Assessing the effectiveness of sustainable land management policies for combating desertification: A data mining approach.

This study investigates the relationship between fine resolution, local-scale biophysical and socioeconomic contexts within which land degradation occurs, and the human responses to it. The research draws on experimental data collected under different territorial and socioeconomic conditions at 586 field sites in five Mediterranean countries (Spain, Greece, Turkey, Tunisia and Morocco). We assess the level of desertification risk under various land management practices (terracing, grazing control, prevention of wildland fires, soil erosion control measures, soil water conservation measures, sustainable farming practices, land protection measures and financial subsidies) taken as possible responses to land degradation. A data mining approach, incorporating principal component analysis, non-parametric correlations, multiple regression and canonical analysis, was developed to identify the spatial relationship between land management conditions, the socioeconomic and environmental context (described using 40 biophysical and socioeconomic indicators) and desertification risk. Our analysis identified a number of distinct relationships between the level of desertification experienced and the underlying socioeconomic context, suggesting that the effectiveness of responses to land degradation is strictly dependent on the local biophysical and socioeconomic context. Assessing the latent relationship between land management practices and the biophysical/socioeconomic attributes characterizing areas exposed to different levels of desertification risk proved to be an indirect measure of the effectiveness of field actions contrasting land degradation.

Evaluation and selection of indicators for land degradation and desertification monitoring: methodological approach.

An approach to derive relationships for defining land degradation and desertification risk and developing appropriate tools for assessing the effectiveness of the various land management practices using indicators is presented in the present paper. In order to investigate which indicators are most effective in assessing the level of desertification risk, a total of 70 candidate indicators was selected providing information for the biophysical environment, socio-economic conditions, and land management characteristics. The indicators were defined in 1,672 field sites located in 17 study areas in the Mediterranean region, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Based on an existing geo-referenced database, classes were designated for each indicator and a sensitivity score to desertification was assigned to each class based on existing research. The obtained data were analyzed for the various processes of land degradation at farm level. The derived methodology was assessed using independent indicators, such as the measured soil erosion rate, and the organic matter content of the soil. Based on regression analyses, the collected indicator set can be reduced to a number of effective indicators ranging from 8 to 17 in the various processes of land degradation. Among the most important indicators identified as affecting land degradation and desertification risk were rain seasonality, slope gradient, plant cover, rate of land abandonment, land-use intensity, and the level of policy implementation.

Evaluation and selection of indicators for land degradation and desertification monitoring: types of degradation, causes, and implications for management.

Indicator-based approaches are often used to monitor land degradation and desertification from the global to the very local scale. However, there is still little agreement on which indicators may best reflect both status and trends of these phenomena. In this study, various processes of land degradation and desertification have been analyzed in 17 study sites around the world using a wide set of biophysical and socioeconomic indicators. The database described earlier in this issue by Kosmas and others (Environ Manage, 2013) for defining desertification risk was further analyzed to define the most important indicators related to the following degradation processes: water erosion in various land uses, tillage erosion, soil salinization, water stress, forest fires, and overgrazing. A correlation analysis was applied to the selected indicators in order to identify the most important variables contributing to each land degradation process. The analysis indicates that the most important indicators are: (i) rain seasonality affecting water erosion, water stress, and forest fires, (ii) slope gradient affecting water erosion, tillage erosion and water stress, and (iii) water scarcity soil salinization, water stress, and forest fires. Implementation of existing regulations or policies concerned with resources development and environmental sustainability was identified as the most important indicator of land protection.

Paclitaxel-ifosfamide-carboplatin combination chemotherapy regimen in advanced uterine and adnexal malignant mixed Mullerian tumours.

