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1.
J Trauma Stress ; 37(4): 652-661, 2024 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38619917

RESUMEN

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with a wide range of health problems and health-compromising behaviors, including drug use, but are understudied in sub-Saharan Africa. Further, some data suggest that some types of ACEs are more strongly associated with outcomes than others. We investigated associations between different types of ACEs and recent drug use among 2,011 women living in Katsina State, Nigeria. This community-based survey included questions on ACE exposure, modifiable individual-level risk and promotive factors, and past-year drug use. Tobacco, cannabis, and the nonmedical use of cough syrup with codeine and tramadol were the most frequently used drugs. Logistic regressions revealed that across most drugs, ACEs reflecting abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, but not community violence, increased the likelihood of drug use, odds ratios (ORs) = 1.30-3.10. Ease of access to drugs, ORs = 1.33-2.98, and personal religiosity, ORs = 1.19-2.27, also enhanced the risk of drug use, and higher depressive affect was associated with codeine, OR = 1.27, and tramadol use, ORs = 2.42. Practicing religious rites, ORs = 0.38-0.70; disapproval of drug use, ORs = 0.36-0.57; and perceived harm from drug use, ORs = 0.54-0.71, reduced the likelihood of drug use. Efforts to prevent abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction; reduce access to drugs; treat depression; and increase disapproval and harm associated with drug use may reduce drug use in the context of ACE exposure.


Asunto(s)
Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Humanos , Femenino , Nigeria , Adulto , Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Protectores , Adulto Joven , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adolescente , Codeína , Modelos Logísticos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Tramadol
2.
J Adolesc ; 2024 Oct 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39363513

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Child marriage is practiced widely in West and Central Africa with established links to several negative outcomes, particularly for girls. Although some reviews on predictors of the practice of child marriage exist, to date no review has focused on the costs and potential benefits to girls who have experienced child marriage. METHOD: We conducted a scoping review of PubMed, African Index Medicus, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Global Health and in the grey literature for studies on child marriage and adjustment up to October 2023. Studies were included if they assessed marriages where the female was younger than 18 at the time of marriage, were conducted in Central and Western African countries, explored positive and/or negative indicators of well-being and mental health in the context of child marriage, were written in English, were published in a peer-reviewed journal, or was a published thesis or dissertation, grey literature, or technical report, were conducted between 2014 and 2023, and presented qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-method data. RESULTS: Based on the inclusion criteria, we included nine qualitative and four quantitative studies. Using the lens of Self-Determination Theory, we found that overall child marriage compromised needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Further, child marriage was linked to negative mental health outcomes. However, for some girls, child marriage was associated with some benefits including social recognition and elevated status in society. CONCLUSION: Future research on adjustment within the context of child marriage should focus on all aspects of well-being as well as the processes associated with adjustment for girls.

3.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38874751

RESUMEN

The COVID-19 pandemic comprises a mass trauma for children and families, and children may face particular vulnerability to post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) through processes of parent and child emotional dysregulation, such as alexithymia. With 88 U.S. children (Mage = 9.94 years; 54.5% female; 59.1% White) and their parents/caregivers (68.2% female; 59.1% White), a path model was tested in which child alexithymia symptoms partially mediated the association between parent alexithymia symptoms and child COVID-19-related posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). We also tested an alternative model in which child alexithymia symptoms moderated the association between parent alexithymia symptoms and child PTSS. The hypothesized mediation model was supported (ß = 0.15, SE = 0.05, 95% CI: [0.07, 0.25], p < 0.001), whereas the hypothesized moderator model was not (ß = 0.06, p = 0.44). Findings highlight the importance of parents' emotional understanding and regulation for child mental health during mass traumas such as pandemics.

