RESUMEN
During outbreaks, the lack of diagnostic "gold standard" can mask the true burden of infection in the population and hamper the allocation of resources required for control. Here, we present an analytical framework to evaluate and optimize the use of diagnostics when multiple yet imperfect diagnostic tests are available. We apply it to laboratory results of 2,136 samples, analyzed with 3 diagnostic tests (based on up to 7 diagnostic outcomes), collected during the 2017 pneumonic (PP) and bubonic plague (BP) outbreak in Madagascar, which was unprecedented both in the number of notified cases, clinical presentation, and spatial distribution. The extent of these outbreaks has however remained unclear due to nonoptimal assays. Using latent class methods, we estimate that 7% to 15% of notified cases were Yersinia pestis-infected. Overreporting was highest during the peak of the outbreak and lowest in the rural settings endemic to Y. pestis. Molecular biology methods offered the best compromise between sensitivity and specificity. The specificity of the rapid diagnostic test was relatively low (PP: 82%, BP: 85%), particularly for use in contexts with large quantities of misclassified cases. Comparison with data from a subsequent seasonal Y. pestis outbreak in 2018 reveal better test performance (BP: specificity 99%, sensitivity: 91%), indicating that factors related to the response to a large, explosive outbreak may well have affected test performance. We used our framework to optimize the case classification and derive consolidated epidemic trends. Our approach may help reduce uncertainties in other outbreaks where diagnostics are imperfect.
Asunto(s)
Epidemias , Peste , Yersinia pestis , Brotes de Enfermedades , Humanos , Madagascar/epidemiología , Peste/diagnóstico , Peste/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Pneumonic plague (PP) is characterized by high infection rate, person-to-person transmission, and rapid progression to severe disease. In 2017, a PP epidemic occurred in 2 Madagascar urban areas, Antananarivo and Toamasina. We used epidemiologic data and Yersinia pestis genomic characterization to determine the sources of this epidemic. Human plague emerged independently from environmental reservoirs in rural endemic foci >20 times during August-November 2017. Confirmed cases from 5 emergences, including 4 PP cases, were documented in urban areas. Epidemiologic and genetic analyses of cases associated with the first emergence event to reach urban areas confirmed that transmission started in August; spread to Antananarivo, Toamasina, and other locations; and persisted in Antananarivo until at least mid-November. Two other Y. pestis lineages may have caused persistent PP transmission chains in Antananarivo. Multiple Y. pestis lineages were independently introduced to urban areas from several rural foci via travel of infected persons during the epidemic.
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Epidemias , Peste , Yersinia pestis , Humanos , Peste/epidemiología , Yersinia pestis/genética , Madagascar/epidemiología , GenómicaRESUMEN
Thirty-three Yersinia strains previously characterized by the French Yersinia National Reference Laboratory (YNRL) and isolated from humans and animals were suspected to belong to six novel species by a recently described core genome multilocus sequence typing scheme. These strains and five additional strains from the YNRL were characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach including a phylogenetic analysis based on 500 core genes, determination of average nucleotide identity (ANI), determination of DNA G+C content and identification of phenotypic features. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the 38 studied strains formed six well-demarcated clades. ANI values between these clades and their closest relatives were <94.7â% and ANI values within each putative novel species were >97.5â%. Distinctive biochemical characteristics were identified in five out of the six novel species. All of these data demonstrated that the 38 strains belong to six novel species of the genus Yersinia: Yersinia artesiana sp. nov., type strain IP42281T (=CIP 111845T=DSM 110725T); Yersinia proxima sp. nov., type strain IP37424T (=CIP 111847T=DSM 110727T); Yersinia alsatica sp. nov., type strain IP38850T (=CIP 111848T=DSM 110726T); Yersinia vastinensis sp. nov., type strain IP38594T (=CIP 111844T=DSM 110738T); Yersinia thracica sp. nov., type strain IP34646T (=CIP 111842T=DSM 110736T); and Yersinia occitanica sp. nov., type strain IP35638T (=CIP 111843T=DSM 110739T).
