METTL1 promotes tumorigenesis through tRNA-derived fragment biogenesis in prostate cancer.

Newly growing evidence highlights the essential role that epitranscriptomic marks play in the development of many cancers; however, little is known about the role and implications of altered epitranscriptome deposition in prostate cancer. Here, we show that the transfer RNA N7-methylguanosine (m7G) transferase METTL1 is highly expressed in primary and advanced prostate tumours. Mechanistically, we find that METTL1 depletion causes the loss of m7G tRNA methylation and promotes the biogenesis of a novel class of small non-coding RNAs derived from 5'tRNA fragments. 5'tRNA-derived small RNAs steer translation control to favour the synthesis of key regulators of tumour growth suppression, interferon pathway, and immune effectors. Knockdown of Mettl1 in prostate cancer preclinical models increases intratumoural infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells and enhances responses to immunotherapy. Collectively, our findings reveal a therapeutically actionable role of METTL1-directed m7G tRNA methylation in cancer cell translation control and tumour biology.

Emerging roles of novel small non-coding regulatory RNAs in immunity and cancer.

The term small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) refers to all those RNAs that even without encoding for a protein, can play important functional roles. Transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA-derived fragments (tRFs and rRFs, respectively) are an emerging class of ncRNAs originally considered as simple degradation products, which though play important roles in stress responses, signalling, or gene expression. They control all levels of gene expression regulating transcription and translation and affecting RNA processing and maturation. They have been linked to pivotal cellular processes such as self-renewal, differentiation, and proliferation. For this reason, mis-regulation of this novel class of ncRNAs can lead to various pathological processes such as neurodegenerative and development diseases, metabolism and immune system disorders, and cancer. In this review, we summarise the classification, biogenesis, and functions of tRFs and rRFs with a special focus on their role in immunity and cancer.

Exploring the role of ribosomal RNA modifications in cancer.

Recent advances have highlighted the significant roles of post-transcriptional modifications in rRNA in various cancers. Evidence suggests that dysregulation of rRNA modifications acts as a common denominator in cancer development, with alterations in these modifications conferring competitive advantages to cancer cells. Specifically, rRNA modifications modulate protein synthesis and favor the specialized translation of oncogenic programs, thereby contributing to the formation of a protumorigenic proteome in cancer cells. These findings reveal a novel regulatory layer mediated by changes in the deposition of rRNA chemical modifications. Moreover, inhibition of these modifications in vitro and in preclinical studies demonstrates potential therapeutic applications. The recurrence of altered rRNA modification patterns across different types of cancer underscores their importance in cancer progression, proposing them as potential biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets. This review will highlight the latest insights into how post-transcriptional rRNA modifications contribute to cancer progression and summarize the main developments and ongoing challenges in this research area.

Primary Papillary Colonic Adenocarcinoma With PDGFRA Mutation. A New Morphological Subtype? A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Classic colon carcinomas are defined as adenocarcinomas, characterized by groups of medium/large cells with basophilic and polymorphous nuclei and an eosinophilic elongated cytoplasm, that rearrange on glandular structures. Signs of poor prognosis include high tumor budding, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, poor differentiation, positive margins, and CDX2 loss. Less frequent colon carcinoma subtypes are: mucinous, medullary, signet-ring cell, squamous cell, small cell and undifferentiated carcinoma, among others. In the following case report, we present a 65-year-old woman with a T2N0Mx colon carcinoma with a remarkable papillary and follicular histological appearance. The immunohistochemical stains confirmed an intestinal origin (CDX2+) and excluded a thyroid, gynecological, and urological metastasis, with tumor cells negative for GATA3, PAX8, TTF-1, and thyroglobulin. There was no loss of mismatch repair proteins and p53 showed a wild-type staining. next generation sequencing showed a platelet-derivated growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) mutation. To the best of our knowledge, there have been only two examples of primary papillary colon carcinoma reported in the literature, and neither of them with a PDGFRA mutation. We describe one tumor and discuss its pathological features.