BACKGROUND: Malignant mixed Mullerian tumours (MMMTs) of the uterus and adnexa represent aggressive gynaecologic malignancies with a high rate of loco-regional and distant failure. For that reason, we evaluated the paclitaxel-ifosfamide-carboplatin (TICb) combination in patients with advanced MMMTs. METHODS: Female patients with advanced MMMTs, WHO-PS 0-2, no prior chemotherapy for systemic disease, unimpaired haemopoietic and organ function were eligible. Chemotherapy was administered at the following doses; paclitaxel: 175 mg m(-2) on day 1, ifosfamide: 2.0 g m(-2) day(-1)--days 1 and 2, and carboplatin at a target area under the curve 5 on day 2, with prophylactic G-CSF from day 3. RESULTS: Forty patients of a median age 61 (45-72) years, performance status 0-2 with advanced MMMTs of the uterus (n=34), tubes (n=2) or ovary (n=4) have entered and all were evaluable for response and toxicity. Responses were as follows: 27 out of 40 (67.5%) evaluable patients responded, with 11 complete responses and 16 partial responses, while 10 had stable disease, and 3 developed progressive disease. The median response duration was 9 months (range, 4-40 months), median progression-free survival 13 months (range, 3-42 months), while median overall survival 18 months (range, 4-48 months). Grade 3/4 neutropenia was recorded in 22 out of 40 (55%)--with 13 developing grade 4 (≤7 days) and 7 out of 40 (17.5%) of patients at least one episode of febrile neutropenia. CONCLUSION: In this study, it appears that the TICb combination, yielded important activity with manageable toxicity in females with advanced MMMTs warranting further randomised comparison with current standard regimens.

Inclisiran in dyslipidemia.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Hypercholesterolemia has been shown to be one of the most important risk factors for CVD. Statins are currently the standard of care for the management of hypercholesterolemia. However, certain patients on statin therapy fail to achieve the desired low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals or are intolerant to statins due to side effects (mostly myalgias). The discovery of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and the subsequent development of PCSK9 inhibitors provided another route to lower LDL-C levels by increasing recycling of LDL receptors (LDLR) in the hepatocytes. More recently, inclisiran, a small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecule, which increases the number of LDLR in the hepatocyte membranes by halting the transcription of PCSK9, has emerged as a novel promising agent for the management of hypercholesterolemia. Inclisiran received marketing authorization in the European Union in December 2020 for use in adults with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia. This review aims to focus on the role of inclisiran in the management of hypercholesterolemia.

Evaluation of the paclitaxel-ifosfamide-cisplatin (TIP) combination in relapsed and/or metastatic cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer represents an aggressive malignancy with a high rate of locoregional and distant failure. Therefore, we evaluated the three-drug combination of paclitaxel-ifosfamide-cisplatin (TIP). METHODS: Systemic chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced metastatic/relapsed cervical cancer and a World Health Organization (WHO) performance status (PS) of 0-2 were eligible. TIP chemotherapy doses were paclitaxel 175 mg m(-2) on day 1, ifosfamide 2.5 g m(-2) on days 1+2, and cisplatin 40 mg m(-2) on days 1+2, with prophylactic granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. RESULTS: A total of 42 patients with recurrent/metastatic cervical cancer are evaluable for response and toxicity: median age: 56 (25-74) years; PS: 1 (0-2); histologies - squamous: 35, adenosquamous: 5, and adenocarcinoma: 2. Responses were overall response rate (RR): 62% (95% confidence interval (CI): 47.3-76.7%), with complete response (CR): 26% (95% CI: 12.7-39.3%), and partial response (PR): 36% (95% CI: 21.5-49.9%). Responses according to the relapse site were overall RR: 32% (95% CI: 13.7-50.3%) within previously irradiated pelvis vs 75% (95% CI: 57.7-92.3%) in extra-pelvic sites. Median time to progression (TTP) was 7 (range, 2-34+) months and median overall survival (OS) was 16.5 (range, 3-36+) months. Toxicities included grade 3-4 neutropenia: 83% (21% febrile neutropenia), grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia: 9%, no grade 3 neuropathy (35% grade 2), grade 2 asthenia/fatigue 15%, and no treatment-related deaths. CONCLUSION: TIP is an active regimen with acceptable toxicity in advanced/relapsed cervical cancer.