Asunto(s)
Filogenia , Yersinia/clasificación , Animales , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Composición de Base , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Ácidos Grasos/química , Heces/microbiología , Humanos , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Yersinia/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Yersinia enterocolitica is an aero-anaerobic Gram-negative coccobacilli of the Enterobacteriaceae family, rarely reported in osteoarticular infection. CASE PRESENTATION: This report case described a rare septic osteoarticular infection on device due to Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1B. A purulent fistula appeared after osteosynthesis with plate performed abroad 27 days prior to the presentation for a distal femoral fracture. The treatment consisted of surgical irrigation and washing of the femoral plate and a bitherapy by levoflaxacine and ceftriaxone during 3 months. CONCLUSION: Y. enterocolitica biotype 1B is extremely rare in France. Moreover, the strain implicated in this european case is extremely close from the USA reference strain (with only 2 SNP difference) described in a septicemia in Ohio. The extreme proximity of the strains underlines the need for a sustained surveillance of the spread of this pathogen in France.
Asunto(s)
Artritis Infecciosa/microbiología , Placas Óseas , Infecciones Relacionadas con Prótesis/microbiología , Yersiniosis/microbiología , Yersinia enterocolitica/patogenicidad , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Fracturas del Fémur/cirugía , Francia , Humanos , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Ohio , Yersinia enterocolitica/genéticaRESUMEN
Plague is a vector-borne disease caused by Yersinia pestis. Transmitted by fleas from rodent reservoirs, Y. pestis emerged <6000 years ago from an enteric bacterial ancestor through events of gene gain and genome reduction. It is a highly remarkable model for the understanding of pathogenic bacteria evolution, and a major concern for public health as highlighted by recent human outbreaks. A complex set of virulence determinants, including the Yersinia outer-membrane proteins (Yops), the broad-range protease Pla, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and iron capture systems play critical roles in the molecular strategies that Y. pestis employs to subvert the human immune system, allowing unrestricted bacterial replication in lymph nodes (bubonic plague) and in lungs (pneumonic plague). Some of these immunogenic proteins as well as the capsular antigen F1 are exploited for diagnostic purposes, which are critical in the context of the rapid onset of death in the absence of antibiotic treatment (less than a week for bubonic plague and <48 h for pneumonic plague). Here, we review recent research advances on Y. pestis evolution, virulence factor function, bacterial strategies to subvert mammalian innate immune responses, vaccination, and problems associated with pneumonic plague diagnosis.
Asunto(s)
Peste/microbiología , Yersinia pestis/patogenicidad , Animales , Evolución Molecular , Humanos , Peste/diagnóstico , Peste/epidemiología , Peste/terapia , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Yersinia pestis/genética , Yersinia pestis/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a skin disease characterized by recurrent nodules or abscesses and chronic suppurating lesions. In the absence of clear pathophysiology, HS is considered to be an inflammatory disease and has no satisfactory medical treatment. Recently, prolonged antimicrobial treatments were shown to improve or resolve HS lesions. We prospectively studied the microbiology of 102 HS lesions sampled from 82 patients using prolonged bacterial cultures and bacterial metagenomics on 6 samples. Staphylococcus lugdunensis was cultured as a unique or predominant isolate from 58% of HS nodules and abscesses, and a polymicrobial anaerobic microflora comprising strict anaerobes, milleri group streptococci, and actinomycetes was found in 24% of abscesses or nodules and in 87% of chronic suppurating lesions. These data show that bacteria known to cause soft tissue and skin infections are associated with HS lesions. Whether these pathogens are the cause of the lesions or are secondary infectious agents, these findings support targeted antimicrobial treatment of HS.