The Frequency of Risk Factors for Cleft Lip and Palate in Mexico: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Cleft lip and palate is an anomaly that affects both women and men. It is considered to be among the most frequent congenital abnormalities and is related to modifications in chromosomal DNA and multiple genetic alterations. This anomaly can also be associated with various environmental factors, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption, medication use, and exposure to different environmental and industrial toxic substances. The objective of this study was to document the frequency of risk factors related to cleft lip and palate through a systematic review of Mexican studies. METHODS: In this systematic review, a bibliographic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines in the databases Scielo, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and EBSCO. Keywords related to cleft lip and palate, epidemiology, and risk factors were used. In all, 3 independent reviewers (J.A.S.L., S.L.V., and N.M.F.) selected and evaluated a total of 17 articles included in this analysis, achieving a coefficient of κ = 0.84. RESULTS: The analysis revealed that the highest frequency of conducted studies was in the State of Mexico. The most common risk factors identified were environmental, pharmacological, consumption habits, and gynecological factors. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying the main risk factors for cleft lip and palate in the Mexican population will enable the implementation of preventive measures aimed at reducing exposure to these factors. Additionally, early intervention can improve the quality of life for individuals affected by this condition.

N7-methylguanosine methylation of tRNAs regulates survival to stress in cancer.

Tumour progression and therapy tolerance are highly regulated and complex processes largely dependent on the plasticity of cancer cells and their capacity to respond to stress. The higher plasticity of cancer cells highlights the need for identifying targetable molecular pathways that challenge cancer cell survival. Here, we show that N7-guanosine methylation (m7G) of tRNAs, mediated by METTL1, regulates survival to stress conditions in cancer cells. Mechanistically, we find that m7G in tRNAs protects them from stress-induced cleavage and processing into 5' tRNA fragments. Our analyses reveal that the loss of tRNA m7G methylation activates stress response pathways, sensitising cancer cells to stress. Furthermore, we find that the loss of METTL1 reduces tumour growth and increases cytotoxic stress in vivo. Our study uncovers the role of m7G methylation of tRNAs in stress responses and highlights the potential of targeting METTL1 to sensitise cancer cells to chemotherapy.

Epigenetic and Epitranscriptomic Control in Prostate Cancer.

The initiation of prostate cancer has been long associated with DNA copy-number alterations, the loss of specific chromosomal regions and gene fusions, and driver mutations, especially those of the Androgen Receptor. Non-mutational events, particularly DNA and RNA epigenetic dysregulation, are emerging as key players in tumorigenesis. In this review we summarize the molecular changes linked to epigenetic and epitranscriptomic dysregulation in prostate cancer and the role that alterations to DNA and RNA modifications play in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer.

Organotypic culture as a research and preclinical model to study uterine leiomyomas.

Organotypic cultures of tissue slices have been successfully established in lung, prostate, colon, gastric and breast cancer among other malignancies, but until now an ex vivo model based on tissue slices has not been established for uterine leiomyoma. In the present study, we describe a method for culturing tumour slides onto an alginate scaffold. Morphological integrity of tissue slices was maintained for up to 7 days of culture, with cells expressing desmin, estrogen and progesterone receptors. Driver mutations were present in the ex vivo slices at all-time points analyzed. Cultivated tumour slices responded to ovarian hormones stimulation upregulating the expression of genes involved in leiomyoma pathogenesis. This tissue model preserves extracellular matrix, cellular diversity and genetic background simulating more in-vivo-like situations. As a novelty, this platform allows encapsulation of microspheres containing drugs that can be tested on the ex vivo tumour slices. After optimizing drug release rates, microspheres would then be directly tested in animal models through local injection.

Las competencias emocionales en la formación médica: una revisión sistemática / Emotional Competences in Medical Training: A Systematic Review

Introducción: El progreso de la medicina contrasta con prevalecientes estigmas de deshumanización en la práctica médica y en la relación médico-paciente, que refuerza la necesidad de sustentar la formación médica sobre la base de la educación emocional y el desarrollo de competencias para el manejo de las emociones. Objetivo: Exponer la importancia de la educación emocional y la adquisición de competencias emocionales en la formación médica. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática exploratoria, que empleó Web of Science y Scopus como fuentes de información de los trabajos publicados entre 2012 y 2022. La búsqueda estuvo basada en el estudio de las variables: educación emocional, competencias emocionales y formación médica. Resultados: Del análisis de contenido de los artículos seleccionados se identificaron cuatro temáticas principales: generalidades de la educación emocional; la relación entre la educación emocional y el aprendizaje, fundamentada en la necesidad de potenciar en los estudiantes la autoestima; la importancia de la educación emocional en la formación de médicos; y las estrategias para favorecer la educación emocional en el proceso formativo de los estudiantes de medicina. Conclusiones: Se determinó que la educación emocional se convierte en una innovación educativa de gran importancia, que responde a las necesidades sociales contemporáneas, y busca lograr un equilibrio entre lo cognitivo y el manejo de las emociones(AU)

