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1.
Nature ; 610(7930): 120-127, 2022 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36131023

RESUMEN

Faculty hiring and retention determine the composition of the US academic workforce and directly shape educational outcomes1, careers2, the development and spread of ideas3 and research priorities4,5. However, hiring and retention are dynamic, reflecting societal and academic priorities, generational turnover and efforts to diversify the professoriate along gender6-8, racial9 and socioeconomic10 lines. A comprehensive study of the structure and dynamics of the US professoriate would elucidate the effects of these efforts and the processes that shape scholarship more broadly. Here we analyse the academic employment and doctoral education of tenure-track faculty at all PhD-granting US universities over the decade 2011-2020, quantifying stark inequalities in faculty production, prestige, retention and gender. Our analyses show universal inequalities in which a small minority of universities supply a large majority of faculty across fields, exacerbated by patterns of attrition and reflecting steep hierarchies of prestige. We identify markedly higher attrition rates among faculty trained outside the United States or employed by their doctoral university. Our results indicate that gains in women's representation over this decade result from demographic turnover and earlier changes made to hiring, and are unlikely to lead to long-term gender parity in most fields. These analyses quantify the dynamics of US faculty hiring and retention, and will support efforts to improve the organization, composition and scholarship of the US academic workforce.


Asunto(s)
Docentes , Selección de Personal , Universidades , Recursos Humanos , Educación de Postgrado/estadística & datos numéricos , Empleo/estadística & datos numéricos , Docentes/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Selección de Personal/estadística & datos numéricos , Grupos Raciales/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estados Unidos , Universidades/estadística & datos numéricos , Mujeres , Recursos Humanos/estadística & datos numéricos
3.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 118(16)2021 04 20.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33850012

RESUMEN

Many social and biological systems are characterized by enduring hierarchies, including those organized around prestige in academia, dominance in animal groups, and desirability in online dating. Despite their ubiquity, the general mechanisms that explain the creation and endurance of such hierarchies are not well understood. We introduce a generative model for the dynamics of hierarchies using time-varying networks, in which new links are formed based on the preferences of nodes in the current network and old links are forgotten over time. The model produces a range of hierarchical structures, ranging from egalitarianism to bistable hierarchies, and we derive critical points that separate these regimes in the limit of long system memory. Importantly, our model supports statistical inference, allowing for a principled comparison of generative mechanisms using data. We apply the model to study hierarchical structures in empirical data on hiring patterns among mathematicians, dominance relations among parakeets, and friendships among members of a fraternity, observing several persistent patterns as well as interpretable differences in the generative mechanisms favored by each. Our work contributes to the growing literature on statistically grounded models of time-varying networks.


Asunto(s)
Jerarquia Social , Conducta Social , Animales , Conducta Animal , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Predominio Social , Red Social
4.
PLoS Comput Biol ; 18(9): e1010451, 2022 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36121879

RESUMEN

Counting the number of species, items, or genes that are shared between two groups, sets, or communities is a simple calculation when sampling is complete. However, when only partial samples are available, quantifying the overlap between two communities becomes an estimation problem. Furthermore, to calculate normalized measures of ß-diversity, such as the Jaccard and Sorenson-Dice indices, one must also estimate the total sizes of the communities being compared. Previous efforts to address these problems have assumed knowledge of total community sizes and then used Bayesian methods to produce unbiased estimates with quantified uncertainty. Here, we address communities of unknown size and show that this produces systematically better estimates-both in terms of central estimates and quantification of uncertainty in those estimates. We further show how to use species, item, or gene count data to refine estimates of community size in a Bayesian joint model of community size and overlap.


