Contemporary Statistics of Acute Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack in 2021: Insights From the CRCS-K-NIH Registry.

This report presents the latest statistics on the stroke population in South Korea, sourced from the Clinical Research Collaborations for Stroke in Korea-National Institute for Health (CRCS-K-NIH), a comprehensive, nationwide, multicenter stroke registry. The Korean cohort, unlike western populations, shows a male-to-female ratio of 1.5, attributed to lower risk factors in Korean women. The average ages for men and women are 67 and 73 years, respectively. Hypertension is the most common risk factor (67%), consistent with global trends, but there is a higher prevalence of diabetes (35%) and smoking (21%). The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (19%) is lower than in western populations, suggesting effective prevention strategies in the general population. A high incidence of large artery atherosclerosis (38%) is observed, likely due to prevalent intracranial arterial disease in East Asians and advanced imaging techniques. There has been a decrease in intravenous thrombolysis rates, from 12% in 2017-2019 to 10% in 2021, with no improvements in door-to-needle and door-to-puncture times, worsened by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. While the use of aspirin plus clopidogrel for non-cardioembolic stroke and direct oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation is well-established, the application of direct oral anticoagulants for non-atrial fibrillation cardioembolic strokes in the acute phase requires further research. The incidence of early neurological deterioration (13%) and the cumulative incidence of recurrent stroke at 3 months (3%) align with global figures. Favorable outcomes at 3 months (63%) are comparable internationally, yet the lack of improvement in dependency at 3 months highlights the need for advancements in acute stroke care.

An unusual case of carotidynia preceding recurrent ischemic stroke with carotid thrombosis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Carotid artery thrombosis following carotidynia is an uncommon manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. We report the case of a woman without evidence of a lupus flare-up who presented with the unusual clinical course of ipsilateral carotidynia and recurrent ischemic stroke due to carotid thrombosis. To our knowledge, this is the first case of such an unusual manifestation in lupus and highlights distinctive challenges in the diagnosis and management of carotid artery thrombosis following carotidynia.

Effect of Transport Time on the Use of Reperfusion Therapy for Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke in Korea.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the association between geographic proximity to hospitals and the administration rate of reperfusion therapy for acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: We identified patients with acute ischemic stroke who visited the hospital within 12 hours of symptom onset from a prospective nationwide multicenter stroke registry. Reperfusion therapy was classified as intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), endovascular therapy (EVT), or combined therapy. The association between the proportion of patients who were treated with reperfusion therapy and the ground transport time was evaluated using a spline regression analysis adjusted for patient-level characteristics. We also estimated the proportion of Korean population that lived within each 30-minute incremental service area from 67 stroke centers accredited by the Korean Stroke Society. RESULTS: Of 12,172 patients (mean age, 68 ± 13 years; men, 59.7%) who met the eligibility criteria, 96.5% lived within 90 minutes of ground transport time from the admitting hospital. The proportion of patients treated with IVT decreased significantly when stroke patients lived beyond 90 minutes of the transport time (P = 0.006). The proportion treated with EVT also showed a similar trend with the transport time. Based on the residential area, 98.4% of Korean population was accessible to 67 stroke centers within 90 minutes. CONCLUSION: The use of reperfusion therapy for acute stroke decreased when patients lived beyond 90 minutes of the ground transport time from the hospital. More than 95% of the South Korean population was accessible to 67 stroke centers within 90 minutes of the ground transport time.

Loop microcatheter technique for coil embolization of paraclinoid aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Although paraclinoid aneurysms do not exhibit a high risk of rupture, coil embolization is not always easy because of unstable microcatheter position. We present a technique that allows a stable microcatheter position for coil embolization of paraclinoid aneurysms. METHODS: We enrolled 34 consecutive patients who underwent coil embolization for paraclinoid aneurysms. A loop of distal microcatheter was shaped based on three-dimensional rotational angiography. The basic concept is to keep the proximal loop abutting the opposite wall of the aneurysm while using the distal loop for coiling. Then, a proximal curve was made to accommodate the shape of the carotid siphon, which may decide the direction of the loop. Stent-assisted coil embolization was performed in 19 wide-necked aneurysms. Immediate radiological outcomes were analyzed with Raymond classification and clinical outcomes were evaluated with modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores. RESULTS: Satisfactory occlusion of aneurysm was achieved in 94.1% (32/34) of patients with a Raymond score of 1 or 2. Packing density of ≥ 31% was achieved in 71% (24/34) of patients. No significant differences were observed between stent-assisted coiling and coiling-only groups. Follow-up magnetic resonance angiography and/or angiogram showed stable coil position, except in one patient with tiny recurrence (from Raymond scores 1 to 2) that did not require retreatment at the 6-month follow-up. mRS scores of 0-1 were obtained in all patients at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Loop microcatheter technique allowed safe and stable coil packing for paraclinoid aneurysms. The same procedural concept is also being used for aneurysms in other vascular territories.