Introduction: The progress in medicine is not consistent with prevailing stigmas of dehumanization in the medical practice and in the doctor-patient relationship, which reinforces the need to sustain medical training on the basis of emotional education and the development of competences for managing emotions. Objective: To expose the importance of emotional education and the acquisition of emotional competences in medical training. Methods: An exploratory systematic review was conducted, using Web of Science and Scopus as sources of information to collect papers published between 2012 and 2022. The search was based on the study of the variable's emotional education, emotional competences and medical training. Results: Four main themes were identified with the content analysis applied in the selected articles: generalities of emotional education; relationship between learning and emotional education, based on the need to enhance self-esteem in students; the importance of emotional education in the training of physicians; and strategies to favor emotional education in the training process of medical students. Conclusions: Emotional education was concluded to become an educational innovation of great importance, responding to contemporary social needs, as well as it seeks to achieve a balance between the cognitive and the management of emotions(AU)

Producción científica y tendencias de investigación en la educación médica: análisis comparativo de dos revistas / Scientific Production and Research Tendencies in Medical Education: Comparative Analysis of two Journals

Introducción: El proceso de difusión de los hallazgos científicos a través de la publicación de artículos en revistas especializadas es fundamental para la comunidad académica y científica. La publicación de resultados científicos permite que otros investigadores accedan a la información, evalúen el estudio y puedan construir sobre ese conocimiento en futuras investigaciones. Objetivo: Caracterizar la producción científica de la Revista Brasileira de Educación Médica (RBEM) y la Revista Cubana de Educação Médica Superior (RCEMS). Métodos: Fue realizado un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, mediante el método de análisis bibliométrico y de análisis de contenido. Se identificaron y clasificaron patrones, temas y tendencias recurrentes en los artículos publicados entre 2020 y 2022. Resultados: Ambas revistas se comportaron de manera similar con respecto a la productividad hasta 2020, cuando la RBEM aumentó exponencialmente el número de artículos a través de la publicación de diversos números especiales. Se identificaron como dimensiones de investigación de mayor recurrencia las propuestas didácticas y pedagógicas para el aprendizaje de los estudiantes de medicina, el diseño curricular en medicina y la evaluación educativa en este campo. Conclusiones: Los estudios examinados resaltan la relevancia de investigar en el campo de la educación médica, y reconocen la diversidad de enfoques y perspectivas presentes en diversas revistas especializadas. Tanto Brasil como Cuba desempeñan un papel activo en la generación de conocimientos científicos en el ámbito de la educación médica, cada uno con sus propias fortalezas y enfoques distintivos(AU)

Introduction: The process of disseminating scientific findings through the publication of articles in peer-reviewed journals is paramount for the academic and scientific community. The publication of scientific results allows other researchers to access information, assess the study and, upon this knowledge, build up future research. Objective: To characterize the scientific production of the Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica (RBEM) and the Revista Cubana de Educación Médica Superior (RCEMS). Methods: A descriptive and retrospective study was carried out, using the bibliometric analysis and the content analysis methods. Patterns, themes and tendencies recurrent in articles published between 2020 and 2022 were identified and classified. Results: Both journals behaved similarly with respect to productivity until 2020, when the RBEM exponentially increased the number of articles through the publication of several special issues. Didactic and pedagogical proposals for medical student learning, curricular design in medicine, and educational assessment in the same field were identified as research dimensions with the highest recurrence. Conclusions: The reviewed studies highlight the relevance of research in the field of medical education, as well as they recognize the diversity of approaches and perspectives present in various specialized journals. Both Brazil and Cuba play an active role in the generation of scientific knowledge in the field of medical education, each with its own distinctive strengths and approaches(AU)

Necesidad de superación en modelos matemáticos de epidemiología / Need for improvement in mathematical models of epidemiology