Asunto(s)
Hidradenitis Supurativa/epidemiología , Hidradenitis Supurativa/microbiología , Bacterias Anaerobias/clasificación , Bacterias Anaerobias/genética , Bacterias Anaerobias/aislamiento & purificación , Biodiversidad , Francia/epidemiología , Humanos , MetagenómicaRESUMEN
Enteric yersiniosis, the third most common food-borne zoonosis in Europe, is mainly caused by the pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica. In France, the yersiniosis microbiological surveillance is conducted at the Yersinia National Reference Laboratory (YNRL). Since 2017, isolates have been characterized by whole genome sequencing (WGS) followed by a 500-gene Yersinia-cgMLST. We report here the data of the WGS-based surveillance on Y. enterocolitica isolates for the 2017-2021 period. The YNRL characterized 7,642 Y. enterocolitica strains distributed in 2,497 non-pathogenic isolates from lineages 1Aa and 1Ab, and 5,145 specimens belonging to 8 pathogenic lineages. Among pathogenic isolates, lineage 4 was the most common (87.2%) followed by lineages 2/3-9b (10.6%), 2/3-5a (1.2%), 2/3-9a (0.6%), 3-3b, 3-3c, 1B, and 3-3d (0.1% per each). Importantly, we developed a routine surveillance system based on a new typing method consisting of a 1,727-genes core genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (cgMLST) specific to the species Y. enterocolitica followed by isolate clustering. Thresholds of allelic distances (AD) were determined and fixed for the clustering of isolates: AD ≤ 5 for lineages 4, 2/3-5a, and 2/3-9a, and AD ≤ 3 for lineage 2/3-9b. Clustering programs were implemented in 2019 in routine surveillance to detect genomic clusters of pathogenic isolates. In total, 419 clusters with at least 2 isolates were identified, representing 2,504 of the 3,503 isolates characterized between 2019 and 2021. Most clusters (n = 325) comprised 2 to 5 isolates. The new typing method proved to be useful for the molecular investigation of unusual grouping of cases as well as for the detection of genomic clusters in routine surveillance. IMPORTANCE: We describe here the new typing method used for molecular surveillance of Yersinia enterocolitica infections in France based on a novel core genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (cgMLST) specific to Y. enterocolitica species. This method can reliably identify the pathogenic Y. enterocolitica subspecies and compare the isolates with a high discriminatory power. Between 2017 and 2021, 5,145 pathogenic isolates belonging to 8 lineages were characterized and lineage 4 was by far the most common followed by lineage 2/3-9b. A clustering program was implemented, and detection thresholds were cross-validated by the molecular and epidemiological investigation of three unusual groups of Y. enterocolitica infections. The routine molecular surveillance system has been able to detect genomic clusters, leading to epidemiological investigations.
Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Yersiniosis , Yersinia enterocolitica , Yersinia enterocolitica/genética , Yersinia enterocolitica/aislamiento & purificación , Yersinia enterocolitica/clasificación , Yersiniosis/epidemiología , Yersiniosis/microbiología , Humanos , Francia/epidemiología , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus/métodos , Filogenia , Genoma Bacteriano/genética , Genómica/métodos , Monitoreo EpidemiológicoRESUMEN
Between 2018 and 2019, 309 environmental and food samples were collected from two industrial cheese-making plants located in Sardinia, in order to investigate Y. enterocolitica presence and to characterize the isolates. Y. enterocolitica isolates were further compared with isolates detected during a previous investigation from sheep and goat raw milk samples. Y. enterocolitica was detected in 7.4 % of the samples and the prevalence was higher, even if not significantly (P > 0.05) higher in non-food contact surface samples (10.2 %) than in food contact surface samples (3.8 %). The highest prevalence was detected in floor samples (13.5 %), followed by drain samples (7.2 %), which might serve as main harborage sites for further contamination. Y. enterocolitica was also detected in food contact surfaces, namely shelves of the Ricotta cooling room and packaging room, one cheese cutting machine surface and one raw milk filter sample. The biotype 1A isolates identified in this study were classified into six different serotypes. Additionally, a bioserotype 2/O:5,27 isolate was identified in one goat milk sample. All 1A isolates possessed the virulence genes invA and ystB while the 2/O:5,27 isolate showed the presence of ail, ystA, invA and yadA genes, thus confirming a pathogenic potential. The isolates showed intrinsic resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ticarcillin and cefoxitin due to the presence of the blaA gene. Whole genome sequencing allowed to identify seven different sequence types among the 1A isolates, thus showing a high genetic diversity. The same Y. enterocolitica sequence type (ST3) was detected from three different areas of the same cheese-making plant, indicating a possible transfer of the microorganism along the processing lines. Y. enterocolitica contamination in cheese-making plants can pose a risk to human health. Preventive measures include the hygienic design of the plant layout and equipment, in association with proper cleaning and disinfection programmes.