4.
Int J Psychol ; 59(3): 432-440, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38403813

RESUMEN

Substance use is a growing problem in Nigeria. The present study extended recent work documenting the importance of parenting as protective against substance use in Nigerian youth by testing a model linking parenting, additional protective factors and polysubstance use. Public school students (N = 1607; 56% female; M age = 14.88; SD = .44 years) living in the greater Lagos region participated in school-based data collection. Lifetime polysubstance use, defined as use of two or more substances including alcohol or illicit drugs, or misuse of over-the-counter medications, was reported by 5.2% of the sample. Structural equation modelling that accounted for adolescent age and sex on all constructs revealed good model fit. Positive parenting (support and solicitation) was significantly associated with higher perceived harmfulness of substance use, religiosity and positive relationships at school. Positive school relationships were associated with a decreased likelihood of polysubstance use. Multiple group analysis revealed no overall sex differences in the model paths. Strengthening parent-adolescent relationships may have a cascading effect on protective factors and subsequent substance use, and should be included in youth substance use prevention programmes.


Asunto(s)
Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Responsabilidad Parental , Factores Protectores , Estudiantes , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Humanos , Nigeria , Masculino , Femenino , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Adolescente , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/prevención & control , Estudiantes/psicología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Instituciones Académicas , Niño
5.
Int J Psychol ; 58(1): 85-89, 2023 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36148544

RESUMEN

This study investigated risk and protective factors for marijuana use and problems with use in Ecuadorian girls in an attempt to inform this growing problem. Female secondary school students (N = 16,310; M = 15.02, SD = 1.73 years) who completed the 2016 national survey of drug use participated. The likelihood of lifetime marijuana use, reported by 7.3% of the sample, was predicted by older age, greater perceived access to marijuana and affiliation with tobacco- and marijuana-using peers; aspects of parental monitoring and perceived physical safety in and around school were negatively related to the probability of use. Among girls reporting any marijuana use, age, frequency of past year use, ease of access and affiliation with marijuana-using peers was positively associated with marijuana use problems. These data support the roles of both parents and communities in reducing marijuana use among Ecuadorian girls and highlight the important role of peer influence.


Asunto(s)
Uso de la Marihuana , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Humanos , Femenino , Uso de la Marihuana/epidemiología , Factores Protectores , Ecuador/epidemiología , Grupo Paritario , Instituciones Académicas , Estudiantes
6.
Int J Behav Med ; 29(1): 131-135, 2022 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33821432

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to increased risk for cardiovascular disease later in life, and to shortened telomere length in children and adolescents, but few studies have examined associations between ACEs and cardiometabolic risk in adolescence or potential associations between ACEs, cardiometabolic risk indicators, and telomere length in this population. The present study examined competing models of associations between adolescent ACEs (as reported by mothers); cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic indicators of health risk; and leukocyte telomere length in youth. METHOD: Data was collected from 108 low-income African-American adolescents (42.6% male; Mage = 14.27 years, SD = 1.17) living in the southeastern USA. Waist circumference was measured during a home interview, and measures of C-reactive protein, insulin resistance, and leukocyte telomere length were obtained from blood following overnight fasting. RESULTS: Path analysis supported a main effects model, whereby ACEs were significantly associated with shortened leukocyte telomere length, higher levels of C-reactive protein, and larger waist circumferences, controlling for maternal education and adolescent sex. Exploratory analyses examining whether cardiometabolic risk mediated associations between ACEs and telomere length, or whether telomere length mediated associations between ACEs and cardiometabolic risk, were not supported. CONCLUSIONS: ACEs are associated with risk of future cardiometabolic disorders and shortened leukocyte telomere length. Because cytogenetic changes are potentially modifiable, interventions to decrease family ACEs or alter responses to ACEs may lessen chronic disease risk in the African-American population. Targeted interventions to improve health are discussed.


Asunto(s)
Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Adolescente , Negro o Afroamericano/genética , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/genética , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Telómero/genética , Acortamiento del Telómero
7.
Child Dev ; 92(2): 746-759, 2021 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33783830

RESUMEN

Childhood adversity is linked to shortened telomere length (TL), but behavioral indicators of telomere attrition remain unclear. This study examined the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and child TL, and if ACEs were indirectly associated with TL through children's self-regulatory abilities (i.e., effortful control and self-control). Hypotheses were tested using national data from teachers, parents, and their children (N = 2,527; Mage  = 9.35, SD = .36 years). More ACEs were uniquely associated with short TL, and low self-control mediated the association between more ACEs and short TL. While longitudinal studies are needed to strengthen claims of causation, this study identifies a pathway from ACEs to TL that should be explored further.


