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In this study, we developed and optimized a growth medium using various nitrogen sources for the cultivation of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, a probiotic and essential dairy starter culture. The composition of de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) culture medium was modified, and the nitrogen content was replaced by alternative nitrogen sources X-Seed Nucleo Max, X-Seed KAT, and X-Seed Carbo Max (Ohly GmbH) in various blends of 5 and 10 g/L. Results showed that bacterial growth was significantly higher when the nitrogen source blend of 10 g/L of KAT and 10 g/L of Carbo Max [KCMax (10/10)] was used. The optical densities of the Lb. bulgaricus strains were significantly higher in the KCMax (10/10) medium than in the MRS medium. There was no significance in bacterial counts for both the MRS and the KCMax (10/10) medium, and all bacterial counts were estimated at 8 log cfu/mL. The buffering capacity of the KCMax (10/10) medium was also tested and supplemented with l-histidine and was significantly higher than that of the MRS control medium. KCMax (10/10) also supported the freeze-stability and viability of the Lb.bulgaricus cells during freezing and freeze-drying operations. Our results suggest that the alternative nitrogen sources X-Seed Nucleo Max, X-Seed KAT and X-Seed Carbo Max can substantially support the growth of lactic acid bacteria as demonstrated with Lb. bulgaricus. These alternative nitrogen sources could thus be recommended for lactic acid bacteria fermentation and for the cultivation of dairy starter cultures.
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Lactobacillales , Lactobacillus delbrueckii , Animales , Medios de Cultivo , Fermentación , Histidina , Humanos , Nitrógeno , Yogur/microbiologíaRESUMEN
The aim of this review was to present various topics related to lactose intolerance with special attention given to the role of fermented foods and probiotics in alleviating gastrointestinal symptoms. Lactose intolerance is a common digestive problem in which the human body is unable to digest lactose, known as milk sugar. Lactose intolerance can either be hereditary or a consequence of intestinal diseases. Recent work has demonstrated that fermented dairy products and probiotics can modify the metabolic activities of colonic microbiota and may alleviate the symptoms of lactose intolerance. We suggest that, lactose free dairy products could be recommended as alternatives for the alleviation of lactose intolerance and for the promotion of human health and wellness.
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Alimentos Fermentados , Intolerancia a la Lactosa/terapia , Probióticos , Animales , Colon/microbiología , Productos Lácteos/análisis , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Humanos , Lactasa/deficiencia , Lactasa/metabolismo , Lactosa/análisis , Lactosa/metabolismo , Probióticos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The inhibition of certain digestive enzymes by target food matrices represents a new approach in the treatment of socially significant diseases. Proving the ability of fruits to inhibit such enzymes can support the inclusion of specific varieties in the daily diets of patients with diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, etc., providing them with much more than just valuable micro- and macromolecules. The current study aimed atidentifying and comparing the GC-MS metabolic profiles of eight peach varieties ("Filina", "Ufo 4, "Gergana", "Laskava", "July Lady", "Flat Queen", "Evmolpiya", and "Morsiani 90") grown in Bulgaria (local and introduced) and to evaluate the inhibitory potential of their extracts towards α-glucosidase, α-amylase, lipase, and acetylcholinesterase. In order to confirm samples' differences or similarities, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were also applied to the identified metabolites. The results provide important insights into the metabolomic profiles of the eight peach varieties and represent a first attempt to characterize the peels of the peach varieties with respect to α-glucosidase-, α-amylase-, lipase-, and acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory activities. All of the studied peach extracts displayed inhibitory activity towards α-glucosidase (IC50: 125-757 mg/mL) and acetylcholinesterase (IC50: 60-739 mg/mL), but none of them affected α-amylase activity. Five of the eight varieties showed inhibitory activity towards porcine pancreatic lipase (IC50: 24-167 mg/mL). The obtained results validate the usefulness of peaches and nectarines as valuable sources of natural agents beneficial for human health, although further detailed investigation should be performed in order to thoroughly identify the enzyme inhibitors responsible for each activity.