Asunto(s)
Queso , Yersiniosis , Yersinia enterocolitica , Humanos , Animales , Ovinos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Virulencia/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Cabras , Yersiniosis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an enteric pathogen causing mild enteritis that can lead to mesenteric adenitis in children and septicemia in elderly patients. Most cases are sporadic, but outbreaks have already been described in different countries. We report for the first time a Y. pseudotuberculosis clonal outbreak in France, that occurred in 2020. An epidemiological investigation based on food queries pointed toward the consumption of tomatoes as the suspected source of infection. The Yersinia National Reference Laboratory (YNRL) developed a new cgMLST scheme with 1,921 genes specific to Y. pseudotuberculosis that identified the clustering of isolates associated with the outbreak and allowed to perform molecular typing in real time. In addition, this method allowed to retrospectively identify isolates belonging to this cluster from earlier in 2020. This method, which does not require specific bioinformatic skills, is now used systematically at the YNRL and proves to display an excellent discriminatory power and is available to the scientific community. IMPORTANCE We describe in here a novel core-genome MLST method that allowed to identify in real time, and for the first time in France, a Y. pseudotuberculosis clonal outbreak that took place during the summer 2020 in Corsica. Our method allows to support epidemiological and microbiological investigations to establish a link between patients infected with closely associated Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates, and to identify the potential source of infection. In addition, we made this method available for the scientific community.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Yersinia pseudotuberculosis , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis , Anciano , Niño , Brotes de Enfermedades , Humanos , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus/métodos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/genética , Infecciones por Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/epidemiología , Infecciones por Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/microbiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Antibiotics have been shown to improve hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) patients but complete remission is rare using these treatments. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of a combination of oral rifampin, moxifloxacin and metronidazole in long-lasting refractory HS. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 28 consecutive HS patients including 6, 10 and 12 Hurley stage 1, 2 and 3 patients, respectively. Complete remission, defined as a clearance of all inflammatory lesions including hypertrophic scars, was the main outcome criterion of the study. RESULTS: Complete remission was obtained in 16 patients, including 6/6, 8/10 and 2/12 patients with Hurley stage 1, 2 and 3, respectively (p=0.0004). The median duration of treatment to obtain complete remission was 2.4 (range 0.9-6.5) and 3.8 months (range 1.6-7.4) in stage 1 and 2 patients, respectively, and 6.2 and 12 months in the 2 stage 3 patients. Main adverse events of the treatments were gastrointestinal disorders (64% of patients) and vaginal candidiasis (35% of females). Reversible tendinopathy and hepatitis occurred in 4 and 1 patient, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Complete remission of refractory HS can be obtained using broad-spectrum antibiotics and Hurley staging is a prognostic factor of response to the treatment.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Antibióticos Antituberculosos/uso terapéutico , Compuestos Aza/uso terapéutico , Hidradenitis Supurativa/tratamiento farmacológico , Metronidazol/uso terapéutico , Quinolinas/uso terapéutico , Rifampin/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Antiinfecciosos/efectos adversos , Antibióticos Antituberculosos/efectos adversos , Compuestos Aza/efectos adversos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Fluoroquinolonas , Hidradenitis Supurativa/patología , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Metronidazol/efectos adversos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Moxifloxacino , Pronóstico , Quinolinas/efectos adversos , Recurrencia , Inducción de Remisión , Estudios Retrospectivos , Rifampin/efectos adversos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended for people at frequent or increased risk of professional exposure to lyssavirus (including rabies virus). PrEP provides protection against unrecognized exposure. After the primary vaccination, one's immune response against rabies may decline over time. We aimed to evaluate the immune response to rabies in individuals immunized for occupational reasons before and after a booster dose of the rabies vaccine. With this aim, we retrospectively documented factors associated with an inadequate response in individuals vaccinated for occupational purposes. Our findings analyzed data from 498 vaccinated individuals and found that 17.2% of participants had an inadequate antibody titration documented after their primary vaccination without the booster, while inadequate response after an additional booster of the vaccine was evidenced in 0.5% of tested participants. This study showed that a single booster dose of vaccine after PrEP conferred a high and long-term immune response in nearly all individuals except for rare, low responders. A systematic rabies booster after primary vaccination may result in alleviating the monitoring strategy of post-PrEP antibody titers among exposed professionals.
RESUMEN
Yersiniosis was the fourth reported zoonosis in the European Union in 2018. As well-known, pigs are recognized important reservoirs of Yersinia enterocolitica. The study was focused on Y. enterocolitica detection in mesenteric lymph nodes and faeces of 305 wild boars, but Yersinia bercovieri was more common, being isolated from 108 animals (35.4%). Cold season (p = 1.17 × 10-5) and young age (p = 0.004) significantly increased Y. bercovieri detection. Y. enterocolitica 1A belonging to six serotypes (O:4.32-4.33; O:5; O:6.30-6.31; O:7.8-8-8.19; O:10-34; O:12.25-12.26) was isolated from 8.2% (25/305) of the animals. Cold season significantly affected (p = 0.037) Y. enterocolitica detection.