Evaluation of the possible benefits of post-radiotherapy surgery after concomitant chemoradiotherapy with a new radio-sensitizing regimen (irinotecan / CPT-11, interferon A2b and amifostine) for advanced-stage cervical carcinoma. Preliminary results of a pilot phase-II study.

PURPOSE: This phase II pilot study was conducted to evaluate the results of a three-modality approach (which included post-chemoradiotherapy surgery) in advanced-stage cervical carcinomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-six patients underwent either surgery or were put on follow-up after having received radical cervical radiotherapy (RT) combined with radiosensitizing chemoimmunotherapy with irinotecan (CPT-11), interferon (IFN) A2b, and amifostine. The last selection (surgery or follow-up) was based on clinical evaluation (downstaged or not). Feasibility, morbidity, surgical outcome and survival were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients had stage IIb and 10 IIIb disease at diagnosis. Sixteen (44%) were clinically downstaged, thus becoming eligible for surgery. Twelve (33%) were operated and the others were put on follow-up. There was no significant increase in treatment-related morbidity of the group of patients receiving three-modality therapy, since only one intraoperative complication had occurred. In 58% of the operated patients, chemoradiotherapy-resistant tumor was found on pathology of the cervical specimens, while 29% of them had lymph nodes infiltrated by the tumor. After a median follow-up of 42.5 months, overall survival (OS) of operated vs. non-operated patients (88 vs. 56%, respectively) show only a trend toward significance (p=0.10). The overall recurrence/metastasis rate was 36.1% and the disease-free survival (DFS) 56% for operated vs. 76% for non-operated patients, respectively (p=0.63). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that post-chemoradiotherapy surgery is justified because of the high rate of residual disease found. Morbidity can be effectively limited with proper patient selection. A considerable survival benefit is expected, although this remains to be confirmed with phase III studies.

Efficacy of tropisetron in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin and taxanes.

Even though significant progress has been made, chemotherapy-induced emesis remains a challenging problem. Few studies focus on emesis in patients treated with carboplatin and the observation period is limited to the initial 24 h following chemotherapy. Thus, we investigated if tropisetron (T) monotherapy can adequately prevent acute and delayed emesis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving a moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC) (carboplatin-containing) regimen. Furthermore, we explored the merits of adding dexamethasone (D) or alprazolam (A) to T, especially in the setting of a pre-existing high level of stress. We studied 60 patients with advanced NSCLC receiving carboplatin and taxanes in three consecutive cycles. During the first cycle, patients received 5 mg of T intravenously before chemotherapy and the same dose per os on each of the following 3 days. In the second cycle, T was co-administered with 8 mg of D once a day, while, during the third cycle, T was combined with per os A 0.25 mg every 12 h and continued over the following 3 days. Finally, we evaluated the impact of stress on the anti-emetic response achieved with the previously described regimens. The combination of T + A was superior to T monotherapy and the combination of T + D, regarding the prevention of acute and delayed emesis. Both T + A and T + D combinations led to appetite improvement, while patients receiving T + A experienced sedation more frequently. Interestingly, subgroup analysis revealed that patients without underlying stress obtained no further benefit by the addition of A or D, while both T + A and T + D combinations led to a better anti-emetic response in patients with stress. In conclusion, T monotherapy provides a satisfactory result in controlling nausea and emesis caused by a MEC regimen in patients without stress. However, the addition of D and, mainly, A improves its anti-emetic effect in patients with obvious stress.

Successful treatment with cyclosporine of thymoma-related aplastic anemia.

Aplastic anemia is a rare immune-mediated complication of thymoma. Thymomas, especially of the cortical type, have the capacity to generate mature T-cells from their immature precursors. Furthermore, mature intratumorous T-cells have an increased autoantigen-specific potential. We present the case of a 75-year-old patient with an inoperable cortical thymoma who developed aplastic anemia 7 years after the initial diagnosis. The infiltration of the bone marrow by these cells was accompanied by the production of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the microenvironment of bone marrow and in the serum sample. The patient was successfully treated with oral cyclosporine A for 14 months and when she died due to progression of the thymoma, 9 months after the discontinuation of cyclosporine, the aplastic anemia had not recurred.

