Contribution of intracellular ATP to cisplatin resistance of tumor cells.

Decreased cellular accumulation of cisplatin is a frequently observed mechanism of resistance to the drug. Beside passive diffusion, several cellular proteins using ATP hydrolysis as an energy source are assumed to be involved in cisplatin transport in and out of the cell. This investigation aimed at clarifying the contribution of intracellular ATP as an indicator of energy-dependent transport to cisplatin resistance using the A2780 human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line and its cisplatin-resistant variant A2780cis. Depletion of intracellular ATP with oligomycin significantly decreased cellular platinum accumulation (measured by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry) in sensitive but not in resistant cells, and did not affect cisplatin efflux in both cell lines. Inhibition of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase with ouabain reduced platinum accumulation in A2780 cells but to a lesser extent compared with oligomycin. Western blot analysis revealed lower expression of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase α(1) subunit in resistant cells compared with sensitive counterparts. The basal intracellular ATP level (determined using a bioluminescence-based assay) was significantly higher in A2780cis cells than in A2780 cells. Our results highlight the importance of ATP-dependent transport, among other processes mediated by Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, for cisplatin influx in sensitive cells. Cellular platinum accumulation in resistant cells is reduced and less dependent on energy sources, which may partly result from Na(+),K(+)-ATPase downregulation. Our data suggest the involvement of other ATP-dependent processes beside those regulated by Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. Higher basal ATP level in cisplatin-resistant cells, which appears to be a consequence of enhanced mitochondrial ATP production, may represent a survival mechanism established during development of resistance.

Overcoming chemotherapy resistance of ovarian cancer cells by liposomal cisplatin: molecular mechanisms unveiled by gene expression profiling.

Previously we reported that liposomal cisplatin (CDDP) overcomes CDDP resistance of ovarian A2780cis cancer cells (Krieger et al., Int. J. Pharm. 389, 2010, 10-17). Here we find that the cytotoxic activity of liposomal CDDP is not associated with detectable DNA platination in resistant ovarian cancer cells. This suggests that the mode of action of liposomal CDDP is different from the free drug. To gain insight into mechanisms of liposomal CDDP activity, we performed a transcriptome analysis of untreated A2780cis cells, and A2780cis cells in response to exposure with IC50 values of free or liposomal CDDP. A process network analysis of upregulated genes showed that liposomal CDDP induced a highly different gene expression profile in comparison to the free drug. p53 was identified as a key player directing transcriptional responses to free or liposomal CDDP. The free drug induced expression of essential genes of the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptosis pathway (BAX, BID, CASP9) most likely through p38MAPK activation. In contrast, liposomal CDDP induced expression of genes from DNA damage pathways and several genes of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis (TNFRSF10B-DR5, CD70-TNFSF7). It thus appears that liposomal CDDP overcomes CDDP resistance by inducing DNA damage and in consequence programmed cell death by the extrinsic pathway. Predictions from gene expression data with respect to apoptosis activation were confirmed at the protein level by an apoptosis antibody array. This sheds new light on liposomal drug carrier approaches in cancer and suggests liposomal CDDP as promising strategy for the treatment of CDDP resistant ovarian carcinomas.

Overcoming cisplatin resistance of ovarian cancer cells by targeted liposomes in vitro.

The clinical application of cisplatin to treat solid tumours is often limited by the development of tumour cell resistance against this cytostatic agent. Although liposomal carriers of cisplatin are currently in clinical development, approaches to functionally overcome cisplatin resistance by liposomes have hardly been reported. We prepared PEGylated cisplatin-containing liposomes with diameters of about 110 nm and targetability to transferrin receptors (TfR) to correlate cisplatin cell uptake with cytotoxicity in sensitive and cisplatin resistant ovarian cancer cells A2780 compared to the free drug. Whereas the cell entry of free cisplatin was reduced by factor 4 after 24h in resistant cells, liposomal uptake was similar in both cell lines and not affected by resistance. Cytotoxicity was clearly related to intracellular platinum levels, which were even higher for liposomal vs. free cisplatin in the resistant cells after 24, 48, and 72 h and slightly lower in the sensitive cells. However, TfR targeting was of less impact on activity in comparison to non-targeted liposomes. Detection of cellular ATP levels within 24h allowed postulations on the intracellular fate of the liposomes. Altogether, this study strongly supports approaches to overcome cisplatin resistance by a liposomal application of the drug.