Asunto(s)
Animales Salvajes/microbiología , Sus scrofa/microbiología , Yersiniosis/epidemiología , Yersinia enterocolitica/aislamiento & purificación , Yersinia/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Italia , Estaciones del Año , Yersiniosis/veterinariaRESUMEN
Plague is a vector-borne disease caused by Yersinia pestis. Transmitted by fleas from rodent reservoirs, Y. pestis emerged less than 6000 years ago from an enteric bacterial ancestor through events of gene gain and genome reduction. It is a highly remarkable model for the understanding of pathogenic bacteria evolution, and a major concern for public health as highlighted by recent human outbreaks. A complex set of virulence determinants, including the Yersinia outer membrane proteins (Yops), the broad range protease Pla, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and iron capture systems play critical roles in the molecular strategies that Y. pestis employs to subvert the human immune system, allowing unrestricted bacterial replication in lymph nodes (bubonic plague) and in lungs (pneumonic plague). Some of these immunogenic proteins as well as the capsular antigen F1 are exploited for diagnostic purposes, which are critical in the context of the rapid onset of death in the absence of antibiotic treatment (less than a week for bubonic plague and less than 48 h for pneumonic plague). In here, we review recent research advances on Y. pestis evolution, virulence factors function, bacterial strategies to subvert mammalian innate immune responses, vaccination and problems associated to pneumonic plague diagnosis.
RESUMEN
The genus Yersinia comprises species that differ widely in their pathogenic potential and public-health significance. Yersinia pestis is responsible for plague, while Yersinia enterocolitica is a prominent enteropathogen. Strains within some species, including Y. enterocolitica, also vary in their pathogenic properties. Phenotypic identification of Yersinia species is time-consuming, labour-intensive and may lead to incorrect identifications. Here, we developed a method to automatically identify and subtype all Yersinia isolates from their genomic sequence. A phylogenetic analysis of Yersinia isolates based on a core subset of 500 shared genes clearly demarcated all existing Yersinia species and uncovered novel, yet undefined Yersinia taxa. An automated taxonomic assignment procedure was developed using species-specific thresholds based on core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). The performance of this method was assessed on 1843 isolates prospectively collected by the French National Surveillance System and analysed in parallel using phenotypic reference methods, leading to nearly complete (1814; 98.4 %) agreement at species and infra-specific (biotype and serotype) levels. For 29 isolates, incorrect phenotypic assignments resulted from atypical biochemical characteristics or lack of phenotypic resolution. To provide an identification tool, a database of cgMLST profiles and reference taxonomic information has been made publicly accessible (https://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/yersinia). Genomic sequencing-based identification and subtyping of any Yersinia is a powerful and reliable novel approach to define the pathogenic potential of isolates of this medically important genus.
Asunto(s)
Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus/métodos , Yersinia , Conjuntos de Datos como Asunto , Genoma Bacteriano , Genotipo , Filogenia , Estándares de Referencia , Yersinia/clasificación , Yersinia/genética , Yersinia/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Madagascar accounts for 75% of global plague cases reported to WHO, with an annual incidence of 200-700 suspected cases (mainly bubonic plague). In 2017, a pneumonic plague epidemic of unusual size occurred. The extent of this epidemic provides a unique opportunity to better understand the epidemiology of pneumonic plagues, particularly in urban settings. METHODS: Clinically suspected plague cases were notified to the Central Laboratory for Plague at Institut Pasteur de Madagascar (Antananarivo, Madagascar), where biological samples were tested. Based on cases recorded between Aug 1, and Nov 26, 2017, we assessed the epidemiological characteristics of this epidemic. Cases were classified as suspected, probable, or confirmed based on the results of three types of diagnostic tests (rapid diagnostic test, molecular methods, and culture) according to 2006 WHO recommendations. FINDINGS: 2414 clinically suspected plague cases were reported, including 1878 (78%) pneumonic plague cases, 395 (16%) bubonic plague cases, one (<1%) septicaemic case, and 140 (6%) cases with unspecified clinical form. 386 (21%) of 1878 notified pneumonic plague cases were probable and 32 (2%) were confirmed. 73 (18%) of 395 notified bubonic plague cases were probable and 66 (17%) were confirmed. The case fatality ratio was higher among confirmed cases (eight [25%] of 32 cases) than probable (27 [8%] of 360 cases) or suspected pneumonic plague cases (74 [5%] of 1358 cases) and a similar trend was seen for bubonic plague cases (16 [24%] of 66 confirmed cases, four [6%] of 68 probable cases, and six [2%] of 243 suspected cases). 351 (84%) of 418 confirmed or probable pneumonic plague cases were concentrated in Antananarivo, the capital city, and Toamasina, the main seaport. All 50 isolated Yersinia pestis strains were susceptible to the tested antibiotics. INTERPRETATION: This predominantly urban plague epidemic was characterised by a large number of notifications in two major urban areas and an unusually high proportion of pneumonic forms, with only 23% having one or more positive laboratory tests. Lessons about clinical and biological diagnosis, case definition, surveillance, and the logistical management of the response identified in this epidemic are crucial to improve the response to future plague outbreaks. FUNDING: US Agency for International Development, WHO, Institut Pasteur, US Department of Health and Human Services, Laboratoire d'Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Models of Infectious Disease Agent Study of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, AXA Research Fund, and the INCEPTION programme.