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Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Prunus persica/metabolismo , Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Amilasas/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Bulgaria , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas/farmacología , Lipasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Lipasa/metabolismo , Metaboloma , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Prunus persica/química , alfa-Amilasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , alfa-Amilasas/metabolismo , alfa-Glucosidasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
In this study, we modified reinforced clostridial medium (RCM) to selectively enumerate and isolate Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, a probiotic and important starter culture in the dairy industry. The disparity in the reported carbohydrate fermentation pattern of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus was used to develop a growth medium not only selective for L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus but significantly inhibitory to the growth of other lactic acid bacteria. A recently modified RCM (mRCM) was optimized for this study by the addition of 0.5% fructose, 0.5% dextrose, 1% maltose, and 0.25% sodium pyruvate while replacing lactose as a carbohydrate source. The cell recovery and bacterial counts of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in tested products (pure L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus strains, starter culture, probiotic supplements, and yogurt) using our mRCM with sodium pyruvate (mRCM-PYR) were significantly higher than in the recently modified RCM and the common de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) culture medium. The growth of other lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus reuteri) and Bifidobacteria was retarded in this modified medium compared with their growth in MRS and mRCM. This result is a significant improvement in the enumeration and differentiation of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in mRCM-PYR compared with the results in MRS and mRCM where the high background growth of similar species interferes with the accuracy of bacterial population counts. Our results thus suggest that mRCM-PYR could be recommended as a reliable alternative growth medium for the selective enumeration and isolation of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture.
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Clostridium , Medios de Cultivo , Lactobacillus delbrueckii/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Bifidobacterium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fermentación , Lactobacillales/crecimiento & desarrollo , Lactobacillus acidophilus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Lactobacillus delbrueckii/crecimiento & desarrollo , Limosilactobacillus reuteri/crecimiento & desarrollo , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Probióticos , Streptococcus thermophilus/crecimiento & desarrollo , YogurRESUMEN
The study reported in this research communication evaluates the chemical (solvents) and mechanical (sonication, bead-beater) extraction methods to determine the maximum recovery of ß-galactosidase from L. bulgaricus spp. Among all extraction techniques, sonication-assisted extraction yielded the highest amounts of enzyme activity (between 1892-2156 Miller Units) in cell-free extract (supernatant). Interestingly, solvent extracted enzyme activities were found to be very low (between 83-153 Miller Units) in supernatant. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the total protein determination showed that mechanical methods can completely lyse the cells. Our results thus demonstrated that the mechanical extraction method of sonication is the best one for recovering the maximum amount of lactase from L. bulgaricus strains.
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Lactobacillus delbrueckii/enzimología , Yogur/microbiología , beta-Galactosidasa/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Celulares/análisis , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Lactobacillus delbrueckii/metabolismo , Sonicación/métodos , Yogur/análisis , beta-Galactosidasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
This review aims to familiarize the reader with research efforts on the cultivation media of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). We have also included a brief discussion on standard ingredients used in LAB media and chemically defined media as related to bacterial growth requirements. Recent research has focused on modifying standard media for the enumeration, differentiation, isolation, and identification of starter cultures and probiotics. Even though large numbers of these media have been developed to serve dairy microbial control, they have failed to provide consistent results. The research consequently points to the need to develop a reliable lactobacilli growth medium for the dairy industry.
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Productos Lácteos/microbiología , Lactobacillales/fisiología , Animales , Medios de CultivoRESUMEN
The antioxidant capacity of extracts from leaves of Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. obtained by a highly efficient and simple method of the ultrasound-assisted extraction was investigated. The total polyphenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically using the Folin - Ciocalteu's phenol reagent and the polyphenols composition was analyzed by HPLC method. Antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2,2-azinobis-3 ethyl benxothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) cation decolorization activity assays and the ferric reducing/antioxidant power method (FRAP). The total phenolics of the extract were determined to be 148.71 ± 5.33 mg GAE on a dry weight basis. The HPLC analysis showed a large number of flavonoids and phenolic acids present in the ultrasound ethanol extract of H. rhodopensis. Results also revealed that the major flavonoids were luteolin (2730.18 µg/g DW), hesperidin (928.56 µg/g DW) and kaempferol (578.52 µg/g DW), whereas the most abundant phenolic acids identified in the extract were ferulic acid (630.48 µg/g DW) and sinapic acid (580.80 µg/g DW). DPPH(â¢) and ABTS(â¢+) values were 0.803 ± 0.007 and 0.769 ± 0.040 mmol TE/g DW, respectively and FRAP values were 1.362 ± 0.05 mmol TE/g DW.