Asunto(s)
Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia/psicología , Conducta Infantil/fisiología , Conducta Infantil/psicología , Autocontrol/psicología , Homeostasis del Telómero/fisiología , Acortamiento del Telómero/fisiología , Adolescente , Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia/tendencias , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Padres/psicología
8.
J Youth Adolesc ; 50(6): 1254-1267, 2021 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33638802

RESUMEN

While sleep problems are positively associated with both peer victimization and substance use, previous studies largely have ignored the indirect role sleep problems may play in this association. This three-wave longitudinal study aimed to determine whether sleep problems might link peer victimization to subsequent substance use. Participants were 986 youth (53.7% female, Mage = 12.32 [SD = 0.54 years], 55.6% White, 24.4% Latinx, 22.8% African American/Black, 11.1% Multiracial/Multiethnic, 13.4% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 6.4% Native American) from three U.S. public middle schools. A structural equation model controlling for multiple potential confounds revealed an indirect effect of peer victimization on substance use through sleep problems. Multiple group analyses indicated that the indirect effect was larger for females than for males. Effects did not differ across school socioeconomic level. The results provide further support to include peer victimization when considering factors that may influence adolescent sleep issues and subsequent substance use.


Asunto(s)
Acoso Escolar , Víctimas de Crimen , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Grupo Paritario , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología
9.
Int J Psychol ; 56(2): 199-207, 2021 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32585725

RESUMEN

This study assessed relations between exposure to trauma and post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms, and whether perceived social support from family and friends and gender moderated these associations. Syrian refugee youth (N = 418, 55.0% female) attending public schools in Jordan participated. Boys reported more age-adjusted PTS symptoms than girls. Analyses revealed that family support and gender moderated the association of trauma on PTS symptoms. For males, the benefits of family support were most evident under conditions of high traumatic stress exposure, while for females, benefits of family support were evident when no loss or injury to family members had been reported. Support from friends was not helpful for either gender. School- or family-based interventions designed to treat PTS symptoms need to consider the different needs of boys and girls, particularly within the Syrian Muslim cultural context.


Asunto(s)
Refugiados/psicología , Apoyo Social , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/psicología , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Identidad de Género , Humanos , Jordania , Masculino , Siria/epidemiología
10.
J Public Health (Oxf) ; 42(3): e343-e351, 2020 08 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31742341

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Little is known about tobacco use among youth exposed to armed conflicts, or the influence of trauma on tobacco use in this context. This study examined patterns of smoking by tobacco product and gender among Syrian refugee youth living in host communities in Jordan and assessed the associations of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms, trauma exposure and social support with current smoking status in boys and girls. METHODS: Syrian refugee students (mean [standard deviation] age = 14.9 [1.33] years) were identified through the public school system. Data were collected using an online Arabic questionnaire that included questions about demographics, trauma exposure, current smoking (cigarette and waterpipe), PTSD, depression and perceived social support. Logistic regression was used to assess the adjusted effects of independent variables on current smoking status. RESULTS: One in 7 boys and one in 14 girls were current smokers, with boys reporting greater tobacco use than girls. Among boys, current smokers reported significantly higher family member loss and lower perceived family social support than nonsmokers; among girls, current smokers also reported significantly higher family member loss as well as greater PTSD symptoms and lower perceived significant other/special person social support. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco use is established among this vulnerable group. The findings highlight the potential role of psychosocial support for tobacco prevention and cessation strategies.