Asunto(s)
Epidemias , Peste/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Ciudades/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Madagascar/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Peste/diagnóstico , Yersinia pestis/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The efficacy of fluconazole was evaluated in 35 travelers with parasitologically proven imported Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Leishmania major (mainly MON-25) was identified in 15 patients and strongly suspected given the transmission area in 12 of these patients. Daily oral fluconazole (200 mg/day for adults and 2.5 mg/kg/day for children) was prescribed for six weeks. Outcome definition was based on re-epithelialization rate at day 50. Of the 27 L. major-infected patients, 12 (44.4%) were cured. This cure rate is similar to the placebo cure rate from trials in L. major CL in which, as in the present report, the definition of outcome relied exclusively on re-epithelialization. These data question the assumption that oral fluconazole is consistently effective for treatment of CL caused by L. major.
Asunto(s)
Antiparasitarios/uso terapéutico , Evolución Biológica , Fluconazol/uso terapéutico , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/tratamiento farmacológico , Viaje , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Antiparasitarios/efectos adversos , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Fluconazol/efectos adversos , Humanos , Lactante , Leishmania/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
A patient with an ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis of the pinna had suppurative otochondritis after a first unsuccessful course of treatment with meglumine antimoniate. Although the Leishmania ulceration healed after a second course of meglumine antimoniate, and despite three oral dicloxacillin or pristinamycin courses, the otochondritis extended and an abscess developed. Pus from the abscess revealed a pure culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Five days of oral ciprofloxacin plus rifampin led to a marked improvement. The P. aeruginosa isolate was sensitive to ciprofloxacin but fully resistant to rifampin. Healing with minimal mutilation was obtained at the end of a six-week course of multiple antibiotic therapy. Pseudomonas aeruginosa otochondritis was a co-factor of cartilage mutilation in this patient. Thus, infection with P. aeruginosa should be promptly treated when present in tender cutaneous or mucosal leishmaniasis lesions near cartilaginous areas.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapéutico , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/complicaciones , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/complicaciones , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/tratamiento farmacológico , Rifampin/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Animales , Antimonio/administración & dosificación , Antiprotozoarios/administración & dosificación , Cartílago/microbiología , Cartílago/parasitología , Cartílago/patología , Oído Externo/microbiología , Oído Externo/parasitología , Oído Externo/patología , Humanos , Inmunocompetencia , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/diagnóstico , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Meglumina/administración & dosificación , Antimoniato de Meglumina , Compuestos Organometálicos/administración & dosificación , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Plague was one of the most devastating diseases of human history until vaccination and antibiotic therapy considerably reduced the number of cases. Nowadays plague tends to be considered a disease of ancient times. However the disease has never disappeared and persists in its animal reservoir. Natural endemic foci still remain in three continents and other foci that were considered cleared of plague re-emerge. Plague importation may also occur everywhere in the world. The two main clinical forms are the bubonic plague and the pneumonic plague. If not treated by appropriate antibiotics, the mortality rate is 40-70% for the bubonic form and 100% for the pneumonic form. A prompt clinical diagnosis is essential. If plague is suspected, antibiotics are given immediately after clinical samples are taken and diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of Yersinia pestis in the samples.
