Early onset adolescent binge drinking is associated with reduced white matter integrity in post-9/11 adult veterans.

Adolescence represents a critical period of neural development during which binge drinking (BD) is prevalent. Though prior work has shown that white matter (WM) integrity is susceptible to damage from excessive alcohol intake in adults, the effect of early adolescent BD on WM health in adulthood remains unknown. Veterans with a history of BD onset before age 15 [n = 49; mean age = 31.8 years; early-onset adolescent binge drinkers (EBD)] and after age 15 [n = 290; mean age = 32.2 years; late-onset adolescent binge drinkers (LBD)] were studied with diffusion tensor imaging. Group differences in fractional anisotropy (FA; movement of water molecules along the WM) and mean diffusivity (MD; average movement of water molecules) were examined as indices of WM integrity using FreeSurfer and FMRIB Software Library (FSL) processing streams. Lower FA and higher MD are thought to represent degradations in WM integrity. A reference group (RG) of social drinkers with no history of BD (n = 31) was used to provide comparative normative data. We observed widespread decreased FA and increased MD in EBDs, compared to LBDs, as well as decreased FA in the pars triangularis, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, superior frontal cortex, isthmus cingulate, and genu and splenium of the corpus callosum EBDs also had lower WM integrity compared to the RG. Adults who initiated BD during early adolescence demonstrated decreased FA and increased MD throughout the frontostriatal circuits that mediate inhibitory control and thus may result in impulsive behavior and a predisposition for developing alcohol use disorder during adulthood.

Direct access to specific autobiographical memories is lower in healthy middle-aged to older adult Apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers compared to non-carriers.

Recent research suggests that the retrieval of autobiographical memories among cognitively healthy middle-aged and older adults is sensitive to the Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele, a genetic marker that increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. However, whether the APOE4-associated alteration in autobiographical memory retrieval encompasses rapid (i.e. direct retrieval) or iterative (i.e. generative retrieval) processes remains unclear. In the present study, 39 APOE4 carriers and 45 non-carriers (ages 60-80) who scored within normal limits on neuropsychological testing were cued to generate specific autobiographical events. We examined group differences in direct and generative retrieval and correlated direct and generative retrieval rates with performance on neuropsychological tests. Direct retrieval rates were lower in the APOE4 carriers compared to non-carriers. Episodic memory positively correlated with direct retrieval rates across the sample, though this relationship became non-significant when factoring in age and sex. There were no significant findings related to successful generative retrieval rates and its efficiency. In summary, compared to non-carriers, cognitively unimpaired middle-aged to older adult APOE4 carriers demonstrated greater difficulty, rapidly reconstructing specific autobiographical events without the support of semantic memory, suggesting that early autobiographical memory retrieval processes demonstrate vulnerability to AD-related risk factors.