Docetaxel-ifosfamide combination in patients with advanced breast cancer failing prior anthracycline-based regimens: results of a phase I-II study.

The established clinical activity of docetaxel and ifosfamide as single agents in anthracycline pre-treated breast cancer, led us to conduct a phase I-II study to define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), and clinical activity of the docetaxel+ifosfamide combination in this setting. Patients with histologically confirmed metastatic breast cancer, after failure on prior anthracycline-based chemotherapy, were treated at successive dose levels (DLs) in cohorts of 3-6 with escalated doses of docetaxel 70-100 mg/m(2) over 1 h on day 1 followed by ifosfamide 5-6 g/m(2) divided over days 1+2 (2.5-3.0 g/m(2)/day over 1 h), every 21 days. G-CSF was added once dose-limiting neutropenia was encountered at a certain DL and planned to be incorporated prophylactically in subsequent higher DLs. Between March 1997 and December 2002, 65 patients with a median age of 57 years (range, 32-72) and performance status (WHO) of 1 (range, 0-2) were treated at 5 DLs as follows; 21 in phase I DLs (DL1: 3, DL2: 6, DL3: 3, DL4: 6, and DL5: 3) and the remaining 44 were treated at DL4 (total of 50 patients at DL4), which was defined as the level for phase II testing. All patients were assessable for toxicity and 62 for response. DLT (with the addition of G-CSF after DL2) was reached at DL5 with 2/3 initial patients developing febrile neutropenia. Clinical response rates (RRs), on an intention-to-treat basis, in phase II were: 56%; (95% CI, 42.2-69.7%); 4 CRs, 24 PRs, 10 SD and 12 PD. The median response duration was 7 mo (3-24 mo), median TTP 6.5 mo (0.1-26 mo), and median OS 13 mo (0.1-33 mo). Grade 3/4 toxicities included: neutropenia in 72% of patients, with 60% developing grade 4 neutropenia (

Integration of novel targeted therapies into the systemic treatment of breast cancer--a review.

Over the last few years it has been anticipated that molecularly targeted agents can provide substantial improvement in the treatment of breast cancer. The most illustrative paradigm has been that of trastuzumab (Herceptin), a humanized monoclonal antibody against the HER2 oncoprotein overexpressed in 25% of breast cancers. Trastuzumab when combined with standard cytotoxic chemotherapy improved the outcome and survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer, whereas, over the last 2 years studies incorporating trastuzumab in sequence to or concurrently with taxane-based chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting demonstrated a considerable benefi t in this subset, with the results of longer follow-up regarding long-term outcome and late toxicities expected over the forthcoming years. Moreover, the prognostic and predictive value of topoisomerase IIa (Topo IIa) overexpression in these subgroups with respect to anthracycline treatment has been extensively discussed and analysed. Other inhibitors of both HER1/HER2 have recently been introduced with promising results and results of ongoing studies are awaited with great interest. A recently anticipated target in advanced breast cancer has been the pathway of angiogenesis; first a humanized monoclonal antibody-bevacizumab (Avastin)- has demonstrated encouraging results when combined with chemotherapy in pretreated HER2-negative advanced breast cancer, while combinations with trastuzumab+/-chemotherapy are currently examined in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. Furthermore, as novel molecular pathways relevant to breast cancer biology are explored, it is expected that a whole array of targeted agents will be tested in combination or in sequence to standard chemotherapy with the aim to improve outcome of high-risk breast cancer patients.

Development of humoral immune responses against a macrocyclic chelating agent (DOTA) in cancer patients receiving radioimmunoconjugates for imaging and therapy.

