Selective inhibition of KCa3.1 channels mediates adenosine regulation of the motility of human T cells.

Adenosine, a purine nucleoside, is present at high concentrations in tumors, where it contributes to the failure of immune cells to eliminate cancer cells. The mechanisms responsible for the immunosuppressive properties of adenosine are not fully understood. We tested the hypothesis that adenosine's immunosuppressive functions in human T lymphocytes are in part mediated via modulation of ion channels. The activity of T lymphocytes relies on ion channels. KCa3.1 and Kv1.3 channels control cytokine release and, together with TRPM7, regulate T cell motility. Adenosine selectively inhibited KCa3.1, but not Kv1.3 and TRPM7, in activated human T cells. This effect of adenosine was mainly mediated by A2A receptors, as KCa3.1 inhibition was reversed by SCH58261 (selective A2A receptor antagonist), but not by MRS1754 (A2B receptor antagonist), and it was mimicked by the A2A receptor agonist CGS21680. Furthermore, it was mediated by the cAMP/protein kinase A isoform (PKAI) signaling pathway, as adenylyl-cyclase and PKAI inhibition prevented adenosine effect on KCa3.1. The functional implication of the effect of adenosine on KCa3.1 was determined by measuring T cell motility on ICAM-1 surfaces. Adenosine and CGS21680 inhibited T cell migration. Comparable effects were obtained by KCa3.1 blockade with TRAM-34. Furthermore, the effect of adenosine on cell migration was abolished by pre-exposure to TRAM-34. Additionally, adenosine suppresses IL-2 secretion via KCa3.1 inhibition. Our data indicate that adenosine inhibits KCa3.1 in human T cells via A2A receptor and PKAI, thereby resulting in decreased T cell motility and cytokine release. This mechanism is likely to contribute to decreased immune surveillance in solid tumors.

Disruption of kv1.3 channel forward vesicular trafficking by hypoxia in human T lymphocytes.

Hypoxia in solid tumors contributes to decreased immunosurveillance via down-regulation of Kv1.3 channels in T lymphocytes and associated T cell function inhibition. However, the mechanisms responsible for Kv1.3 down-regulation are not understood. We hypothesized that chronic hypoxia reduces Kv1.3 surface expression via alterations in membrane trafficking. Chronic hypoxia decreased Kv1.3 surface expression and current density in Jurkat T cells. Inhibition of either protein synthesis or degradation and endocytosis did not prevent this effect. Instead, blockade of clathrin-coated vesicle formation and forward trafficking prevented the Kv1.3 surface expression decrease in hypoxia. Confocal microscopy revealed an increased retention of Kv1.3 in the trans-Golgi during hypoxia. Expression of adaptor protein-1 (AP1), responsible for clathrin-coated vesicle formation at the trans-Golgi, was selectively down-regulated by hypoxia. Furthermore, AP1 down-regulation increased Kv1.3 retention in the trans-Golgi and reduced Kv1.3 currents. Our results indicate that hypoxia disrupts AP1/clathrin-mediated forward trafficking of Kv1.3 from the trans-Golgi to the plasma membrane thus contributing to decreased Kv1.3 surface expression in T lymphocytes.

Modulation of Kv1.3 channels by protein kinase A I in T lymphocytes is mediated by the disc large 1-tyrosine kinase Lck complex.

The cAMP/PKA signaling system constitutes an inhibitory pathway in T cells and, although its biochemistry has been thoroughly investigated, its possible effects on ion channels are still not fully understood. K(V)1.3 channels play an important role in T-cell activation, and their inhibition suppresses T-cell function. It has been reported that PKA modulates K(V)1.3 activity. Two PKA isoforms are expressed in human T cells: PKAI and PKAII. PKAI has been shown to inhibit T-cell activation via suppression of the tyrosine kinase Lck. The aim of this study was to determine the PKA isoform modulating K(V)1.3 and the signaling pathway underneath. 8-Bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcAMP), a nonselective activator of PKA, inhibited K(V)1.3 currents both in primary human T and in Jurkat cells. This inhibition was prevented by the PKA blocker PKI(6-22). Selective knockdown of PKAI, but not PKAII, with siRNAs abolished the response to 8-BrcAMP. Additional studies were performed to determine the signaling pathway mediating PKAI effect on K(V)1.3. Overexpression of a constitutively active mutant of Lck reduced the response of K(V)1.3 to 8-Br-cAMP. Moreover, knockdown of the scaffolding protein disc large 1 (Dlg1), which binds K(V)1.3 to Lck, abolished PKA modulation of K(V)1.3 channels. Immunohistochemistry studies showed that PKAI, but not PKAII, colocalizes with K(V)1.3 and Dlg1 indicating a close proximity between these proteins. These results indicate that PKAI selectively regulates K(V)1.3 channels in human T lymphocytes. This effect is mediated by Lck and Dlg1. We thus propose that the K(V)1.3/Dlg1/Lck complex is part of the membrane pathway that cAMP utilizes to regulate T-cell function.

Inhibitors of potassium channels KV1.3 and IK-1 as immunosuppressants.

New structural classes of K(V)1.3 and IK-1 ion channel blockers have been identified based on a virtual high throughput screening approach using a homology model of KcsA. These compounds display inhibitory effects on T-cell and/or keratinocyte proliferation and immunosuppressant activity within a DTH animal model.

KCa3.1 and TRPM7 channels at the uropod regulate migration of activated human T cells.

The migration of T lymphocytes is an essential part of the adaptive immune response as T cells circulate around the body to carry out immune surveillance. During the migration process T cells polarize, forming a leading edge at the cell front and a uropod at the cell rear. Our interest was in studying the involvement of ion channels in the migration of activated human T lymphocytes as they modulate intracellular Ca(2+) levels. Ca(2+) is a key regulator of cellular motility. To this purpose, we created protein surfaces made of the bio-polymer PNMP and coated with ICAM-1, ligand of LFA-1. The LFA-1 and ICAM-1 interaction facilitates T cell movement from blood into tissues and it is critical in immune surveillance and inflammation. Activated human T lymphocytes polarized and migrated on ICAM-1 surfaces by random walk with a mean velocity of ∼6 µm/min. Confocal microscopy indicated that Kv1.3, CRAC, and TRPM4 channels positioned in the leading-edge, whereas KCa3.1 and TRPM7 channels accumulated in the uropod. The localization of KCa3.1 and TRPM7 at the uropod was associated with oscillations in intracellular Ca(2+) levels that we measured in this cell compartment. Further studies with blockers against Kv1.3 (ShK), KCa3.1 (TRAM-34), CRAC (SKF-96365), TRPM7 (2-APB), and TRPM4 (glibenclamide) indicated that blockade of KCa3.1 and TRPM7, and not Kv1.3, CRAC or TRPM4, inhibits the T cell migration. The involvement of TRPM7 in cell migration was confirmed with siRNAs against TRPM7. Downregulation of TRPM7 significantly reduced the number of migrating T cells and the mean velocity of the migrating T cells. These results indicate that KCa3.1 and TRPM7 selectively localize at the uropod of migrating T lymphocytes and are key components of the T cell migration machinery.