RESUMEN
Several severe respiratory virus infections that have emerged during the past decade originated in animals, including bats. In Indonesia, exposure to bats has been associated with increased risk of acquiring orthoreovirus infection. Although orthoreovirus infections are mild and self-limiting, we explored their potential for evolution into a more virulent form. We used conventional virus culture, electron microscopy, and molecular sequencing to isolate and identify orthoreoviruses from 3 patients in whom respiratory tract infection developed after travel to Indonesia. Virus characterization by plaque-reduction neutralization testing showed antigenic similarity, but sequencing of the small segment genes suggested virus reassortment, which could lead to increased virulence. Bats as a reservoir might contribute to virus evolution and genetic diversity, giving orthoreoviruses the potential to become more virulent. Evolution of this virus should be closely monitored so that prevention and control measures can be taken should it become more virulent.
Asunto(s)
Orthoreovirus/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Reoviridae/virología , Adulto , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/sangre , Células Cultivadas , Perros , Femenino , Células Gigantes/virología , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Orthoreovirus/genética , Orthoreovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Filogenia , Infecciones por Reoviridae/sangre , Infecciones por Reoviridae/inmunología , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Ensayo de Placa Viral , Virulencia , Cultivo de VirusRESUMEN
Surveillance of amantadine and oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses was begun in Hong Kong in 2006. In 2008, while both A/Brisbane/59/2007-like and A/Hong Kong/2652/2006-like viruses (H1N1) were cocirculating, we detected amantadine and oseltamivir resistance among A/Hong Kong/2652/2006-like viruses (H1N1), caused by genetic reassortment or spontaneous mutation.
Asunto(s)
Amantadina/farmacología , Antivirales/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Viral/genética , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Gripe Humana/virología , Oseltamivir/farmacología , Línea Celular , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/genética , Hong Kong , Humanos , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Vigilancia de la Población , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The primary modes of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) appear to be direct mucus membrane contact with infectious droplets and through exposure to formites. Knowledge of the survival characteristics of the virus is essential for formulating appropriate infection-control measures. METHODS: Survival of SARS-CoV strain GVU6109 was studied in stool and respiratory specimens. Survival of the virus on different environmental surfaces, including a laboratory request form, an impervious disposable gown, and a cotton nondisposable gown, was investigated. The virucidal effects of sodium hypochlorite, house detergent, and a peroxygen compound (Virkon S; Antec International) on the virus were also studied. RESULTS: SARS-CoV GVU6109 can survive for 4 days in diarrheal stool samples with an alkaline pH, and it can remain infectious in respiratory specimens for >7 days at room temperature. Even at a relatively high concentration (10(4) tissue culture infective doses/mL), the virus could not be recovered after drying of a paper request form, and its infectivity was shown to last longer on the disposable gown than on the cotton gown. All disinfectants tested were shown to be able to reduce the virus load by >3 log within 5 min. CONCLUSIONS: Fecal and respiratory samples can remain infectious for a long period of time at room temperature. The risk of infection via contact with droplet-contaminated paper is small. Absorbent material, such as cotton, is preferred to nonabsorptive material for personal protective clothing for routine patient care where risk of large spillage is unlikely. The virus is easily inactivated by commonly used disinfectants.