The development of stable immunoconjugates by the advent of macrocyclic metal chelating agents (DOTA) has enabled us to study the ability of 111In-DOTA-labeled monoclonal antibodies to detect tumor lesions in a pilot radioimmunolocalization study, as well as to evaluate the kinetics, toxicity, and efficacy of i.p. administered 90Y-DOTA-labeled murine monoclonal antibody in a Phase I/II clinical trial of advanced ovarian cancer. The development of serum sickness-like reactions in three of six treated patients, in the absence of previous monoclonal antibody administration, led us to study the potential immunogenicity of the new chelate. Six patients with ovarian cancer received 25 mg of HMFG1 monoclonal antibody coupled with 90Y-DOTA (doses of radioactivity, 15 to 25 mCi), administered i.p. Eight patients with various malignant tumors received low doses (220 micrograms to 1 mg) of monoclonal antibodies, labeled with 111In-DOTA, i.v. for imaging studies. Using a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, the immunogenicity of DOTA was evaluated. Serial dilutions of patients' sera, before and after imaging or therapy with DOTA-coupled monoclonal antibodies, as well as sera from patients who did not receive DOTA-coupled antibody, were screened on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay plates coated with human serum albumin (HSA), HSA-2-iminothiolane, and HSA-2-iminothiolane-benzyl-DOTA. All patients treated with i.p. monoclonal antibody developed anti-DOTA antibodies. Four of eight patients who received i.v. "imaging" doses of DOTA-coupled monoclonal antibody developed antibodies against DOTA. The levels of anti-DOTA response correlated with the amount of injected radioimmunoconjugate (r = 0.889, P less than 0.001). None of the patients who received DOTA-coupled antibody had detectable antibodies against the macrocycle before immunoconjugate administration. We then addressed further the restriction of the immune response against the macrocycle. We found that there was no or very low response against the aromatic ring attached to DOTA. Most, if not all, of the immune response is directed against the DOTA ring structure. Affinity purification of anti-DOTA antibody from serum enabled quantitation of these antibodies in the serum of patients. An inverse, statistically significant correlation was observed between the percentage of binding inhibition of a patient's serum to DOTA, by HSA-2-iminothiolane-DOTA (100 micrograms/ml) and the level of anti-DOTA immunoglobulin in the serum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Phase II study of paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin as second-line treatment in relapsed small-cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy of the paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (PIC) combination in relapsed small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients were those with SCLC who had progressed or relapsed after therapy with carboplatin and etoposide (with or without chest radiotherapy). The PIC regimen consisted of paclitaxel 175 mg/m(2) on day 1, ifosfamide 5 g/m(2) divided over days 1 and 2, and cisplatin 100 mg/m(2) divided over days 1 and 2; PIC was given every 21 days with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients (30 men and three women) were entered onto the study (median age, 62 years [range, 55 to 70 years]; median performance status, 1 [range, 0 to 2]). Metastatic sites at study entry included the lymph nodes (n = 13 patients), bone (n = 9), liver (n = 5), brain (n = 6), lung nodules (n = 8), adrenal glands (n = 9), and other (n = 2) Responses included eight complete remissions and 16 partial remissions (overall response rate, 73% [24 of 33 patients]). Five patients had stable disease and two had progressive disease. Median time to progression and overall survival were 21 and 28 weeks, respectively. The 1-year survival rate was 12%, with two patients alive without evidence of disease at 76 and 104 weeks since PIC initiation. Grade 3 and 4 toxicities included neutropenia in 30 patients (24 [73%] developed grade 4 neutropenia [ < 5 days]) and febrile neutropenia in six patients (18%); grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia was seen in nine patients (27%). No grade 3 neuropathy was observed; grade 1 or 2 CNS toxicity was seen in five patients, there was no renal toxicity, grade 2 myalgias were seen in nine patients, grade 2 diarrhea was seen in one patient, and grade 3 nausea or vomiting was seen in seven patients. There were no treatment-related deaths. CONCLUSION: In the present phase II study, the PIC combination seemed highly active and tolerable in patients with relapsed SCLC when it was administered as second-line treatment. Given the present experience, an evaluation of the PIC regimen as front-line treatment of SCLC is planned.