Spontaneous echo-contrast in the internal jugular veins of patients with ischemic stroke.

PURPOSE: Spontaneous echo-contrast (SEC) appears on B-mode images as moving curls of smoke in the lumen of veins. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of internal jugular vein SEC among patients with stroke, in comparison with control subjects. METHODS: We enrolled 97 Korean patients with acute ischemic stroke and 50 controls. Both internal jugular veins were examined for the presence and severity of SEC and measurement of flow velocity. Venous samples were obtained for laboratory evaluation of hematologic factors. RESULTS: In 294 internal jugular veins, the prevalence of SEC was 81% in stroke patients and 68% in controls (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.6; p = 0.013). Stroke patients were more likely to have SEC on the left (p = 0.025) than on the right (p = 0.184) internal jugular vein. Overall, the association between stroke and SEC remained significant after adjustment for other variables (odds ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-10.8; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Internal jugular vein SEC was found more frequently in stroke patients than in controls. However, local as well as systemic factors must be considered in the interpretation of this finding.

A Case of Severe Delayed Vasospasm after Clipping Surgery for an Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm.

Delayed ischemic stroke associated with intractable vasospasm after clipping of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) has been rarely reported. We report a patient with delayed ischemic stroke associated with intractable vasospasm following UIA clipping. A middle-aged female underwent surgery for unruptured middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms. The patient tolerated the neurosurgical procedure well. Seven days postoperatively, the headache was unbearable; a postcraniotomy headache persisted and abruptly presented with global aphasia and right-sided hemiplegia after a nap. Emergency digital subtraction angiography showed severe luminal narrowing with segmental vasoconstriction, consistent with severe vasospasm. The patient's neurological deficit improved after chemical angioplasty. Neurosurgeons should pay close attention to this treatable/preventive entity after neurological deterioration following UIA clipping, even in patients without subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Curve-centered plaques raise the risk of peri-operative neurological and cardiovascular complications during angioplasty and stenting for severe carotid stenosis.

Introduction: Carotid artery stenting is an alternative interventional treatment to carotid endarterectomy. However, preprocedural considerations and anatomical risk factor analyses for carotid artery stenting are currently insufficient. Therefore, we investigated the high-risk anatomical appearance of carotid artery stenting from the neurointerventionist perspective to predict periprocedural complications. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients with carotid stenosis who underwent carotid artery stenting at a comprehensive stroke center between January 2012 and December 2021. We compared the demographic characteristics, medical history, and anatomical appearance of the stenotic segment in patients with and without complications. Results: We analyzed a total of 148 patients (64 women [43.2%]; median age, 73.0 [interquartile range, 65.5-79.0]). Complications occurred in 39 of the 148 patients, primarily minor and transient. Of baseline or procedural characteristics, a high initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (p = 0.04), symptomatic stenosis (p = 0.01), and curve-centered plaque of the proximal ICA (p = 0.01) were significantly associated with carotid artery stenting complications in unadjusted analysis. Curve-centered plaque remained an independent risk factor for carotid artery stenting complications after adjustment (odds ratio 2.23[1.02-4.88], p = 0.04). Conclusion: High-risk vascular anatomical features, such as curve-centered plaque, are associated with a high frequency of periprocedural complications of carotid artery stenting. Tailored patient selection for carotid stenosis is crucial to prevent complications. Patients with curve-centered plaque should consider alternative treatment options such as carotid endarterectomy to achieve optimal clinical results.

Mortality in elderly Parkinson's disease patients with long-term care needs: A nationwide population-based study in Korea.

