Socioeconomic factors associated with use of telehealth services in outpatient care settings during the COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: To examine potential changes and socioeconomic disparities in utilization of telemedicine in non-urgent outpatient care in Nevada since the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional analysis of telemedicine used the first nine months of 2019 and 2020 electronic health record data from regular non-urgent outpatient care in a large healthcare provider in Nevada. The dependent variables were the use of telemedicine among all outpatient visits and using telemedicine more than once among those patients who did use telemedicine. The independent variables were race/ethnicity, insurance status, and language preference. RESULTS: Telemedicine services increased from virtually zero (16 visits out of 237,997 visits) in 2019 to 10.8% (24,159 visits out of 222,750 visits) in 2020. Asians (odds ratio [OR] = 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.85,0.94) and Latinos/Hispanics (OR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.85, 0.94) were less likely to use telehealth; Spanish-speaking patients (OR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.63, 0.73) and other non-English-speaking patients (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.88, 0.97) were less likely to use telehealth; and both Medicare (OR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.89, 0.99) and Medicaid patients (OR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.87, 0.97) were less likely to use telehealth than their privately insured counterparts. Patients treated in pediatric (OR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.60, 0.96) and specialty care (OR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.65, 0.70) were less likely to use telemedicine as compared with patients who were treated in adult medicine. CONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic and linguistic factors were significantly associated with the utilization of telemedicine in non-urgent outpatient care during COVID-19, with a dramatic increase in telemedicine utilization during the onset of the pandemic. Reducing barriers related to socioeconomic factors can be improved via policy and program interventions.

Increasing Emotional Distress and Use of Health Services among Hospitality Industry Workers During and After the COVID-19 Lockdown.

Objective: To examine the emotional distress situation among hospitality industry workers and their access to and use of health care including telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A survey was administered on the Qualtrics platform both in English and Spanish from November 18, 2020, to November 30, 2020, through the Culinary Workers Union in Nevada. A total of 1182 union members participated in the survey, of whom 892 completed the survey. Descriptive and multivariable regression analyses were conducted. Results: Among 892 respondents, 78% were people of color; 71% were laid off or furloughed during the COVID-related shutdown, but most had access to health care. Further, 78.8% experienced at least 2 or more signs of emotional distress during the pandemic. Females and unemployment status were positively associated with experiencing emotional distress. About 43.5% received care through telehealth, although most did not prefer telehealth (74.2%). Only 18.3% of non-telehealth users were interested in telehealth and 15.0% had never heard about telehealth. Conclusions: Health insurance coverage is essential for access to health services regardless of employment status. Strengthening mental health services, including psychological counselling for hospitality workers, is needed in such public health emergency situations as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Trends and age-related characteristics of substance use in the hospitalized homeless population.

ABSTRACT: We aimed to examine trends and characteristics of substance use (opioid, cocaine, marijuana, and heroin) among hospitalized homeless patients in comparison with other hospitalized patients in 3 states.This was a cross-sectional study, based on the 2007 to 2015 State Inpatient Data of Arizona, Florida, and Washington (n = 32,162,939). Use of opioid, cocaine, marijuana, heroin, respectively, was identified by the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision. Multi-level multivariable regressions were performed to estimate relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Dependent variables were the use of substances (opioid, cocaine, marijuana, and heroin), respectively. The main independent variable was homeless status. The subgroup analysis by age group was also conducted.Homeless patients were associated with more use of opioid (RR [CI]), 1.23 [1.20-1.26], cocaine 2.55 [2.50-2.60], marijuana 1.43 [1.40-1.46], and heroin 1.57 [1.29-1.91] compared to other hospitalized patients. All hospitalized patients including those who were homeless increased substance use except the use of cocaine (RR [CI]), 0.57 [0.55-0.58] for other patients and 0.60 [0.50-0.74] for homeless patients. In all age subgroups, homeless patients 60 years old or older were more likely to be hospitalized with all 4 types of substance use, especially, cocaine (RR [CI]), 6.33 [5.81-6.90] and heroin 5.86 [2.08-16.52] in comparison with other hospitalized patients.Homeless status is associated with high risks of substance use among hospitalized patients. Homeless elderly are particularly vulnerable to use of hard drugs including cocaine and heroin during the opioid epidemics.