Asunto(s)
Refugiados , Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , Jordania/epidemiología , Masculino , Salud Mental , Siria/epidemiología , Uso de Tabaco/epidemiología
11.
J Adolesc ; 78: 9-23, 2020 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31810006

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Attending school and working are consistently associated with positive outcomes for juvenile offenders returning to the community. METHODS: Using longitudinal data from the Pathways to Desistance Study, we used structural equation modeling to test whether better school experiences while incarcerated was positively connected to adjustment upon release among serious juvenile offenders (91% male) in the U.S. Adjustment was assessed as attending school for 310 legal minors (<18 years), and engaging in work for 259 emerging adults (≥18 years), as well as self-reported delinquency for all participants. RESULTS: Accounting for incarceration and school history, results showed that facility school attachment, but not grades, was associated with decreased delinquency 12 months after release across sex in both age groups. Additionally, facility school attachment predicted engagement in school for returning minors. However, facility school experience was not related to engaging in work for returning emerging adults. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that facility school climate matters for all juvenile offenders returning to their communities and that correctional education done right presents an important opportunity to reconnect returning minors with school, an important normative context of development. Conversely, results suggest that returning offenders who have 'aged out' of high school are a separate vulnerable group who may need additional support for successful reentry.


Asunto(s)
Delincuencia Juvenil/rehabilitación , Prisioneros/educación , Instituciones Académicas/normas , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Prisioneros/estadística & datos numéricos , Instituciones Académicas/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto Joven
12.
J Youth Adolesc ; 49(1): 323-334, 2020 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31388882

RESUMEN

National trends show that African American adolescents, relative to most other demographic groups, are more religious, and show fewer declines in religiosity, despite drastic decreases in religiosity among youth over the past 25 years. These broad findings are limiting because they fail to acknowledge religious heterogeneity among African American teens. Further, there are few empirical investigations of the transmission of religiosity within African American families. Building on a recent study that identified three distinctive profiles of intrinsic religiosity in a sample of low-income African American adolescents who were followed over four years (N = 326; Youth Mage = 12.1, SD = 1.6 years; 54% female), the present study examined contributions of maternal religiosity and family emotional climate in distinguishing these profiles. Univariate analyses revealed that maternal religious attendance and commitment, adolescents' felt acceptance from mothers and the emotional climate in the home differentiated youth who retained high levels of intrinsic religiosity (41%) from youth who declined in religiosity (37%) or who had low levels of religiosity (22%). Multivariate analyses showed that after accounting for demographic covariates, felt acceptance from mothers differentiated adolescents with high versus low levels of religiosity; both maternal religious attendance and felt acceptance from mothers distinguished adolescents who retained high levels of religiosity from youth who declined in religiosity. Implications for family dynamics in African American adolescent religious development and well-being are discussed.


Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Pobreza , Religión y Psicología , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Desarrollo del Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Madres/psicología , Autoimagen , Ajuste Social
13.
Int J Psychol ; 55(4): 585-589, 2020 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31452201

RESUMEN

Substance abuse is a significant problem in Pakistan (Hussain, 2017), yet, there are few studies of risk factors in this population, particularly in remote areas. Male adolescents (N = 243; M = 16.9 years, SD = 1.3 years) were recruited from schools in Gilgit-Baltistan, and completed questions on demographics, substance use, and psychosocial functioning. As a Muslim country, there are strict prohibitions against alcohol use, yet 44.9% of the sample reported lifetime alcohol use. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (Babor, Higgins-Biddle, Saunders, & Monteiro, 2001), was used to quantify level of risk associated with use, and 22.6% of the sample had scores indicating significant risk levels. Logistic regression analyses indicated that lifetime alcohol use was associated with internalising problems (e.g., depression, anxiety), while risky alcohol use was associated with externalising problems (e.g., aggressive and delinquent behaviour). Attention problems were related to both outcomes. Implications for prevention are discussed.


Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Adolescente , Niño , Humanos , Masculino , Pakistán , Factores de Riesgo
14.
J Behav Med ; 42(5): 911-923, 2019 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30671916

RESUMEN

Robust associations between adverse childhood experiences and shortened telomere length exist, but few studies have examined factors that may moderate this association, particularly with a resilience framework. The present study examined the association between exposure to childhood sexual abuse (and abuse severity) and mean telomere length, and whether social support and optimism moderated this association. The sample included 99 White monozygotic female twins, ranging in age from 35 to 70 (Mage = 52.74, SD = 8.55 years), who provided a blood sample for telomere assay, and data on their childhood sexual abuse history, trait optimism, and current social support. Linear mixed effects models were employed to test study hypotheses. There were no effects of exposure to abuse or abuse severity on mean telomere length, nor were there main or moderating effects of optimism, in analyses of the full sample. However, in analyses that only included women exposed to abuse, there was an abuse type × support interaction: among women who experienced abuse in forms other than intercourse, higher levels of social support were associated with longer mean telomere length. Findings from the current study clarify the role of childhood sexual abuse in telomere attrition, and identify one factor that may protect against the negative biological effects of childhood sexual abuse.