BACKGROUND: The effects of long-term care insurance (LTCI) in reducing medical costs and utilization among older adults have been reported. This study aims to investigate the mortality in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) requiring LTCI and its relationships with economic status. METHODS: This study was conducted using the database of the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS)-Senior Cohort between 2008 and 2019. A total of 5937 patients with PD were included. Hazard ratios (HRs) of mortality associated with LTCI were estimated using a Cox regression model. Potential confounders such as demographics and comorbidities were adjusted. RESULTS: Out of 5937 PD patients, 821 required LTCI, and 5116 did not. Compared to PD patients without LTCI, PD patients with LTCI were older and exhibited a higher comorbidity burden. The overall incidence rate of mortality was 18.63 per 100 person-years in PD patients with LTCI. PD patients requiring LTCI were associated with an increased HR of 3.61 (95 % CI = 3.13-4.16) for mortality compared to PD patients not eligible for LTCI. Low-income status with LTCI was associated with the highest mortality risk (HR = 4.54, 95 % CI = 3.38-6.09), compared to middle-income status (HR = 3.47, 95 % CI = 2.64-4.61) and high-income status (HR = 3.53, 95 % CI = 2.91-4.91). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that older PD patients requiring LTCI with low economic status have a higher risk of death. Continuous policy efforts to reduce the mortality risk in this group are needed.

Mechanical Thrombectomy for Hyperacute Vertebrobasilar Ischemic Stroke via Nondominant Vertebral Artery : Clinical Experience and Considerations.

Objective: The dominant vertebral artery (VA) approach is primarily considered in mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for acute occlusion of the vertebrobasilar (VB) artery. As accessing the dominant artery is sometimes difficult, we present our experience treating acute VB stroke via a nondominant VA approach through a comparison with the dominant VA approach. Methods: Among 2,785 patients diagnosed with hyperacute ischemic stroke between January 2014 and December 2022, 50 patients with VB ischemic stroke underwent recanalization therapy through either dominant, nondominant, or bilateral VA approach. We evaluated patient characteristics and clinical course, highlighting the pros and cons of the access routes. Results: The patients with hyperacute VB ischemic stroke were predominantly male (72%), with a mean age of 68.12 years and an initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score mean of 17.1. Large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA, 48%) and cardio-embolism (CE, 36%) were the main etiologic factors in the TOAST (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) classification. After thrombectomy, 45 (90%) cases had final modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (mTICI) score of 2b or higher. In summary, 41 patients were treated through the dominant VA, and 8 patients underwent the nondominant VA approach. However, there was no statistically significant difference in functional outcome or mortality between the two approaches. Conclusion: In MT for VB occlusions, nondominant VA approach may be an option in situations when the vessel is accessible, stable, or less risky, as recanalization can be achieved without rescue balloon angioplasty and/or stenting.

Dual antiplatelet Use for extended period taRgeted to AcuTe ischemic stroke with presumed atherosclerotic OrigiN (DURATION) trial: Rationale and design.

RATIONALE: The optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with clopidogrel-aspirin for the large artery atherosclerotic (LAA) stroke subtype has been debated. AIMS: To determine whether the 1-year risk of recurrent vascular events could be reduced by a longer duration of DAPT in patients with the LAA stroke subtype. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A total of 4806 participants will be recruited to detect a statistically significant relative risk reduction of 22% with 80% power and a two-sided alpha error of 0.05, including a 10% loss to follow-up. This is a registry-based, multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end point study designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a 12-month duration of DAPT compared with a 3-month duration of DAPT in the LAA stroke subtype. Patients will be randomized (1:1) to either DAPT for 12 months or DAPT for 3 months, followed by monotherapy (either aspirin or clopidogrel) for the remaining 9 months. STUDY OUTCOMES: The primary efficacy outcome of the study is a composite of stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic), myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality for 1 year after the index stroke. The secondary efficacy outcomes are (1) stroke, (2) ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, (3) hemorrhagic stroke, and (4) all-cause mortality. The primary safety outcome is major bleeding. DISCUSSION: This study will help stroke physicians determine the appropriate duration of dual therapy with clopidogrel-aspirin for patients with the LAA stroke subtype. TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris. CRIS Registration Number: KCT0004407.

