Role of CTX-M-15 gene in spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases among immunocompetent patients in Ghana.

Background: Patients with faecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales serve as reservoirs and sources of dissemination and infection. Objective: This report examined immunocompetent patients for faecal carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales in a district care hospital setting in Ghana. Methods: Between March 2019 and May 2020, cross-sectional sampling was performed to enrol patients and conduct questionnaire-structured interviews for factors that predispose patients to ESBL faecal carriage. Faecal samples from study patients were quantified for ESBL-producing Enterobacterales. The ESBL genes were characterised by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Results: The overall proportion of ESBL faecal carriage was 35.5% (n = 38/107). The blaCTX-M gene, mostly CTX-M-15, was detected in 89.5% (n = 34/38) of the ESBL-producing isolates. The other ESBL types included blaSHV (n = 3) and blaOXA (n = 1). The CTX-M-15-positive isolates, when present in a faecal sample compared to the non-ESBL-CTX-M-15 isolates, constituted the predominant faecal Enterobacterales, with significantly higher colony counts than all other enterobacteria in that sample. In multivariate regression, independent risk factors for faecal carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales were hospitalisation in the past year, infections since admission, use of antibiotics in the past 6 weeks, and admission from another hospital. Conclusion: The study found that CTX-M-15-producing isolates were the predominant faecal Enterobacterales, and that further investigations are needed to determine the reasons behind this dominance. What this study adds: The CTX-M-15-producing isolates dominance in this study shows the misuse and abuse of antibiotics in an African medical facility and indicates the potential role of immunity in controlling ESBL spread, which is to be investigated further.

Sterilization of bacteria by means of microwave heating.

Despite the simplicity and convenience of microwave heating, descriptions in the current literature of attempts to provide a thorough sterilization process have not been encouraging nor has any manufacturer of sterilization equipment introduced such a device to the market. Trials conducted at Providence Hospital using a commercial microwave oven operating at 2450 MHz resulted in a satisfactory sterilization process, that is, the destruction of heat-resisting spore forms (B. stearothermophilus), provided that the materials undergoing sterilization were placed in sealed containers with sufficient water present to provide steam during the heating process. Suggestions are made for further investigation involving the microwave spectrum of the molecule of dipicolinic acid as well as the possibilities of practical applications which could result in reducing hospital costs.