Asunto(s)
Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Abuso Sexual Infantil/estadística & datos numéricos , Optimismo/psicología , Apoyo Social , Acortamiento del Telómero , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Gemelos Monocigóticos/genética , Gemelos Monocigóticos/psicología , Adulto Joven
15.
Int J Behav Med ; 26(4): 437-442, 2019 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31264100

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Exposure to violence, which is experienced at disproportionally higher levels by black versus white youth, is associated with disruptions in sleep and elevated cardiovascular risk. Further, poor sleep hygiene is associated with insulin resistance. However, research to date examining disruptions in sleep and cardiovascular risk in African-American adolescents has not taken the impact of exposure to violence into account, nor considered how gender might affect patterns of association. The present study addressed this gap by testing a path model linking exposure to community violence, sleep disruption, and insulin resistance in a sample of African-American adolescents and evaluating model fit across gender. METHOD: African-American adolescents (N = 107; 56% female; Mage = 14.29, SD = 1.17) completed structured interviews at home and provided a blood sample after fasting overnight. RESULTS: The model fit connecting exposure to violence with sleep disruption and insulin resistance, adjusting for depressive symptoms and body mass index z score, was excellent. Multiple group analysis indicated gender differences in model fit. Path analysis revealed significant positive associations between exposure to violence and sleep disruption and sleep disruption and insulin resistance for females but not males. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that low-income, urban African-American female adolescents who witness violence and experience sleep disruptions may already be at elevated risk for health problems compared with their male counterparts. Additional research should attempt to replicate and explicate the underlying reasons for the gender differences observed here, with the goal of improving health and disrupting the path leading to health disparities.


Asunto(s)
Exposición a la Violencia/psicología , Resistencia a la Insulina , Pobreza/psicología , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño/psicología , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Factores Sexuales , Sueño
16.
J Adolesc ; 72: 42-51, 2019 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30825753

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: There are potential long-term psychosocial effects of experiencing peer victimization during adolescence, including: internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviors, and risks behaviors such as substance use. While social-emotional theories of development note associations between deficits in emotion competencies and peer victimization in childhood, these associations are less established among adolescent samples. Identifying which inadequacies in emotional competence place particular adolescents at risk for peer victimization may provide insight into the developmental pathways leading to unfavorable outcomes. METHODS: The current study examined the relation between emotional competence and overt peer victimization among adolescents. Adolescents living in a mid-sized urban city in the southeastern region of the United States (N = 357; Mage = 12.14 years, 92% African American) reported their emotional awareness and reluctance to express emotion at baseline. Two years later, adolescents reported their regulation of anger and caregivers reported on adolescents' global emotion regulation. Adolescents also reported on occurrences of overt peer victimization during the previous 30 days at baseline and during the two-year follow up. RESULTS: Our hypothesized model fit the data adequately. Greater emotion awareness was associated with higher scores on caregiver-rated emotion regulation and adolescent-rated anger regulation two years later, and in turn, lower frequencies of overt victimization by peers. Further, greater expressive reluctance was associated with greater anger regulation, and in turn, lower frequencies of overt victimization by peers. Patterns of associations did not vary by sex or age. CONCLUSIONS: The present study extends models of social-emotional development and peer interactions into the development age stage of adolescence.