Trends of Hospital Palliative Care Utilization and Its Associated Factors Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the United States From 2005 to 2014.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate trends and associated factors of utilization of hospital palliative care among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and analyze its impact on length of hospital stay, hospital charges, and in-hospital mortality. METHODS: Using the 2005-2014 National Inpatient Sample in the United States, the compound annual growth rate was used to investigate the temporal trend of utilization of hospital palliative care. Multivariate multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze the association with patient-related factors, hospital factors, length of stay, in-hospital mortality, and hospital charges. RESULTS: The overall proportion of utilization of hospital palliative care for the patient with SLE was 0.6% over 10 years. It increased approximately 12-fold from 0.1% (2005) to 1.17% (2014). Hospital palliative care services were offered more frequently to older patients, patients with high severity illnesses, and in urban teaching hospitals or large size hospitals. Patients younger than 40 years, the lowest household income group, or Medicare beneficiaries less likely received palliative care during hospitalization. Hospital palliative care services were associated with increased length of stay (ß = 1.407, P < .0001) and in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 48.18; 95% confidence interval, 41.59-55.82), and reduced hospital charge (ß = -0.075, P = .009). CONCLUSION: Hospital palliative care service for patients with SLE gradually increased during the past decade in US hospitals. However, this showed disparities in access and was associated with longer hospital length of stay and higher in-hospital mortality. Nevertheless, hospital palliative care services yielded a cost-saving effect.

Opioid use disorders and hospital palliative care among patients with gastrointestinal cancers: Ten-year trend and associated factors in the U.S. from 2005 to 2014.

This study aimed to analyze the trends of opioid use disorders, cannabis use disorders, and palliative care among hospitalized patients with gastrointestinal cancer and to identify their associated factors.We analyzed the National Inpatient Sample data from 2005 to 2014 and included hospitalized patients with gastrointestinal cancers. The trends of hospital palliative care and opioid or cannabis use disorders were analyzed using the compound annual growth rates (CAGR) with Rao-Scott correction for χ tests. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the associated factors.From 2005 to 2014, among 4,364,416 hospitalizations of patients with gastrointestinal cancer, the average annual rates of opioid and cannabis use disorders were 0.4% (n = 19,520), and 0.3% (n = 13,009), respectively. The utilization rate of hospital palliative care was 6.2% (n = 268,742). They all sharply increased for 10 years (CAGR = 9.61%, 22.2%, and 21.51%, respectively). The patients with a cannabis use disorder were over 4 times more likely to have an opioid use disorder (Odds ratios, OR = 4.029; P < .001). Hospital palliative care was associated with higher opioid use disorder rates, higher in-hospital mortality, shorter length of hospital stay, and lower hospital charges. (OR = 1.527, 9.980, B = -0.054 and -0.386; each of P < .001)The temporal trends of opioid use disorders and hospital palliative care use among patients with gastrointestinal cancer increased from 2005 to 2014, which is mostly attributed to patients with a higher risk of in-hospital mortality. Cannabis use disorders were associated with opioid use disorders. Palliative care was associated with both reduced lengths of stay and hospital charge.

Trends and associated factors of use of opioid, heroin, and cannabis among patients for emergency department visits in Nevada: 2009-2017.

To examine trends and contributing factors of opioid, heroin, and cannabis-associated emergency department (ED) visits in Nevada.The 2009 to 2017 Nevada State ED database (n = 7,950,554 ED visits) were used. Use of opioid, heroin, and cannabis, respectively, was identified by the International Classification of Diseases, 9th & 10th Revisions. Three multivariable models, one for each of the 3 dependent variables, were conducted. Independent variables included year, insurance status, race/ethnicity, use of other substance, and mental health conditions.The number of individuals with opioid, heroin, cannabis-associated ED visits increased 3%, 10%, and 23% annually from 2009 to 2015, particularly among 21 to 29 age group, females, and African Americans. Use of other substance (odds ratio [OR] = 3.91; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.84, 3.99; reference - no use of other substance), mental health conditions (OR = 2.48; 95% CI = 2.43, 2.53; reference - without mental health conditions), Medicaid (OR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.38, 1.44; reference - non-Medicaid), Medicare (OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.39, 1.49; reference - non-Medicare) and uninsured patients (OR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.49, 1.56; reference - insured) were predictors of all three substance-associated ED visits.With a steady increase in trends of opioid, heroin, and cannabis-associated ED visits in recent years, the main contributing factors include patient sociodemographic factors, mental health conditions, and use of other substances.