A case report of critical ischemic stroke in moyamoya-like vasculopathy accompanied by systemic lupus erythematosus.

Moyamoya-like vasculopathy (MMV) is a rare, chronic, progressive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by stenosis or occlusion of the terminal portion of the bilateral internal carotid arteries and development of abnormal collateral vessels at the base of the brain. This disorder develops in association with various systemic diseases and conditions, including neurofibromatosis type 1, Down syndrome, thyroid disease, radiation therapy, and autoimmune disease. We report a case of a 51-year-old female patient with low-activity systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who had a sudden onset of global aphasia and right hemiplegia. Three months previous, she had been on antiplatelet medication due to a single transient ischemic attack. Brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a massive infarct of the left middle cerebral artery territory. Conventional angiography showed complete occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery with poor development of basal collateral vessels. This case demonstrates that a patient with underlying autoimmune disease such as SLE accompanied by MMV should be considered vulnerable to ischemic stroke.

Impact of Neuroimaging Patterns for the Detection of Atrial Fibrillation by Implantable Loop Recorders in Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source.

Objectives: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a well-known etiology of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS), although the optimal detection strategy of AF was not been fully evaluated yet. We assessed AF detection rate by implantable loop recorder (ILR) in patients with ESUS and compared the clinical characteristics and neuroimaging patterns between the patients with AF and AF-free patients. Methods: We reviewed clinical characteristics and neuroimaging patterns of consecutive patients with who were admitted to our comprehensive stroke center for ESUS and underwent ILR insertion between August 1, 2019, and January 31, 202. The inclusion criteria were (1) 18 years of age or older; (2) classified as having cryptogenic stroke extracted from the group with undetermined stroke according to ESUS International Working Group; and (3) underwent ILR insertion during or after admission due to index ischemic events. Ischemic stroke pattern was classified as (1) tiny-scattered infarction, (2) whole-territorial infarction, (3) lobar infarction and (4) multiple-territorial infarction. Interrogations of data retrieved from the ILR were performed by cardiologists in every month after the implantation. Results: In this study, 41 ESUS patients who received an ILR implantation were enrolled (mean age, 64 years; male sex, 65.9%). The rate of AF detection at 6 months was 34% (14 patients), and the mean time from ILR insertion to AF detection was 52.5 days [interquartile range (IQR), 45.0-69.5]. The median initial NIH stroke scale scores were significantly greater in patients with AF than those without AF (6.5 vs. 3.0, p = 0.019). Whole-territorial infarction pattern was significantly more frequent in patients with AF than in those without AF (64.3% vs.11.1%, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Higher covert AF detection rates within the ESUS patients were most often associated with higher NIHSS and whole-territorial infarction patterns on brain imaging.

Preventive effects of ginseng against atherosclerosis and subsequent ischemic stroke: A randomized controlled trial (PEGASUS trial).

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) extract has been shown to have beneficial effects in patients with atherosclerosis, suggesting that KRG extract may be effective in preventing subsequent ischemic stroke in patients with severe atherosclerosis. Methods: This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial randomized patients with severe atherosclerosis in major intracranial arteries or extracranial carotid artery, to ginseng group and placebo group. They were given two 500-mg KRG tablets or identical placebo tablets twice daily for 12 months according to randomization. The primary endpoint was the composite of cerebral ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack during 12 months after randomization. The secondary endpoints were change in volumetric blood flow of the intracranial vessels and the incidence of newly developed asymptomatic ischemic lesions. Any adverse events were monitored. Results: Fifty-eight patients were randomized from June 2016 to June 2017, 29 to ginseng and 29 to placebo, and 52 (28 and 24, respectively) completed the study. One patient in the placebo group, but none in the ginseng group, experienced ischemic symptoms (p = 0.46). Changes in volumetric blood flow and the presence of ischemic brain lesions did not differ significantly in the two groups, and none of these patients experienced adverse drug reactions. Conclusion: Ginseng was well tolerated by patients with severe atherosclerosis, with these patients showing good compliance with ginseng dosing. Ginseng did not show significant effects compared with placebo, although none of the ginseng-treated patients experienced ischemic events. Long-term studies in larger patient populations are required to test the effect of ginseng.