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The objective of this study was to develop a real-time PCR assay for rapid identification of Campylobacter jejuni and to apply the method in analyzing samples from poultry processing. A C. jejuni-specific primer set targeting a portion of the C. jejuni hippuricase gene was developed. The specificity of the newly designed primer pair was verified using 5 C. jejuni strains and 20 other bacterial strains. Sensitivity was determined to be as low as 1 genome copy per reaction. A total of 73 samples were collected at different sites along the processing line during 2 visits to a poultry slaughterhouse and were examined by direct plating onto modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar or after enrichment in Bolton broth followed by plating on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar. The newly developed real-time PCR assay was used to identify the presumptive colonies as belonging to C. jejuni. A real-time PCR assay targeting 16S ribosomal RNA was also applied to determine Campylobacter spp. prevalence. Results from the real-time PCR analysis indicated considerable variability in Campylobacter contamination, with incidence rates of 72.7 and 27.6% for sampling days A and B, respectively. Campylobacter was isolated from 100% of prescalded and preeviscerated carcasses on sampling day A. In contrast, on sampling day B, the highest number of Campylobacter-positive carcasses was recovered after evisceration (60%). The chilling process significantly reduced (P < 0.05) Campylobacter population, but the percentage of positive samples on sampling day A increased to 80%. All samples collected from the processing environment, except scalding tank 3 and the prechiller and chiller tanks, were 100% positive on day A, whereas no campylobacters were isolated from machinery on sampling day B. Our results revealed the widespread of C. jejuni in poultry processing and proved that the newly developed real-time PCR assay is a simple, specific, and inexpensive method for rapid C. jejuni identification. The newly developed PCR method can be easily used in laboratories for reliable and unambiguous identification of C. jejuni in poultry samples.
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Amidohidrolasas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Infecciones por Campylobacter/veterinaria , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Pollos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Mataderos , Animales , Infecciones por Campylobacter/epidemiología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Campylobacter jejuni/aislamiento & purificación , Manipulación de Alimentos , Microbiología de Alimentos/métodos , Incidencia , Carne/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Prevalencia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
The ability of four Lactobacillus strains - Lactobacillus brevis LBRZ7 (isolated from fermented cabbage), Lactobacillus plantarum LBRZ12 (isolated from fermented cabbage), Lactobacillus fermentum LBRH9 (of human origin) and Lactobacillus casei ssp. rhamnosus LBRC11 (isolated from home-made cheese) - to grow in flour/water environment and to accumulate high concentrations of viable cells was examined. Two starters for sourdough were created for lab-scale production of wheat bread: a two-strain starter and a four-strain starter. Wheat bread with improved properties - greater loaf volume, enhanced flavour and softer and brighter crumb - was obtained from the 7% four-strain starter sourdough. The addition of sourdough in the production of wheat bread affected positively the technological and organoleptic characteristics of the final bread by inhibiting the growth of wild yeasts and mold and Bacillus spores without the addition of preservatives. The inclusion of 15% of the four-strain starter sourdough in the bread-making process led to enhanced safety and longer shelf life of the baked bread.
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The present study is the first to report Xylaria karsticola isolated from the basidiocarp of Macrolepiota procera (Basidiomycota), from Stara Planina Mountain, Bulgaria and second report for such species found in Europe. The fungal isolate was in vitro cultivated and the morphology was observed. It was primarily determined as a xylariaceous morphotype at the intragenus level, based on the evaluation of colony growth rate, color, and stromatic structure formation and was confirmed by unique conidiophores and conidia. The molecular identification of the isolate was performed by amplification of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and the strain was identified as Xylaria karsticola with 97.57% of confidence. The obtained sequence was deposited in the GenBank database under the accession number MW996752 and in the National Bank of Industrial Microorganisms and Cell Cultures of Bulgaria under accession number NBIMCC 9097. The phylogenetic analysis of the isolate was also conducted by including 26 sequences obtained from different Xylaria isolates. Considering the phylogenetic data, X. karsticola NBIMCC 9097 was grouped along with other X. karsticola isolates, although the DNA sequence of the novel X. karsticola was rather distantly related to the other X. karsticola sequence data. The results were supported by the bootstrap analysis (100%) and indicated the different origin of the examined X. karsticola NBIMCC 9097.