RESUMEN Introducción: En Cuba, se formulan modelos matemáticos, pero no están contemplados para la superación de posgrado ni en pregrado. Aunque los modelos idealizan la realidad, permiten, de manera sencilla, hacer predicciones sobre el comportamiento futuro de una enfermedad y tomar las medidas necesarias. Objetivo: Identificar necesidad de superación en modelos matemáticos de epidemiología. Métodos: Se utilizó un modelo estocástico presente en el paquete EpiModel del programa R. Se simularon tres situaciones diferentes, la primera con violaciones del distanciamiento y la higiene general, la segunda con mejoras en estos dos aspectos, más la inmunidad lograda al 70 % de la población por vacunación y la tercera con mejoras notables en higiene y distanciamiento junto a la vacunación. Se calculó, además, el comportamiento del número reproductivo con el paquete earlyR a partir de la incidencia. Resultados: Se valoró como las trayectorias con los modelos estocásticos tienen más variabilidad y como la reducción de contactos aplana la curva. Se evaluó la dispersión de la epidemia en situaciones de violaciones de la prevención y en otras donde hay prevención y además vacunación. La línea roja de cada modelo varía según las circunstancias, claramente en los casos de violaciones de distanciamiento e higiene esta curva se amplia y se aplana en el caso contrario. Conclusiones: Se identificaron suficientes evidencias sobre el uso y la necesidad de modelos matemáticos para apoyar la toma de decisiones en la epidemiología, se identificó la necesidad de superación en posgrado sobre la teoría de epidemias, que puede extenderse a pregrado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Cuba mathematical models are formulated, but they are not contemplated for passing graduate or undergraduate degrees. Objective: To identify the need to work with mathematical simulations. Methods: A stochastic model present in the EpiModel package of the R program was used. Three different situations were simulated, the first with violations of distancing and general hygiene, the second with improvements in these two aspects, plus the immunity achieved to 70% of the population by vaccination and the third with notable improvements in hygiene and distancing together with vaccination. The behavior of the reproductive number with the early R package was also calculated from the incidence. Results: It is assessed how the trajectories with the stochastic models have more variability and how the reduction of contacts flattens the curve. The spread of the epidemic is valued in situations of prevention violations and in others where there is prevention and also vaccination. Conclusions: Sufficient evidence is presented on the use and need of mathematical models to support decision-making in epidemiology, the need to improve the theory of epidemics in graduate school is identified, which can be extended to undergraduate.

Estrategia extensionista vocacional orientada a la formación profesional de estudiantes de carreras estomatológicas / Vocational extension strategy aimed at the professional training of dental careers students

RESUMEN Fundamento la permanencia en las carreras universitarias continúa presentando insuficiencias, realidad que también alcanza a la educación médica superior cubana. Esta problemática, en relación directa con la orientación vocacional, puede mitigarse con acciones como el fomento de actividades de extensión universitaria hacia poblaciones de escolares, que permitan a su vez el desarrollo integral de los alumnos universitarios. Objetivo implementar una estrategia extensionista vocacional orientada a la formación profesional de estudiantes de carreras estomatológicas. Métodos se desarrolló una investigación de intervención, en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey, Cuba, entre enero de 2015 y enero de 2020. Participaron estudiantes de la enseñanza primaria, sus padres o tutores, y alumnos ayudantes de la carrera de Estomatología y de Tecnología en Atención Estomatológica, dirigidos por profesores auxiliares de la Facultad de Estomatología. Se analizó el nivel de información sobre la profesión estomatológica, hábitos higiénico-bucales de los infantes e higiene bucal; grado de satisfacción de los participantes; y opiniones de los estudiantes. Resultados predominó el sexo femenino entre los escolares inscritos en el Círculo de Interés. Al finalizar la intervención se evidenció un nivel adecuado de información (98,1 %) e higiene bucal (98,1 %), a diferencia de lo observado inicialmente. Los futuros estomatólogos y tecnólogos reconocieron el enriquecimiento personal y profesional aportado por las acciones desarrolladas. Conclusión las actividades de orientación vocacional, promoción y prevención de salud bucal, ejecutadas como parte de la estrategia extensionista, contribuyeron al desarrollo de la educación interprofesional y la formación profesional de los estudiantes universitarios implicados.

ABSTRACT Background permanence in university careers continues to present shortcomings, a fact that also reaches Cuban higher medical education. This problem, in direct relation to vocational guidance, can be mitigated with actions such as the promotion of university outreach activities to school populations, which in turn allow the integral development of university students. Objective to implement a vocational extension strategy oriented to the professional training of stomatological careers students. Methods an intervention research was carried out at the Camagüey University of Medical Sciences, Cuba, between January 2015 and January 2020. Primary school students, their parents or guardians, and assistant students of the Stomatology and of Technology in Stomatological Attention, directed by assistant professors of the Faculty of Stomatology participated. The level of information about the dental profession, oral-hygiene habits of infants and oral hygiene; degree of satisfaction of the participants; and opinions of the students were analyzed. Results female sex predominated among the schoolchildren enrolled in the group of interest. At the end of the intervention, an adequate level of information (98.1%) and oral hygiene (98.1%) were evidenced, unlike what was initially observed. Future stomatologists and technologists recognized the personal and professional enrichment provided by the actions developed. Conclusion the activities of vocational guidance, promotion and prevention of oral health, executed as part of the extension strategy, contributed to the development of interprofessional education and professional training of the university students involved.