Factors Associated with Preventable Emergency Department Visits for Nontraumatic Dental Conditions in the U.S.

This study was designed to examine national trends and evaluate social determinants of health that were associated with the provision of dental services in emergency rooms in the United States between 2007 and 2014. A pooled cross-sectional database of emergency department (ED) visits combined the 2007-2014 waves of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. A total of 3,761,958 ED visits with dental conditions were extracted and the principal diagnosis was identified. A series of modified Poisson regression models were used to assess the relationship between patient sociodemographic factors and hospital characteristics, and the likelihood of visiting the ED for a nontraumatic dental reason. Unadjusted descriptive results indicated that there was no apparent increase in the percentage of patients who visited an ED with nontraumatic dental conditions (NTDCs) between 2007 and 2014. The greatest users of EDs for NTDCs were among those who were uninsured and Medicaid beneficiaries relative to persons privately insured. ED visitors were more likely to reside in lower socioeconomic areas (when compared with visitors in the top quartile of the income distribution). Patients in all other age groups were more likely to seek care in an ED for NTDCs relative to those 65 years of age or older. Multiple strategies are required to reduce the use of EDs for routine dental care. This approach will require an interprofessional dialogue and solutions that reduce barriers to receiving dental care.

Trends and Related Factors of Cannabis-Associated Emergency Department Visits in the United States: 2006-2014.

OBJECTIVES: To examine national trends and contributing factors of cannabis-associated emergency department visits in the United States. METHODS: This pooled serial cross-sectional study used a hierarchical multivariable analysis on emergency department visit adjusting for year, patient and hospital characteristics. We analyzed 2006 to 2014 National Emergency Department Sample data that identified cannabis-associated emergency department visits among patients aged 12 years or older (n = 265,128). RESULTS: Cannabis-associated emergency department visits per 100,000 emergency department discharges increased monotonically (annually by 7%). As compared with privately insured patients, Medicare, and Medicaid, uninsured patients were over 40% more likely to visit emergency department. The age group 12 to 17 had the highest risk of emergency department visits and the risk monotonically declined as the age increased. Hospitals in the South region showed the highest cannabis-associated emergency department utilization, yet trends of cannabis-associated emergency department visits increased in the West region from 15.4% to 26% over time. CONCLUSIONS: Cannabis-associated emergency department visits increase monotonically over time. Although vulnerable persons were identified, additional policy or regional factors should explore risks of emergency department visits associated with cannabis use.

Ten-year trends of palliative care utilization associated with multiple sclerosis patients in the United States from 2005 to 2014.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuro-inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, associated with accumulation of irreversible neurological disabilities through both inflammatory relapses and progressive neurodegeneration. Patients with debilitating MS could benefit from palliative care perspectives both during relapses that lead to transient disability as well as later in the disease course when significant physical and cognitive disability have accrued. However, no data about palliative care utilization trends of MS patients are available. We examined 10-year temporal trends of palliative care and assessed independent associations of palliative care with hospital utilization and cost using the 2005-2014 national inpatient sample. The national trends of palliative care utilization in MS patients increased by 120 times from 0.2% to 6.1% during 2005-2014, particularly with the dramatic single-year increase between 2010 (1.5%) and 2011 (4.5%). Moreover, the proportion of receiving palliative care in in-hospital death gradually increased from 7.7% in 2005 to 58.8% in 2014. Palliative care in MS inpatients may affect hospital utilization and charges in different ways. Hospital palliative care was associated with increased length of stay (LOS) (ß = 0.444 days, p < 0.001) and in-hospital death (OR = 15.35, 95% CI [13.76, 17.12]), but associated with decreased hospital charges (ß = -$2261, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the temporal trends of palliative care use in MS inpatients gradually increased with an exponential increase between 2010 and 2011 during 2005-2014, which is mostly attributed to patients with higher risk of in-hospital death. Moreover, palliative care was associated with reduced hospital charge with increased LOS and in-hospital death.