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Ascomicetos , Basidiomycota , Bulgaria , Filogenia , Basidiomycota/genética , Bases de Datos de Ácidos NucleicosRESUMEN
The concept of functional foods is gaining more importance due to its role in maintaining a healthy status and preventing some metabolic diseases. The control of diabetes, in particular type-2 (T2DM), could be considered a big challenge since it involves other factors such as eating habits. From the pharmacological point of view, inhibiting digestive enzymes, such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase, is one of the mechanisms mainly used by synthetic drugs to control this disease; however, several side effects are described. For that reason, using bioactive compounds may appear as an alternative without presenting the complications synthetic drugs available on the market have. The winemaking industry generates tons of waste annually, and grape pomace (GP) is the most important. GP is recognized for its nutritional value and as a source of bioactive compounds that are helpful for human health. This review highlights the importance of GP as a possible source of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Also, it is emphasized the components involved in this bioactivity and the possible interactions among them. Especially, some phenolic compounds and fiber of GP are the main ones responsible for interfering with the human digestive enzymes. Preliminary studies in vitro confirmed this bioactivity; however, further information is required to allow the specific use of GP as a functional ingredient inside the market of products recommended for people with diabetes.
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Stable symbiotic starter cultures were created using selected strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus with antimicrobial activity against pathogens and necessary antibiotic sensitivity, growth kinetic parameters, and metabolic profiles. The volatile compound profiles of the obtained starter cultures were determined and their specificity was proven depending on the ratio of monocultures in each combination. The influence of the freeze-drying process on the starter cultures in relation to the production of aromatic components was investigated and it was demonstrated that this process had a significant effect on the content of the aroma-forming substances in the fermented milk. However, the influence of the pre-cooling process and crude fat content from 1.5 to 3.0% did not notably affect the levels of volatile compounds synthesized by the selected starter cultures. Comprehensive data for all volatile aromatic metabolites in the fermented milk were also obtained. These designed symbiotic starter cultures can be used to produce traditional Bulgarian yogurt with increased functional and probiotic properties.
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Bifidobacterium is a predominant and important genus in the bacterial population of the human gut microbiota. Despite the increasing number of studies on the beneficial functionality of bifidobacteria for human health, knowledge about their antioxidant potential is still insufficient. Several in vivo and in vitro studies of Bifidobacterium strains and their cellular components have shown good antioxidant capacity that provided a certain protection of their own and the host's cells. Our work presents the data of transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses of the growing and stationary culture of the probiotic strain B. longum subsp. longum GT15 after exposure to hydrogen peroxide for 2 h and oxygen for 2 and 4 h. The results of the analysis of the sequenced genome of B. longum GT15 showed the presence of 16 gene-encoding proteins with known antioxidant functions. The results of the full transcriptomic analysis demonstrated a more than two-fold increase of levels of transcripts for eleven genes, encoding proteins with antioxidant functions. Proteomic data analysis showed an increased level of more than two times for glutaredoxin and thioredoxin after the exposure to oxygen, which indicates that the thioredoxin-dependent antioxidant system may be the major redox homeostasis system in B. longum bacteria. We also found that the levels of proteins presumably involved in global stress, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide and carbohydrate metabolism, and transport had significantly increased in response to oxidative stress. The metabolic fingerprint analysis also showed good discrimination between cells responding to oxidative stress and the untreated controls. Our results provide a greater understanding of the mechanism of oxidative stress response in B. longum and the factors that contribute to its survival in functional food products.
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Higher basidiomycetes are recognized as functional foods due to their bioactive compound content, which exerts various beneficial effects on human health, and which have been used as sources for the development of natural medicines and nutraceuticals for centuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the biological potential of basidiocarp and mycelial biomass produced by submerged cultivation of a new regionally isolated oyster mushroom. The strain was identified with a high percentage of confidence (99.30%) as Pleurotus ostreatus and was deposited in the GenBank under accession number MW 996755. The ß-glucan content in the basidiocarp and the obtained mycelial biomass was 31.66% and 12.04%, respectively. Three mycelial biomass and basidiocarp extracts were prepared, and the highest total polyphenol content (5.68 ± 0.15 mg GAE/g DW and 3.20 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g DW) was found in the water extract for both the fruiting body and the mycelium biomass. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts was investigated, and it was determined that the water extracts exhibited the most potent radical scavenging activity. The potential ability of this new fungal isolate to affect the contractile activity (CA) of dissected smooth muscle preparations (SMP) was examined for the first time. It was found that oyster mushrooms likely exhibit indirect contractile effects on the gastric smooth muscle (SM) cells.
