Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation Index for the Assessment of Procedural Pain in Nonanesthetized Infants: A Multicenter Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of the Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation (NIPE) index to detect the response to nociceptive stimuli in nonanesthetized infants and to compare these results to simultaneous scoring by behavioral scales. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty-six nonanesthetized infants admitted to neonatal/pediatric intensive care unit (N/PICUs) were enrolled to the study. Due to faulty records of the data, three patients had to be excluded. To detect pain caused by noxious stimuli, the heart-rate-variability-derived NIPE index and behavioral pain scales designed for measuring procedural pain in nonverbal children were used. RESULTS: Forty-one painful events were available for analysis. We observed in the whole group a statistically significant decrease in NIPE values at 1, 2, and 3 minutes after a painful stimulus, in comparison to the NIPE value at rest and the statistically significant differences between the minimum NIPE value within 3 minutes after the stimulus in comparison to NIPE value at rest in the whole group, as well as in the subgroups of moderate and severe pain. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis has shown the strong sensitivity and specificity of the NIPE in detecting the noxious stimuli (ROC AUC: 0.767). We also found that the stronger the sensation of pain was, the more rapidly NIPE reached its lowest value. DISCUSSION: Our study indicates that the painful procedures are associated with a significant decrease in the NIPE value within 3 minutes after a noxious stimulus. Based on our observation, the minimum value within 3 minutes from the painful procedure seems to be the most distinctive value.

Procedural Pain Assessment in Infants Without Analgosedation: Comparison of Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation and Skin Conductance Activity - A Pilot Study.

Objective: New technologies to measure pain responses, such as heart rate variability and skin conductance hold promise in the development of tools that can be reliable and quantifiable of detecting pain. The main objective of this study was to assess the capability of two monitors i.e., Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation (NIPE) and Skin Conductance Algesimeter for detecting procedural pain in non-anesthetized infants. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three non-anesthetized infants were enrolled to the study. To detect pain caused by heel stick, NIPE, and Skin Conductance monitors and behavioral pain scales were used. Three minutes before and just after heel stick, pain was evaluated by behavioral scales, and simultaneously over the whole period by NIPE and SCA. Results: A statistically significant decrease of NIPE Index and an increase of SCA values were found after the HS procedure. There were no statistically significant differences between the decrease in NIPEi values and the increase in PPS values between subgroups based on pain assessment by behavioral-scale scores. Conclusion: Both NIPE and SCA can be useful for detection of procedural pain and may constitue an additional valuable tool for better handling of pain among patients treated in NICUs. More studies on larger groups of patients are needed.

Newborn infant parasympathetic evaluation for the assessment of analgosedation adequacy in infants treated by mechanical ventilation - a multicenter pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Adequate analgosedation is important in infants treated in pediatric/neonatal intensive care units (P/NICUs), because both too deep and insufficient analgosedation is disadvantageous. To assess the severity of pain, several behavioral and behavioral-physiological scales are used, but their usefulness is limited. It is therefore justified to search for additional methods to assess the adequacy of analgosedation in these patients. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the usefulness of Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation (NIPE) in the assessment of analgosedation quality in infants requiring mechanical ventilation, who are treated in P/NICUs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed simultaneously 180 COMFORT-B assessments and heart rate variability measurements using a NIPE monitor in 30 mechanically ventilated infants receiving analgosedation. A generalized linear mixed model with the logit link function was used in order to perform logistic regression analysis to assess the relationship between NIPEi/NIPEm and deep sedation. RESULTS: The multivariable logistic regression model showed that NIPEi and NIPEm values were higher when analgosedation was deep as compared to when it was moderate or insufficient (OR (95% CI): NIPEm - 1.065 (1.007-1.126), p = 0.03; NIPEi - 1.068 (1.016-1.123), p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The NIPE indexes are significantly higher in patients whose assessment on the behavioral scale indicates deep analgosedation as compared to those in whom it indicates moderate or insufficient analgosedation. Allowing continuous monitoring, the NIPE device may be a valuable assisting tool in the assessment of analgosedation quality in mechanically ventilated newborns and infants.

Skin conductance measurement for the assessment of analgosedation adequacy in infants treated with mechanical ventilation: A multicenter pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Patients treated in neonatal/pediatric intensive care units (N/PICUs) are frequently exposed to pain. To assess its severity, several behavioral and behavioral-physiological scales are used, but their usefulness is limited. It is therefore justified to search for additional methods to assess the adequacy of analgesia and sedation in these patients. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the usefulness of skin conductance (SC) measurement in the assessment of analgosedation quality in infants requiring mechanical ventilation treated in N/PICUs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty infants aged 6-208 days treated in 6 N/PICUs, mechanically ventilated and receiving analgosedation, were included for the study. Simultaneous COMFORT-B assessment and SC measurement using SCA (skin conductance algesimeter) monitor were performed. Due to technical problems, not all of the SC records could be interpreted, and finally 412 simultaneous assessments on the COMFORT-B scale and SC measurements in 29 patients were analyzed. RESULTS: We found a statistically significant correlation between the COMFORT-B scoring and the SC measurements. Additionally, SC was significantly lower when the behavioral score indicated deep sedation, in comparison to periods when it indicated moderate or insufficient analgosedation. CONCLUSIONS: Skin conductance measurements are comparable with the COMFORT-B rating in mechanically ventilated infants receiving analgosedation. The SCA monitor may be of value in the assessment of analgosedation quality, and in particular may identify the situation where sedation is deep. Further research is needed regarding the suitability of this device in clinical practice.