Evidence for immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene replacement in a patient with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (V) gene replacement is an unusual recombinatorial event characterized by rearrangement of a germline V gene to a preformed VDJ gene complex. This phenomenon has occasionally been implicated in the emergence of clonal subpopulations during the course of acute lymphoblastic leukemia; it has also been found in murine precursor B cell lines. V gene replacement has never been described in lymphoproliferative disorders corresponding to more differentiated stages of B cell ontogeny. The present communication provides evidence for the operation of the same mechanism in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Genomic DNA and total cellular RNA extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a 48-year-old female patient diagnosed as having typical B-CLL were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification aiming to detect rearranged clonal heavy and light chain variable genes (VH and VL, respectively). PCR consistently gave two VH amplification products, both at the DNA and the RNA level; similar analysis for the VL region revealed the presence of a single rearranged VK gene. Direct sequence analysis of the PCR products revealed that, except for a number of silent mutations, the single rearranged VK gene was identical to the germline A1-A17 VK gene. The two rearranged VH gene segments belong to the VHl and VHIII gene families and are closely homologous, respectively, to the germline gene segments V1-18 and V3-30, which have been shown to be used by autoantibodies. Both rearranged VH genes showed identical in-frame D-N-JH junctions and JH gene usage (JH5b), whereas the VH-N-D junctions were different. The above findings indicate that, during the course of the disease of our patient, VH gene replacement took place giving rise to two different clonally related subpopulations. This raises the intriguing possibility that the recombinase machinery, which governs Ig recombinatorial processes, might be operative even at more advanced stages in B cell ontogeny.

Selection of immunoglobulin diversity gene reading frames in B cell lymphoproliferative disorders.

Assembly of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments constitutes an important determinant of commitment to the B cell lineage. The randomly selected D gene segment of a given VDJ complex can potentially be found in all three possible reading frames (RFs). In the present study, we examined the distribution of D gene RF in 'immature' and 'mature' B cell lymphoproliferative disorders (BCLD). We analyzed the clonotypic VDJ junctional sequences of our previously reported cases of follicular lymphoma (FL), as well as bcl-2/IgH junctions with recognized D elements. A marked under-representation of RF1 was observed, with almost equal usage of RF2 and RF3. A literature search for VDJ published sequences in various BCLD identified a similar pattern of D gene RF usage in multiple myeloma (MM), with marked predilection for RFs 2 and 3. In B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), the pattern of D-RF was 25% for RF1, 46% for RF2 and 29% for RF3, while in B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (precursor-B-ALL) all three RFs were used with similar frequencies. The marked under-representation of RF1 in FL and MM clonogenic rearranged D genes suggests selection on the basis of antigenic properties, possibly due to constraints in forming a flexible loop within CDR3. In contrast, the more even distribution of D-RF usage in B-CLL and precursor-B-ALL suggests that, for these disorders, transformation of a immature type B cell repertoire has occurred.

Anti-CD20-based therapy of B cell lymphoma: state of the art.

Over the last 5 years, studies applying the chimeric anti-CD20 MAb have renewed enthusiasm and triggered world-wide application of anti-CD20 MAb-based therapies in B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Native chimeric anti-CD20 and isotope-labeled murine anti-CD20 MAbs are currently employed with encouraging results as monotherapy or in combination with conventional chemotherapy and in consolidation of remission after treatments with curative intent (ie after/ in combination with high-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell rescue). On the available experience, anti-CD20 MAb-based therapeutic strategies will be increasingly integrated in the treatment of B cell NHL and related malignancies.

Origin and diversification of the clonogenic cell in multiple myeloma: lessons from the immunoglobulin repertoire.

