.05) with the increase in DHA supplementation. At the end of trial, pH value of the meat was increased linearly (p < 0.05) with DHA levels. Moreover, blood cholesterol level, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein was significantly and linearly (p < 0.05) decreased in DHA supplemented groups. Broiler-fed diet with DHA supplement decreased the red blood cell linearly (p < 0.05) in blood. The results of the study indicate that DHA supplementation increased BWG with FI. Moreover, it has reduced blood lipid constituents with some adverse effect on meat quality.

Effect of non-starch polysaccharide enzyme supplementation with gradually reduced energy diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, lean meat percentage and backfat thickness of growing pigs.

This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating a way to reduce feed costs with better meat characteristics for growing pigs by supplementing non-starch polysaccharide enzyme (NSPE) in energy reduced diets. A total of 200 growing pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] weighing 22.94 ± 0.22 kg were divided into five dietary treatments, each with eight replication pens (three barrows and two gilts). The pigs were allotted in a completely randomised block design according to body weight and sex. The dietary treatments were: CON (control), basal diet (NE 2500 kcal); NSPE1, basal diet + 0.04% NSPE; NSPE2, (basal diet-20 kcal) + 0.04% NSPE; NSPE3, (basal diet-30 kcal) + 0.04% NSPE; NSPE4, (basal diet-50 kcal) + 0.04% NSPE. We have assessed growth performance, lean meat percentage (LMP) and backfat thickness at initial, Week 4 and 8. Apparent nutrient digestibility was assessed in Weeks 4 and 8. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) among the groups on growth performance. In Week 8, gradual reduction of energy caused a linear reduction (p = 0.028) of backfat thickness and a linear increase (p < 0.05) of LMP. In addition, at Week 8, supplementation of NSPE enzyme showed improved digestibility of nitrogen (p < 0.05) and energy (p < 0.05) in the NSPE1 group than in the CON group. In short, gradual reduction of dietary energy supplemented with NSPE showed consistent growth performance through higher nutrient digestibility with positive changes in backfat thickness and LMP of growing pigs.

Lactating sows fed whey protein supplement has eventually increased the blood profile of piglets.

BACKGROUND: The intension of this study was to examine the effect of dietary whey protein supplementation on the reproduction performance, growth performance and blood profile of sow and their offspring. From Day 114 of lactation to 21 days of weaning, a total of 21 sows (n = 7/ treatment) (Landrace × Yorkshire) were blocked according to average parity (2.4) and allocated to 1 of 3 dietary treatments: (i) CON-corn-soybean meal based basal diet, (ii) WPC-CON + 0.047% WPC whey protein concentrate (WPC) and (iii) WPH-CON + 0.02% whey protein hydrolysate (WPH). RESULTS: The reproduction performance of sows was not affected by WPC or WPH supplementation. However, piglets that were born to WPC and WPH group sows showed higher body weight at birth (p = 0.057) and at weaning (p = 0.018). After farrowing, WPC and WPH group sows showed decreased (p = 0.043) RBC count and total iron-binding count (TIBC) (p = 0.046), whereas at the end of the experiment, the blood profile including red blood cells, iron, haemoglobulin and TIBC was significantly increased (p =0.042, 0.049, 0.051 and 0.052 respectively) in WPC group piglets compared to the CON and WPH groups. CONCLUSION: Based on the positive impact on the blood profile of piglets, we conclude that whey protein supplement could serve as a potential energy source to suit lactating sows that could eventually benefit the performance of their offspring.

Effect of purified fish oil supplementation on growth performance, meat quality and blood profile in broilers.

The present research experimented with the view of observing the effect of supplementing purified fish oil (FO) on growth performance, organ weight, meat quality, along with blood profile of broilers. The experiment was conducted upon 1600 male Ross 308, each aged 1 day, broiler strains with an average body weight of 43.15 ± 1.35 g were randomly allotted into four dietary treatment groups where CON, basal diet; TRT1, CON + 0.05% FO; TRT2, CON + 0.10% FO; and TRT3, CON + 0.15% FO respectively. Each treatment group consisted of 20 replication pens, with each pen containing 20 broiler chicks. The 4-week long experiment was divided into two phases. The first phase (Days 7-21), the second phase (Days 22-35) and the overall (Days 7-35). On Day 21, the body weight of broilers in TRT2 and TRT3 was higher than the control. Increasing doses of purified FO supplementation showed a linear (p < 0.05) increase in body weight on Day 21. At the end of Phase 1, FO supplementation improved the body weight gain (BWG) of TRT2 and TRT3 group birds compared to CON. Increasing doses of FO supplementation increased the BWG linearly in all phases. Increasing doses of FO increased chicks' breast muscle weight with the highest value in the TRT3 group. Moreover, liver weight was linearly decreased in FO supplementation groups compared to the CON group. Abdominal fat was linearly decreased in FO supplemented groups. FO supplementation caused the lowest cholesterol and triglyceride in TRT3 than the CON group with a linear reduction. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was reduced by FO supplemental groups. In addition, FO supplementation increased the red blood cell (RBC) in the TRT3 group compared to the CON group. In conclusion, refined FO increased BWG, breast muscle weight and RBC and reduced cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL in broilers' blood.