Asunto(s)
Desarrollo del Adolescente , Acoso Escolar/psicología , Regulación Emocional , Adolescente , Ira/fisiología , Niño , Mecanismos de Defensa , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Grupo Paritario
17.
J Youth Adolesc ; 48(11): 2222-2240, 2019 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31407188

RESUMEN

Despite prior studies supporting the existence of "aggressive-victims", it remains unclear if they possess unique risk factors from adolescents who are mostly aggressive or victimized. The present study sought to determine whether aggressive-victims differ from adolescents with distinct patterns of involvement in aggression and victimization in their social and emotional adjustment. Secondary analyses were conducted on baseline data from 984 seventh grade students (54% female) from three schools. Most participants identified their race as White (49%) or African American (19%), with 24% identifying as Latino/a. Latent class analysis identified four subgroups: predominant-aggressors (25%), predominant-victims (17%), aggressive-victims (12%), and limited-involvement (47%). The findings did not provide evidence of unique social-emotional characteristics of aggressive-victims that were not accounted for by their involvement in both aggression and victimization. Further evidence of unique differences in risk factors is needed to support targeted interventions for aggressive-victims.


Asunto(s)
Agresión/psicología , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Ajuste Emocional , Autoimagen , Adolescente , Acoso Escolar/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Grupo Paritario , Instituciones Académicas , Ajuste Social , Estudiantes/psicología
18.
Dev Psychobiol ; 60(2): 127-139, 2018 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29344930

RESUMEN

Maternal prenatal stress has been linked to a variety of infant postnatal outcomes, partially through alterations in fetal HPA axis functioning; yet the underlying pathobiology remains elusive. Current literature posits DNA methylation as a candidate mechanism through which maternal prenatal stress can influence fetal HPA axis functioning. The goal of this systematic review was to summarize the literature examining the associations among maternal prenatal stress, DNA methylation of commonly studied HPA axis candidate genes, and infant HPA axis functioning. Results from the review provided evidence for a link between various maternal prenatal stressors, NR3C1 methylation, and infant stress reactivity, but findings among other genes were limited, with mixed results. An original study quality review tool revealed that a majority of studies in the review are adequate, and emphasizes the need for future research to consider study quality when interpreting research findings.


Asunto(s)
Metilación de ADN/fisiología , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Estrés Psicológico , Metilación de ADN/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/metabolismo , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/fisiopatología , Lactante , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/fisiopatología , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/genética , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/metabolismo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/fisiopatología , Estrés Psicológico/genética , Estrés Psicológico/metabolismo , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatología
19.
J Youth Adolesc ; 47(12): 2608-2624, 2018 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29951730

RESUMEN

Religiosity and spirituality are influential experiences that buffer adverse effects of stressors. Spirituality typically declines during adolescence, although not universally. Using Latent Class Growth Analysis, we examined changes in spiritual connectedness among 188 early (52% female; M age = 10.77, SD = 0.65 years) and 167 middle (56% female; M age = 13.68, SD = 0.82 years) predominantly African American adolescents participating in a 4-year longitudinal study. Three distinct profiles of spiritual connectedness emerged: low and steady, moderate with declines over the study period, and high and steady. Profile distributions varied across developmental level: there were more early adolescents in the high and steady profile and more middle adolescents in the decliner profile. Youth in the high and steady profile evidenced more goal-directedness and life satisfaction and more effective emotion management and coping strategies than youth in other profiles. Contributions to the positive development literature are discussed.


Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Control Interno-Externo , Pobreza , Psicología del Adolescente , Espiritualidad , Adaptación Psicológica , Adolescente , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino
20.
J Youth Adolesc ; 47(12): 2596-2607, 2018 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29916186

RESUMEN

Recent evidence suggests parent-adolescent discrepancies regarding adolescent disclosure can provide insight into parent-child relations and adolescent adjustment. However, pathways linking discrepancies to adjustment are not well known. We tested a model linking parent-adolescent discrepancies in disclosure to adolescent substance use through affiliation with deviant peers. Using three annual waves of data from a community-based study (N = 357; 91% African American; 53% female; Mage = 13.13 years, SD = 1.62 years at baseline), findings revealed that adolescent-reported secrecy and deviant peer affiliation were positively associated with substance use one and two years later, respectively, but there was no evidence of mediation. The results highlight associations of adolescent secrecy and adjustment, and the role peers play in adolescent substance use behaviors.


Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/etiología , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Padres , Grupo Paritario , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Revelación de la Verdad
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