La réémergence de la peste. La peste a été une des maladies les plus mortifères de l'histoire de l'humanité jusqu'à l'arrivée de la vaccination et des antibiotiques qui en ont fait chuté considérablement le nombre de cas. Elle est faussement considérée de nos jours comme une maladie du passé. Elle n'a en effet pas disparu et continue à évoluer à bas bruit dans son réservoir animal. Des foyers naturels persistent sur trois continents et d'autres foyers que l'on croyait éteints émergent à nouveau. L'importation de la peste est de plus toujours possible dans tous les pays du monde. La peste se présente sous deux formes cliniques principales : bubonique et pulmonaire. Sans traitement, la mortalité est de 40 à 70 % dans la forme bubonique et de 100 % dans la forme pulmonaire. La précocité du diagnostic clinique est primordiale pour la survie du patient. Face à une suspicion de peste, l'antibiothérapie est débutée dès que les échantillons biologiques ont été prélevés. Le diagnostic est confirmé par la présence de Yersinia pestis dans les prélèvements.
Asunto(s)
Peste , Yersinia pestis , Animales , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Peste/diagnóstico , Peste/tratamiento farmacológico , Peste/epidemiología , VacunaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to exploit the extensive database on strains of Yersinia collected over more than 50 years in France in order to gain an overview of yersiniosis and potential sources of contamination in this country. METHODS: The 19 670 strains of Yersinia of human, animal, environmental, and food origin isolated in France were grouped by species, biotype, and serotype. RESULTS: Most human strains (59%) were pathogenic, with a marked predominance of Yersinia enterocolitica bioserotype 4/O:3 (66.8%), followed by Y. enterocolitica 2/O:9 (23.8%) and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (6.1%). Pigs and pork meat were the nearly exclusive sources of Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3. Other pathogenic strains were rarely isolated from food or environmental samples (0.2%). The major source of pathogenic Yersinia was the animal reservoir, with a remarkable association between Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 and pigs, Y. pseudotuberculosis and wildlife, Y. enterocolitica 2/O:9 and grazing farm animals, Y. enterocolitica 5/O:2,3 and hares, and Y. enterocolitica 3/O:1,2,3 and chinchillas. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of human infection caused by certain Yersinia subgroups might be related to the frequency of exposure to specific animal sources. In contrast, non-pathogenic Yersinia were commonly isolated from foodstuffs and the environment, most probably accounting for the abundance of non-pathogenic Yersinia recovered from human stools.
Asunto(s)
Carne Roja/microbiología , Yersiniosis/microbiología , Yersinia enterocolitica/aislamiento & purificación , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Bases de Datos Factuales , Ambiente , Heces/microbiología , Francia/epidemiología , Humanos , Porcinos , Yersiniosis/epidemiología , Infecciones por Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/epidemiología , Infecciones por Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/microbiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Animal control measures in Latin America have decreased the incidence of urban human rabies transmitted by dogs and cats; currently most cases of human rabies are transmitted by bats. In 2004-2005, rabies outbreaks in populations living in rural Brazil prompted widespread vaccination of exposed and at-risk populations. More than 3,500 inhabitants of Augusto Correa (Pará State) received either post-exposure (PEP) or pre-exposure (PrEP) prophylaxis. This study evaluated the persistence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) annually for 4 years post-vaccination. The aim was to evaluate the impact of rabies PrEP and PEP in a population at risk living in a rural setting to help improve management of vampire bat exposure and provide additional data on the need for booster vaccination against rabies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This prospective study was conducted in 2007 through 2009 in a population previously vaccinated in 2005; study participants were followed-up annually. An RVNA titer >0.5 International Units (IU)/mL was chosen as the threshold of seroconversion. Participants with titers ≤0.5 IU/mL or Equivalent Units (EU)/mL at enrollment or at subsequent annual visits received booster doses of purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV). Adherence of the participants from this Amazonian community to the study protocol was excellent, with 428 of the 509 (84%) who attended the first interview in 2007 returning for the final visit in 2009. The long-term RVNA persistence was good, with 85-88.0% of the non-boosted participants evaluated at each yearly follow-up visit remaining seroconverted. Similar RVNA persistence profiles were observed in participants originally given PEP or PrEP in 2005, and the GMT of the study population remained >1 IU/mL 4 years after vaccination. At the end of the study, 51 subjects (11.9% of the interviewed population) had received at least one dose of booster since their vaccination in 2005. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study and the events preceding it underscore the need for the health authorities in rabies enzootic countries to decide on the best strategies and timing for the introduction of routine rabies PrEP vaccination in affected areas.