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The aim of this study is to characterize the bioactivity of mycelial biomass and crude exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by Trametes versicolor NBIMCC 8939 and to reveal its nutraceutical potential. The EPS (1.58 g/L) were isolated from a culture broth. The macrofungal biomass was rich in protein, insoluble dietary fibers and glucans. The amino acid composition of the biomass was analyzed and 18 amino acids were detected. Three mycelial biomass extracts were prepared and the highest total polyphenol content (16.11 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g DW) and the total flavonoid content (5.15 ± 0.03 mg QE/g DW) were found in the water extract. The results indicated that the obtained EPS were heteropolysaccharides with glucose as the main building monosaccharide and minor amounts of mannose, xylose, galactose, fucose and glucuronic acid. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the complex structure of the crude EPS. Five probiotic lactic acid bacteria strains were used for the determination of the prebiotic effect of the crude EPS. The anti-inflammatory potential was tested in vitro using cell line HT-29. The significant decrease of IL-1 and IL-8 and increase of TGF-beta expression revealed anti-inflammatory potential of the crude exopolysaccharides from T. versicolor.
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Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are essential dairy starter cultures that are significantly employed for the manufacture of fermented dairy products such as yogurt and cheese. LAB predominantly produce lactic acid as a major end product of fermentation, and they synthesize important metabolites that impart the organoleptic characteristics of fermented food products. LAB are fastidious bacteria that thrive in many environments when adequate nutritional requirements are fulfilled. The demand for superior LAB dairy starter cultures for fermentation applications in the food and dairy industry, has resulted in the need to provide viable and active cultures for all bioprocessing operations. The development of a standard protocol for ensuring the viability and enhanced functionality of LAB cultures in the laboratory as well as dairy processing environments is thus very critical. In addressing concerns linked to resuscitating weak, stressed, and injured LAB culture cells, a protocol that vividly outlines salient steps to recover, enhance cell regeneration, and improve metabolic functionality of LAB strains is of the utmost importance. The maintenance of culture purity, functionality, and viability for LAB starter cultures is likewise critical. Therefore, adherence to a unique protocol guideline will result in the promotion of fermentation performance for many LAB strains dedicated to fermentation and biotechnology processes. As a result, the Food Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory at North Carolina Agriculture and Technical State University has developed a standard protocol for the activation and quality control of selected LAB strains that has resulted in highly functional and viable LAB culture strains employed for fermentation research. The adaptation and recommendation of a protocol such as this for use in the dairy and food industry will help to ensure LAB viability and functionality for many applications.
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Lactobacillales , Fermentación , Microbiología de Alimentos , Humanos , Lactobacillales/metabolismo , Control de Calidad , YogurRESUMEN
Macrolepiota procera (MP) is an edible mushroom used in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension and inflammation. However, the structure and biological effects of its polysaccharides (PSs) are unclear. This study investigates the structural features of a PS complex from MP (MP-PSC), its immunomodulatory activities and effects on probiotic and pathogenic bacteria. MP-PSC was obtained by boiling water, and PSs were characterized by 2D NMR spectroscopy. The immunomodulatory effects on blood and derived neutrophils, other leukocytes, and murine macrophages were studied by flow cytometry, chemiluminescence, spectrophotometry, and ELISA. The total carbohydrate content of MP-PSC was 74.2%, with glycogen occupying 36.7%, followed by ß-D-glucan, α-L-fuco-2-(1,6)-D-galactan, and ß-D-glucomannan. MP-PSC (200 µg/mL) increased the number of CD14+ monocyte cells in the blood, after ex vivo incubation for 24 h. It dose-dependently (50-200 µg/mL) activated the spontaneous oxidative burst of whole blood phagocytes, NO, and interleukin 6 productions in RAW264.7 cells. MP-PSC exhibited a low antioxidant activity and failed to suppress the oxidative burst and NO generation, induced by inflammatory agents. It (2.0%, w/v) stimulated probiotic co-cultures and hindered the growth and biofilm development of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans and Salmonella enterica. MP PSs can be included in synbiotics to test their immunostimulating effects on compromised immune systems and gut health.