El trabajo colaborativo interprofesional en el proceso de formación profesional en salud

RESUMEN Fundamento: Con el propósito de alcanzar un tratamiento integral de los pacientes es necesario que los profesionales de las diferentes disciplinas de la salud trabajen de forma conjunta en equipos colaborativos, colaboración cuyo escenario va a encontrarse también fuera de los muros de las universidades, donde a través de actividades de extensión universitaria, se concreta la formación de los estudiantes. Objetivo: argumentar la necesidad del trabajo colaborativo interprofesional en el proceso de formación profesional en salud. Método: se realiza una revisión documental en idioma español e inglés. Se utilizaron diferentes bases de datos como SciELO, Google Académico, Red Nacional de Información en Salud (INFOMED). Se utilizaron las siguientes palabras clave: educación interprofesional, colaboración interprofesional, extensión universitaria. Se seleccionaron 33 referencias actualizadas que permitieron con la utilización de métodos empíricos y teóricos hacer referencia a la colaboración interprofesional en la formación del profesional de la salud. Desarrollo: Las organizaciones de atención médica deben adoptar una amplia cultura de equipo y trabajo colaborativo en la que ciertos valores y principios se compartan y se comuniquen de forma transparente entre los miembros del equipo. Es un proceso que incluye la comunicación y la toma de decisiones, permitiendo una influencia sinérgica de conocimientos y habilidades agrupadas. Conclusiones: Es importante que desde la propia formación los estudiantes adquieran habilidades de trabajo en equipo interprofesionales para posteriormente aplicarlas en su desarrollo profesional. El trabajo colaborativo interprofesional brinda a los estudiantes la capacidad de compartir habilidades y conocimientos entre profesiones.

ABSTRACT Foundation: With the purpose of reach an integral treatment of the patients is necessary that the professionals of the different disciplines of health work of form joint in collaborative teams, collaboration whose scene is going to meet also out of the walls of the universities, where through activities of university extension, the students' formation is concretized. Objective: Argumenting the need of the collaborative interprofessional work in the process of technical training in health. Method: A documentary revision in Spanish language and English are accomplished. They utilized themselves different bases of data like SciELO, Google Scholar and National Network of Information on Health (INFOMED). They utilized the following keywords: Interprofessional education, interprofessional collaboration, university extension. 33 updated references that they enabled with the utilization of empiric methods and theoreticians selected making reference to the interprofessional collaboration in the health-care professional's formation themselves. Development: The institutions of medical attention must embrace team's ample culture and I work collaborative in the one that certain moral values and beginnings share in themselves and get in touch of transparent form between the team's members. It is a process that includes the communication and the overtaking, permitting a synergetic influence of knowledge and grouped abilities. Conclusions: It is important than from the own formation the students acquire abilities of work in team interprofessional stops at a later time to apply them in his professional development. The collaborative interprofessional work offers the students the capability to share abilities and knowledge between professions.

Enfrentamiento social y clínico-epidemiológico a la COVID-19 en la provincia Camagüey hasta el caso 48 / Social and clinical epidemiological clash to the COVID-19 in the province Camagüey until the case 48

RESUMEN Fundamento: En Cuba, durante el período inicial de la pandemia, el comportamiento de la COVID-19 presentó un incremento diario de casos similar a la situación mundial. La provincia Camagüey no escapó a esta realidad; sin embargo, los resultados del enfrentamiento a la pandemia mostraron un comportamiento favorable en este territorio. El objetivo del presente trabajo está dirigido a valorar aspectos del enfrentamiento social y clínico-epidemiológico a la COVID-19 en la provincia Camagüey durante el periodo comprendido entre los meses de marzo y mayo de 2020. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y transversal en la provincia Camagüey. El universo estuvo compuesto por los 48 pacientes confirmados al virus SARS-CoV-2 en este territorio en el período mencionado. Resultados: La enfermedad se registró en ambos sexos de forma similar, mientras que predominaron los pacientes con edades comprendidas entre 40 y 59 años. Discusión: La mayoría de los individuos no presentó complicaciones. Con el cumplimiento de las indicaciones establecidas por las autoridades sanitarias se limitó el tiempo posible de la transmisión de la enfermedad en la provincia.