The study of immunoglobulin genes in multiple myeloma over the last decade has provided important information regarding biology, ontogenetic assignment, disease evolution, pathogenic consequences and tumor-specific therapeutic intervention. Detailed analysis of VH genes has revealed the clonal relationship between switch variants expressed by the bone marrow plasma cell and myeloma progenitors in the marrow and peripheral blood. Regarding VH usage, a bias was found against the V4-34 gene encoding antibodies with cold agglutinin specificity (anti-I/i), thus explaining in part the absence of autoimmune phenomena in myeloma compared to other B cell lymphoproliferative disorders. However, in some studies a substantial number of cases analyzed were carrying the rearranged Humkappav325 Vkapppa gene, known to be over utilized by B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia clones and possessing autoantibody binding activity. VH genes accumulate somatic hypermutations following a distribution compatible with antigen selection, but with no intraclonal heterogeneity. The analysis of Vkappa genes indicates a bias in usage of Vkappa family members; somatic hypermutation, in line with antigen selection, of the expressed Vkappa genes is higher than any other B cell lymphoid disorder. Similar conclusions were reached for Vlambda genes; in this case, the analysis raises the controversial issue of N nucleotide insertion at Vlambda-Jlambda junctions, apparently as a result of TdT activity. A complementary imprint of antigen selection as evidenced by somatic hypermutation of either the VH or VL clonogenic genes has been observed. The absence of ongoing somatic mutations in either VH or VL genes gives rise to the notion that the cell of origin in myeloma is a post-germinal center memory B cell.

Somatic hypermutation targeting to intrinsic hotspots of immunoglobulin genes in follicular lymphoma and multiple myeloma.

In this study, we analyzed the targeting of the somatic hypermutation (SHM) mechanism at specific hotspot sequence motifs in the V(H) and Vkappa genes of 10 follicular lymphoma (FL) cases and the Vkappa and Vlambda genes of 11 kappa- and six lamda-light chain expressing multiple myeloma (MM) cases. These sequences were analyzed for targeting of specific motifs, ie certain highly mutable trinucleotides (3-NTPs), the tetranucleotide (4-NTP) RGYW and its complementary, WRCY (where R = purine, Y = pyrimidine and W = A or T). Comparisons were carried out between mutation frequencies in RGYW vs WRCY and the incidence of mutations in complementarity determining region (CDR)-1 vs CDR2 vs CDR3. Statistically significant differences were obtained when comparing: (1) the ratio of mutations in 4-NTPs (RGYW, WRCY, RGYW+WRCY)/mutations in the whole V sequence in MM-Vkappa vs MM-Vlamda; (2) the total number of mutated 4-NTPs in MM-Vkappa vs FL-Vkappa; (3) the number of mutated RGYW 4-NTPs in MM-Vkappa vs FL-Vkappa and FL-V(H) vs FL-Vkappa; (4) the number of mutated WRCY 4-NTPs in MM-Vkappa vs FL-Vkappa (P= 0.006) and FL-V(H) vs FL-Vkappa; (5) the targeting of RGYW vs WRCY in the CDRs of FL-V(H) genes. Similar results (regarding statistical significance) were obtained when undertaking intergroup comparisons for 3-NTPs. These findings conform well with relevant data derived from normal peripheral B cells. The differences observed in favor of 4-NTP (RGYW and WRCY) targeting in FL-V(H) vs FL-Vkappa and MM-Vkappa vs FL-Vkappa may implicate differences in the evolution of SHM coupled with selection in different stages of B cell ontogeny. Several explanations can be offered for the fact that hotspot sequences were not always targeted by SHM in FL and MM: (1) other unrecognized motifs may be targets of SHM; (2) 'inappropriately' introduced mutations were fixed and propagated by the neoplastic process; (3) certain FL and MM cases might have lost their ability to correct mutations introduced in classic hotspots due to deficient mismatch-repair (MMR) mechanisms; conversely, in other cases with intact MMR function, the hotspot to non-hotspot targeting of somatic hypermutation is balanced.

Methotrexate-paclitaxel-epirubicin-carboplatin (M-TEC) combination chemotherapy in patients with advanced bladder cancer: an open label phase II study.