Effectiveness and safety of EVT in patients with acute LVO and low NIHSS.

Background and purpose: There is much uncertainty in endovascular treatment (EVT) decisions in patients with acute large vessel occlusion (LVO) and mild neurological deficits. Methods: From a prospective, nationwide stroke registry, all patients with LVO and baseline NIHSS <6 presenting within 24 h from the time last known well (LKW) were included. Early neurological deterioration (END) developed before EVT was prospectively collected as an increasing total NIHSS score ≥2 or any worsening of the NIHSS consciousness or motor subscores during hospitalization not related to EVT. Significant hemorrhage was defined as PH2 hemorrhagic transformation or hemorrhage at a remote site. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was prospectively collected at 3 months. Results: Among 1,083 patients, 149 (14%) patients received EVT after a median of 5.9 [3.6-12.3] h after LKW. In propensity score-matched analyses, EVT was not associated with mRS 0-1 (matched OR 0.99 [0.63-1.54]) but increased the risk of a significant hemorrhage (matched OR, 4.51 [1.59-12.80]). Extraneous END occurred in 207 (19%) patients after a median of 24.5 h [IQR, 13.5-41.9 h] after LKW (incidence rate, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.23-1.62] per 100 person-hours). END unrelated to EVT showed a tendency to modify the effectiveness of EVT (P-for-interaction, 0.08), which decreased the odds of having mRS 0-1 in mild LVO patients without END (adjusted OR, 0.63 [0.40-0.99]). Conclusions: The use of EVT in patients with acute LVO and low NIHSS scores may require the assessment of individual risks of early deterioration, hemorrhagic complications and expected benefit.

Unrecognized Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysm Presenting as Cerebral Vasospasm-Induced Ischemic Stroke: A Case Report.

A 44-year-old woman presented with acute confusion, apparently due to a clinically silent subarachnoid hemorrhage followed by vasospasm, which in turn led to an ischemic stroke. During the initial evaluation, an acute ischemic stroke in the left middle cerebral artery territory was observed. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a late subacute hemorrhage in the left basal cistern. Digital subtraction angiography indicated the presence of a small saccular aneurysm that had recently ruptured, as well as vasospasm in the left circle of Willis. Balloon angioplasty and balloon-assisted coil embolization were performed for the vasospasm and saccular aneurysm, respectively. This case demonstrates that clinically silent subarachnoid hemorrhages resulting in ipsilateral vasospasm and infarction can occur as complications of a ruptured aneurysm.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neurocritically Ill Patients: Who Fails and How?

OBJECTIVES: Performing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in neurocritically ill patients is challenging because it often requires sedation and withholding care in the neurological intensive care unit. This study investigated the incidence of and reasons for failed or complicated MRI (MRI-FC) in such patients. METHODS: A consecutive series of 218 neurocritically ill patients who underwent brain MRI were retrospectively evaluated. Failed or complicated MRI included failure to obtain all ordered sequences, unscheduled sedative administration, decrease in oxygen saturation to less than 90%, hypotension (≥40-mm Hg decrease and/or use of inotropic agents), and cardiac or respiratory arrest. RESULTS: Failed or complicated MRI occurred in 66 patients (30.3%) and included failure to obtain MRI sequences (n = 13), unscheduled use of sedatives (n = 62), oxygen desaturation (n = 9), and hypotension (n = 6). Cardiac or respiratory arrest did not occur. Use of sedative agents while in intensive care (P < 0.01), high Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (P = 0.031), and low Glasgow Coma Scale score on admission (P = 0.047) were associated with MRI-FC. Scan times were longer (P = 0.004) and Glasgow Coma Scale (P < 0.001) and Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (P = 0.003) scores were lower (P = 0.004) after imaging in patients with MRI-FC. Previous use of sedative agents was independently associated with MRI-FC (adjusted odds ratio = 3.57, 95% confidence interval = 1.78 to 7.24, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Failed or complicated MRI was common and was associated with the use of sedative agents, severity of illness, and lower level of consciousness. Studies to ensure effective and safe performance of MRI in neurocritically ill patients are needed.

Direct Stenting of Intracranial Atherosclerosis-related Acute Large Vessel Occlusion.