ABSTRACT Background: In Cuba, during the initial period of the pandemic, the behavior of COVID-19 presented a daily increase in cases similar to the world situation. The Camagüey province did not escape this reality; however, the results of the confrontation with the pandemic showed a favorable behavior in this territory. The objective of this work is aimed at assessing aspects of the social and clinical-epidemiological confrontation with COVID-19 in the Camagüey province during the period between the months of March and May, 2020. Method: A descriptive and cross-sectional observational study was carried out in the Camagüey province. The universe was made up of the 48 patients confirmed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in this territory in the mentioned period. Results: The disease was registered in both sexes in a similar way, while patients with ages between 40 and 59 years predominated. Discussion: Most of the individuals did not present complications. With the fulfillment of the indications established by the health authorities, the possible time of transmission of the disease in the province was limited.

Variación en la fenología de floración de una bromelia epífita a lo largo de un gradiente de elevación / Variation in the flowering phenology of an epiphytic bromeliad along an elevational gradient

ABSTRACT Elevational patterns in flowering phenology have been reported for trees, shrubs and herbs. However, for vascular epiphytes that rely on atmospheric sources for humidity and nutrients, and depend on phorophyte microhabitat, elevational patterns of variation are unknown. In this study, we described the flowering phenology of Tillandsia carlos-hankii, an epiphytic bromeliad, along an elevational gradient in Capulálpam de Méndez, Oaxaca. We analyzed the onset, seasonality and duration of flowering along and within different elevation zones, and we evaluated the effect of phorophyte features (tree height, DBH and canopy diameter) on flowering start date and duration. From June 2016 to May 2017, we periodically recorded phenological data from six populations along three elevation zones ("low": 2151 to 2283 m. a. s. l., "medium": 2284 to 2416 m. a. s. l. and "high": 2417 to 2548 m. a. s. l.), monitoring two population per zone. Start of flowering occurred between December and January, beginning six to 16 days earlier at low elevations than in the other zones, although this difference was not statistically significant. We observed marked flowering seasonality at all the elevation zones, with differences between zones (W≥18.49, p≤0.0001) and between the populations at medium and high elevations (W≥8.57, p≤0.05). Flowering duration spanned from December to May. Phorophyte features were not related to the onset or duration of flowering (t≤-1.47, p≥0.14, in all cases). Our results suggest that vascular epiphytes follow the same elevational patterns in phenology as other life forms, and that populations in the same elevation range can vary. The causes of such intra-elevational variation merit further investigation.

RESUMEN Se han reportado los patrones altitudinales en la fenología de floración para árboles, arbustos y hierbas. Sin embargo, para epífitas vasculares, que dependen de fuentes atmosféricas para la humedad y los nutrientes, y del microhábitat del forofito, los patrones de variación en gradientes de elevación se desconocen. Se describe la fenología de floración de Tillandsia carlos-hankii, una bromelia epífita, en un gradiente de elevación en Capulálpam de Méndez, Oaxaca. Se analiza el inicio, estacionalidad y duración de su floración entre y dentro de diferentes elevaciones y se evalúa también el efecto del forofito (altura, DAP y diámetro de copa) sobre el inicio y la duración de la floración. De junio de 2016 a mayo de 2017, se monitorearon individuos localizados en seis poblaciones en tres elevaciones (bajo: 2151-2283 m. s. n. m., medio: 2284-2416 m. s. n. m., alto: 2417-2548 m. s. n. m.), dos poblaciones por zona. El inicio de la floración ocurrió entre diciembre y enero, empezando de seis a 16 días antes en la elevación baja que en las otras, aunque estas diferencias no fueron significativas. Hubo una marcada estacionalidad en todas las zonas de elevación, con diferencias entre elevaciones (W≥18,49, p≤0,0001) y entre poblaciones de media y alta elevación (W≥8,57, p≤0,05). La floración duró de diciembre a mayo. Las características del forofito no estuvieron relacionadas con el inicio ni la duración de la floración (t≤-1,47, p≥0,14, en todos los casos). Los resultados sugieren que las epífitas vasculares siguen el mismo patrón fenológico altitudinal de otras formas de vida, y que las poblaciones en un misma elevación altitudinal pueden variar. Las causas de tal variación intra-altitudinal merecen mayor investigación.