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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Geranium sanguineum L. is used for treatment of inflammations, anemia, malignant diseases of the blood-forming organs, diarrhea, respiratory infections, etc. Only flavonoids in root extracts have been elucidated as immunostimulating and anti-inflammatory compounds, and polysaccharides in the herb have not been examined. AIM OF THE STUDY: to compare the chemical features of polysaccharide complexes (PSCs) from leaves (GSL-PSC) and roots (GSR-PSC) of G. sanguineum, as well as their immunomodulatory activities on leukocytes after inflammation, and effects on the growth of different bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The samples were isolated by water extraction and their structural features were studied by 2D NMR spectroscopy. The stimulatory effects of both PSCs on human leukocytes were analyzed with flow cytometry. Their suppressive activities on the oxidative burst in blood and derived neutrophils against opsonized zymosan and phorbol myristate acetate were investigated. The effects of the samples on viability, NO and interleukin 6 (IL-6) syntheses in RAW264.7 cells after inflammation with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were tested. The prebiotic and anti-biofilm activities of the PSCs were evaluated. RESULTS: The total carbohydrate content in the samples was significant (73.6-76.8%). GSL-PSC contained pectins, which were rich in homogalacturonan (HG), and smaller amounts of rhamnogalacturonan (RG) type I, decorated by 1,5-α-L-Araf, 1,4- and 1,6-ß-D-Galp chains. GSR-PSC contained starch, followed by pectins with lower HG content and more RG-I regions, substituted by 1 â 3,5-α-L-arabinans and 1 â 3,6-ß-D-galactans. GSL-PSC and GSR-PSC (200 µg/mL) increased monocyte and granulocyte cell counts, but GSR-PSC also elevated T helper and B cell levels in a normal and activated state. GSR-PSC triggered a dose-dependent (50-200 µg/mL) oxidative burst in blood, but alleviated it after inflammation even in blood-derived neutrophils. It was free of LPS, and activated NO and IL-6 productions in RAW264.7 cells better than GSL-PSC, without affecting their viability. Both PSCs (2.0%, w/v) stimulated probiotic co-cultures between Clostridium beijerinckii strains and Lactobacillus sp. ZK9, and inhibited the growth and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans and Salmonella enterica. CONCLUSIONS: The PSs in G. sanguineum could be involved in the stimulatory effects on blood-forming organs and anti-inflammatory action of aqueous root extracts in case of infections. These PSs should be included in synbiotic foods to support the treatment of inflammations and infections in the gut.
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Geranium , Polisacáridos , Animales , Antiinflamatorios , Geranium/química , Humanos , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Interleucina-6 , Lipopolisacáridos , Ratones , Pectinas/farmacología , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Células RAW 264.7RESUMEN
The agricultural waste with lignocellulose origin is considered to be one of the major environmental pollutants which, because of their high nutritional value, represent an extremely rich resource with significant potential for the production of value added bio-products. This review discusses the applications of higher fungi to upcycle abundant agricultural by-products into more sustainable materials and to promote the transition to a circular economy. It focuses on the main factors influencing the properties and application of mycelium composites - the feedstock, the basidiomycete species and their interaction with the feedstock. During controlled solid state cultivation on various lignocellulose substrates, the basidiomycetes of class Agaricomycetes colonize their surfaces and form a three-dimensional mycelium net. Fungal mycelium secretes enzymes that break down lignocellulose over time and are partially replaced by mycelium. The mycelium adheres to the residual undegraded substrates resulting in the formation of a high-mechanical-strength bio-material called a mycelium based bio-composite. The mycelium based bio-composites are completely natural, biodegradable and can be composted after their cycle of use is completed. The physicochemical, mechanical, and thermodynamic characteristics of mycelium based bio-composites are competitive with those of synthetic polymers and allow them to be successfully used in the construction, architecture, and other industries.
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Lignina , Micelio , Agricultura , HongosRESUMEN
In this study, for the first time, the potential of rose flowers and lavender straw waste biomass was studied as feeding lignocellulose substrates for the cultivation of newly isolated in Bulgaria Ganoderma resinaceum GA1M with the objective of obtaining mycelium-based bio-composites. The chemical characterization and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy established that the proximate composition of steam distilled lavender straw (SDLS) and hexane extracted rose flowers (HERF) was a serious prerequisite supporting the self-growth of mycelium bio-materials with improved antibacterial and aromatic properties. The basic physico-mechanical properties of the developed bio-composites were determined. The apparent density of the mycelium HERF-based bio-composites (462 kg/m3) was higher than that of the SDLS-based bio-composite (347 kg/m3) and both were much denser than expanded polystyren (EPS), lighter than medium-density fiber board (MDF) and oriented strand board (OSB) and similar to hempcrete. The preliminary testing of their compressive behavior revealed that the compressive resistance of SDLS-based bio-composite was 718 kPa, while for HERF-based bio-composite it was 1029 kPa and both values are similar to the compressive strength of hempcrete with similar apparent density. Water absorbance analysis showed, that both mycelium HERF- and SDLS-based bio-composites were hydrophilic and further investigations are needed to limit the hydrophilicity of the lignocellulose fibers, to tune the density and to improve compressive resistance.