PURPOSE: Endovascular reperfusion therapy (ERT) in patients with intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS)-related acute large vessel occlusion (ALVO) may require different strategies based on the underlying culprit plaque lesion. This study investigated the effectiveness and safety of direct stent placement in ICAS-related ALVO compared with initially attempted mechanical thrombectomy (MT) with or without rescue treatment. METHODS: Direct stenting for ICAS-related ALVO was performed in 30 consecutive patients between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2018. As a control for comparison, MT with or without rescue stenting for patients with ICAS-related ALVO was performed in 73 consecutive patients during the same period. Clinical outcomes were assessed by measuring modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days. RESULTS: Patients who underwent direct stenting and those who underwent MT with or without rescue stenting showed no significant differences in baseline characteristics. There was a higher proportion of patients with mRS 0-2 at 90 days in the direct stenting group than in the MT with or without rescue stenting group [24 (80.0%) vs. 34 (46.6%); p = 0.004]. Successful recanalization to modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction category 2b or 3 was achieved in 93.3% of patients who underwent direct stenting, and in 90.4% of patients who underwent MT with or without rescue stenting. CONCLUSION: Direct stenting is an effective and safe option for ICAS-related ALVO. Further studies are needed to confirm that endovascular treatments are effective and safe in patients with ALVO and underlying ICAS.

Clinical Outcomes of Endovascular Treatment for Carotid Artery Dissection Without Intracranial Large Vessel Occlusion in Patients With Cerebral Ischemia Presentation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes (including the long-term patency of endovascular treatment [EVT]) of patients with acute ischemic strokes (AISs) featuring carotid artery dissection (CAD) but not intracranial large vessel occlusion. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent EVT for spontaneous or post-traumatic AISs with CAD over a 13 year period from September 2005 to November 2018. The indications for EVT in patients with AIS-related CAD were a pretreatment diffusion-weighted imaging-Alberta Stroke Program early computed tomography (ASPECT) score > 6 and, clinical-diffusion mismatch. But, if the patients showed fluctuated ischemic symptoms, the joint decision by a stroke neurologist and neurointerventionist was done according to the onset-to-door time, symptoms, patient data, and the initial neuroimaging findings whether indicated that EVT was appropriate. RESULTS: Twenty-two dissected carotid arteries underwent balloon angioplasty and/or stent placement. The patients were 6 women and 16 men of median age 46 years. Twelve lacked any trauma history. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator was prescribed for two (9.1%) patients. Four developed symptomatic intracranial hemorrhages (18.2%) but 86.4% exhibited modified Rankin scores ≤ 2. CONCLUSIONS: Although attention to the hemorrhagic complication is required, EVT for selective patients with cerebral ischemia associated with CAD may be safe and acceptable treatment strategy for reconstruction of luminal patency, with good clinical outcomes. Prospective large-scale randomized studies are required to optimize EVT for CAD patients.

Pathogenic NOTCH3 Variants Are Frequent Among the Korean General Population.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the frequency of pathogenic NOTCH3 variants among Koreans. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we queried for pathogenic NOTCH3 variants in 2 Korean public genome databases: the Korean Reference Genome Database (KRGDB) and the Korean Genome Project (Korea1K). In addition, we screened the 3 most common pathogenic NOTCH3 variants (p.Arg75Pro, p.Arg544Cys, and p.Arg578Cys) for 1,000 individuals on Jeju Island, where the largest number of patients with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) have been reported in Korea. RESULTS: The pathogenic NOTCH3 variant (p.Arg544Cys) was found in 0.12% of sequences in the KRGDB, and 3 pathogenic variants (p.Arg75Pro, p.Arg182Cys, and p.Arg544Cys) were present in 0.44% of the Korea1K database. Of the 1,000 individuals on Jeju Island, we found 2 cysteine-altering NOTCH3 variants (p.Arg544Cys variant in 9 and p.Arg578Cys in 1 individual) in 1.00% of the participants (95% confidence interval: 0.48%-1.83%). The presence of cysteine-altering NOTCH3 variants was significantly associated with a history of stroke (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Pathogenic NOTCH3 variants are frequently found in the general Korean population. Such a high prevalence of pathogenic variants could threaten the brain health of tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of older adults in Korea.