Bruxismo y estrés académico en estudiantes de las ciencias médicas / Bruxism and academic stress in students of the medical sciences

RESUMEN Fundamento: Los estudiantes de las carreras de las ciencias médicas, especialmente los de nuevo ingreso, se desarrollan en un ambiente estresante, debido al desequilibrio emocional provocado por las exigencias del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje; situación que, de no ser atendida de manera adecuada, puede desencadenar en la aparición del bruxismo. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento del bruxismo relacionado con el estrés académico en los estudiantes del primer año de Medicina, Estomatología y Enfermería de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal durante el período comprendido entre octubre de 2018 y marzo de 2020. El universo estuvo constituido por 748 estudiantes de primer año de las carreras mencionadas, de los cursos académicos 2018-2019 y 2019-2020. La muestra seleccionada de forma aleatoria, estuvo integrada por 90 estudiantes. Resultados: Más de la mitad de los examinados se diagnosticó como bruxópatas, con predominio del bruxismo céntrico. Los estudiantes de Medicina resultaron los de mayor afectación. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron el dolor muscular, el apretamiento dentario referido, así como el dolor articular y los signos, la hipertrofia muscular y las facetas de desgaste parafuncional a nivel de esmalte. Discusión: Se constató el predominio de casos con niveles de estrés académico moderado seguido por niveles de estrés leve. Casi la totalidad de estos pacientes presentaron bruxismo, con prevalencia del tipo céntrico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The students of the specialties of the medical sciences, especially those of 1st year, develop themselves in a stressful ambience, due to the emotional imbalance provoked by the requirements of the teaching - learning process; situation that, of not being attended in a suitable way, can unleash in the appearance of the bruxism. That´s why, the present work takes as objective to describe the behavior of the bruxism related to the academic stress in the students of the first year of Medicine, Dentistry and Infirmary of the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey. Method: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out during the period understood between October, 2018 and March, 2020. The universe was constituted by 748 students of the first year of the mentioned specialties, of the academic courses 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The chosen sample of random form was integrated by 90 students. Results: More than half of the examined students were diagnosed with bruxism, with predominance of the central bruxism. The Medicine students resulted to be those of major affectation. The most frequent symptoms were the muscular pain, the above-mentioned dental grinding, as well as the pain to articulate and the signs, the muscular hypertrophy and the facets of parafunctional wear at enamel level. Discussion: The cases predominance was stated at levels of moderate academic stress continued by levels of light stress. Almost the totality of these patients presented bruxism, with predominance of the central type.

Association of Histopathological Markers with Clinico- Pathological Factors in Mexican Women with Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BCa) is the most common malignancy in Mexican women. A set of histopathological markers has been established to guide BCa diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Nevertheless, in only a few Mexican health services, such as that of the Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA for its acronym in Spanish), are these markers commonly employed for assessing BCa. The aim of this study was to explore the association of Ki67, TP53, HER2/neu, estrogenic receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PRs) with BCa risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical histories provided background patient information. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was conducted on 48 tissue samples from women diagnosed with BCa and treated with radical mastectomy. The Chi square test or Fisher exact test together with the Pearson and Spearman correlation were applied. RESULTS: On average, patients were 58±10.4 years old. It was most common to find invasive ductal carcinoma (95.8%), histological grade 3 (45.8%), with a poor Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI; 80.4%). ERs and PRs were associated with smoking and alcohol consumption, metastasis at diagnosis and Ki67 expression (p<0.05). PR+ was also related to urea and ER+ (p<0.05). Ki67 was associated with TP53 and elevated triglycerides (p<0.05), and HER2/neu with ER+, the number of pregnancies and tumor size (p<0.05). TP53 was also associated with a poor NPI (p <0.05) and CD34 with smoking (p<0.05). The triple negative status (ER-/PR-/HER2/neu-) was related to smoking, alcohol consumption, exposure to biomass, number of pregnancies, metastasis and a poor NPI (p<0.05). Moreover, the luminal B subtype was associated with histological type (p=0.007), tumor size (p=0.03) and high cholesterol (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Ki67, TP53, HER2/neu, ER and PR proved to be related to several clinical and pathological factors. Hence, it is crucial to determine this IHC profile in women at risk for BCa. Certain associations require further study to understand physiological/biochemical/molecular processes.

Software educativo sobre el desarrollo histórico de la especialidad Prótesis Estomatológica en Camagüey / Educational software on the historical development of Dental Prosthetics specialty in Camagüey

RESUMEN Fundamento: la especialidad Prótesis Estomatológica es una rama de la Estomatología destinada a la rehabilitación de los pacientes con ausencias dentarias, así como a la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las alteraciones del sistema estomatognático. Objetivo: elaborar un software educativo utilizando una base de datos sobre el desarrollo histórico de la formación de especialistas en Prótesis Estomatológica en Camagüey. Método: se realizó un estudio de innovación tecnológica para la creación de un software con la herramienta de autoría orientada a la creación de multimedias Mediator v9.0 en la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos para la interpretación y procesamiento de la información; empíricos: análisis documental de archivos personales de autores y colaboradores y del Departamento de Cuadros y Secretaría General de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey y se valoró el producto por especialistas y usuarios a través de una encuesta en su modalidad de cuestionario. Resultados: se elaboró un software educativo sobre el desarrollo histórico de la docencia y formación de especialistas en Prótesis Estomatológica en Camagüey que permitió complementar la carencia de la literatura existente sobre el tema. Conclusiones: el producto fue valorado por los especialistas y usuarios como necesario y útil, de gran aplicabilidad, con calidad en los contenidos tratados.