The present phase II study aimed to define the application of a novel regimen incorporating methotrexate, paclitaxel, epirubicin, and carboplatin (M-TEC) in advanced bladder cancer, essentially as an M-VAC-like regimen, by substitution of cisplatin by carboplatin, doxorubicin by epirubicin and vinblastine by paclitaxel. Forty patients with advanced bladder cancer entered the study; 34 males/6 females, median age: 68 (range, 59-76), median PS (Karnovsky): 80, without receiving prior chemotherapy. Disease extention was as follows; 11/40 had local recurrence, 6/40 liver metastases, 14/40 lung metastases, bone and lymph node 8/40, bones-lymph node-lung metastases 4, lymph node and liver 4/40, lymph node-liver and lung metastases 2/40. Drug schedule and doses were as follows: paclitaxel 180 mg/m2, carboplatin AUC = 5 (according to creatinine clearance, based on Calvert's formula), and epirubicin 40 mg/m2 were administered during day 1, whereas methotrexate 30 mg/m2 and epirubicin 40 mg/m2 were administered on day 14. All patients were evaluable for response with 24/40 responding [response rate (RR) 60%]; 10/40 (25%) CR, 14/40 (35%) PR, 9/40 (22.5%) SD, and 7/40 (17.5%) PD. Symptomatic improvement was observed in 50% of patients. The median duration of response was 22 (14-32) weeks, median time-to-progression (TTP) 33 (12-44) weeks, and median survival was 56 (20-84) weeks. Toxicity was well accepted and was mainly neutropenia > grade 3: 17%, anemia >grade 3: 16%, thrombocytopenia > grade 2: 6%, nausea & vomiting mainly > grade 2: 31%, according to the administered chemotherapy cycles, whereas fatigue grade 2-3: 19%, neurotoxicity grade 1-2 13% of patients, and alopecia grade 2 was observed in all patients. The present pilot study indicates the feasibility of the M-TEC combination for bladder cancer with acceptable toxicity.

Breast cancer following curative chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and the effect of drug resistance proteins to the final outcome. A retrospective study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the overall survival (OS) of patients developing breast cancer (BC) after curative chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and to evaluate the possible effect on the patients' outcome of the expression of drug resistance-related proteins (P-glycoprotein-Pgp, multidrug resistance-associated protein-MRP, and multidrug resistance-related vault lung resistance protein-LRP) in BC issue. STUDY GROUP: 25 female patients (median age 60 years, range 37-70) who developed BC after chemotherapy for high/intermediate grade B-cell NHL, treated with CHOP and achieving complete remission (CR). This group was further subdivided in subgroups A and B, according to the time interval between NHL and BC development ( 24 months, respectively). A matched-pair group of de novo BC patients formed the control group. BC tissue was immuno-histochemically stained for Pgp, MRP and LRP. RESULTS: The median interval between NHL diagnosis and BC development was 26 months (range 9-49). In both groups 14 patients had tumor grade II; 16 were negative for steroid receptors; 17 overexpressed c-erbB-2; 14 were stage IIIA/B, and 11 stage IV. CMF or CNF (mitoxantrone instead of doxorubicin) were given for BC. Early progression was noticed in all study group patients for which second-line chemotherapy was instituted. There was a better response for stage IV patients in the control versus the study group (p=0.07). More prolonged OS was demonstrate for patients with stage III in the control group (median 51 months) and in subgroup B (median 47 months) than in subgroup A (median 16 months; p=0.00012), as well as for patients with advanced disease (p=0.0045). Development of BC < 24 months after NHL resulted in reduced OS (p=0.017). No difference was noticed in the expression of drug resistance proteins between the study and control group or between subgroups A and B. CONCLUSION: BC developing shortly after a CR to NHL is an aggressive disease variant with minimal potential for response to conventional chemotherapy. Analysis of Pgp, MRP and LRP failed to demonstrate significant difference between the study and control group, although indications exist that drug resistance mechanisms might be part of the aggressive disease phenotype, contributing to the poor outcome.