ABSTRACT Background: the Dentistry Prosthesis specialty is a branch of Dentistry aimed at the rehabilitation of patients with dental absences, as well as the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of alterations of the stomatognathic system. Objective: to develop the educational software using a database on the historical development of the training of the Dental Prosthesis specialists in Camagüey. Method: a technological innovation study was carried out for the creation of software with the authoring tool oriented to the creation of Mediator v9.0 multimedia in the Faculty of Dentistry of Camagüey Medical Sciences University. Theoretical methods were used for the interpretation and processing of information; empirical ones: documentary analysis of personal files of authors and collaborators and of the management Department and General Secretariat of Camagüey University of Medical Sciences and the product was evaluated by specialists and users through a questionnaire survey. Results: the educational software was developed on the historical development of the teaching and training of specialists in dental Prosthesis in Camagüey that allowed complementing the lack of existing literature on the subject. Conclusions: the product was valued by specialists and users as necessary and useful, of great applicability, with quality in the content treated.

Respuesta a la carta enviada al Editor científico de la revista Educación Médica Superior sobre el artículo: Metodología para evaluar la calidad de la formación del estudiante en la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina / Reply to the Letter Sent to the Scientific Editor of the Journal of Higher Medical Education about the Article A Methodology for Assessing the Quality of Student Training in the Latin-American School of Medicine

Los autores del artículo "Metodología para evaluar la calidad de la formación del estudiante en la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina" , hacemos uso del derecho que se nos confiere para compartir con la comunidad científica de lectores de tan prestigiosa revista, algunas consideraciones en torno a los criterios presentados por los colegas Hugo González Aguilar y Cecilia Salgado-Lévano de la Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, quienes se dirigieron directamente al Ud., e hicieron algunos comentarios sobre la contribución de referencia, publicada en el volumen 31(4) de 2017....

The authors of the article "Methodology to evaluate the quality of the student's training in the Latin American School of Medicine", we make use of the right granted to us to share with the scientific community of readers of this prestigious journal, some considerations about the criteria presented by colleagues Hugo González Aguilar and Cecilia Salgado-Lévano from San Ignacio de Loyola University, who addressed the Ud. directly, and made some comments on the reference contribution, published in volume 31 (4) of 2017....

Intervención educativa en pacientes con bruxismo y disfunción temporomandibular / Educational intervention in patients with bruxism and temporomandibular dysfunction

RESUMEN El presente texto expone los resultados de un estudio prospectivo, del tipo de intervención comunitaria aplicado en la Clínica Estomatológica Docente La Vigía, provincia Camagüey, con el objetivo de instrumentar una estrategia educativa en pacientes con bruxismo y disfunción temporomandibular en el período de enero de 2017 a enero de 2018. Se diseñó y aplicó una estrategia educativa según la metodología utilizada por la Maestría Nacional de Educación para la salud. Predominó el sexo femenino y las edades comprendidas entre los 24 y 29 años, así como el nivel escolar universitario. Al finalizar la intervención, el nivel de conocimientos fue evaluado de bueno en casi todos los pacientes, la apertura bucal limitada, el dolor muscular y articular aparecieron en menos de la mitad de los individuos; el nivel de satisfacción respecto a la intervención fue alto. Se concluyó que la estrategia generó un impacto positivo en los pacientes estudiados.

ABSTRACT The present text exhibits the results of a pilot study, of the type of community intervention applied in the Dentistry University Clinic La Vigía, Camagüey province, with the objective to arrange an educational strategy in patients with bruxism and temporomandibular dysfunction in the period from January, 2017 until January, 2018. It was designed and applied an educational strategy as the methodology used by the National Mastery of Education for the health. It predominated over the feminine sex and the ages understood between 24 and 29 years, as well as over the university school level. On having finished the intervention, the knowledge level was evaluated of good in almost all the patients, the limited mouth opening, the muscular pain and to articulate appeared in less than half of the individuals; the satisfaction level with regard to the intervention was high. It was concluded that the strategy generated a positive impact in the studied patients.