Asunto(s)
Teorema de Bayes , Incertidumbre
5.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 116(22): 10729-10733, 2019 05 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31036658

RESUMEN

Faculty at prestigious institutions produce more scientific papers, receive more citations and scholarly awards, and are typically trained at more-prestigious institutions than faculty with less prestigious appointments. This imbalance is often attributed to a meritocratic system that sorts individuals into more-prestigious positions according to their reputation, past achievements, and potential for future scholarly impact. Here, we investigate the determinants of scholarly productivity and measure their dependence on past training and current work environments. To distinguish the effects of these environments, we apply a matched-pairs experimental design to career and productivity trajectories of 2,453 early-career faculty at all 205 PhD-granting computer science departments in the United States and Canada, who together account for over 200,000 publications and 7.4 million citations. Our results show that the prestige of faculty's current work environment, not their training environment, drives their future scientific productivity, while current and past locations drive prominence. Furthermore, the characteristics of a work environment are more predictive of faculty productivity and impact than mechanisms representing preferential selection or retention of more-productive scholars by more-prestigious departments. These results identify an environmental mechanism for cumulative advantage, in which an individual's past successes are "locked in" via placement into a more prestigious environment, which directly facilitates future success. The scientific productivity of early-career faculty is thus driven by where they work, rather than where they trained for their doctorate, indicating a limited role for doctoral prestige in predicting scientific contributions.

6.
J Infect Dis ; 224(8): 1316-1324, 2021 10 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34302469

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic spread to >200 countries in <6 months. To understand coronavirus spread, determining transmission rate and defining factors that increase transmission risk are essential. Most cases are asymptomatic, but people with asymptomatic infection have viral loads indistinguishable from those in symptomatic people, and they do transmit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, asymptomatic cases are often undetected. METHODS: Given high residence hall student density, the University of Colorado Boulder established a mandatory weekly screening test program. We analyzed longitudinal data from 6408 students and identified 116 likely transmission events in which a second roommate tested positive within 14 days of the index roommate. RESULTS: Although the infection rate was lower in single-occupancy rooms (10%) than in multiple-occupancy rooms (19%), interroommate transmission occurred only about 20% of the time. Cases were usually asymptomatic at the time of detection. Notably, individuals who likely transmitted had an average viral load approximately 6.5-fold higher than individuals who did not (mean quantification cycle [Cq], 26.2 vs 28.9). Although students with diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection moved to isolation rooms, there was no difference in time to isolation between cases with or without interroommate transmission. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis argues that interroommate transmission occurs infrequently in residence halls and provides strong correlative evidence that viral load is proportional to transmission probability.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones Asintomáticas/epidemiología , COVID-19/transmisión , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidad , Carga Viral , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/virología , Humanos , Pandemias/prevención & control , Pandemias/estadística & datos numéricos , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , Estudiantes , Adulto Joven
7.
Clin Infect Dis ; 72(9): e412-e414, 2021 05 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32687149

RESUMEN

Various forms of "immune passports" or "antibody certificates" are being considered in conversations around reopening economies after periods of social distancing. A critique of such programs focuses on the uncertainty around whether seropositivity means immunity from repeat infection. However, an additional important consideration is that the low positive predictive value of serological tests in the setting of low population seroprevalence and imperfect test specificity will lead to many false-positive passport holders. Here, we pose a simple question: how many false-positive passports could be issued while maintaining herd immunity in the workforce? Answering this question leads to a simple mathematical formula for the minimum requirements of serological tests for a passport program, which depend on the population prevalence and the value of the basic reproductive number, R0. Our work replaces speculation in the press with rigorous analysis, and will need to be considered in policy decisions that are based on individual and population serology results.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Humanos , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , SARS-CoV-2 , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Pruebas Serológicas
8.
PLoS Comput Biol ; 15(3): e1006898, 2019 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30925165

RESUMEN

Measuring the overlap between two populations is, in principle, straightforward. Upon fully sampling both populations, the number of shared objects-species, taxonomical units, or gene variants, depending on the context-can be directly counted. In practice, however, only a fraction of each population's objects are likely to be sampled due to stochastic data collection or sequencing techniques. Although methods exists for quantifying population overlap under subsampled conditions, their bias is well documented and the uncertainty of their estimates cannot be quantified. Here we derive and validate a method to rigorously estimate the population overlap from incomplete samples when the total number of objects, species, or genes in each population is known, a special case of the more general ß-diversity problem that is particularly relevant in the ecology and genomic epidemiology of malaria. By solving a Bayesian inference problem, this method takes into account the rates of subsampling and produces unbiased and Bayes-optimal estimates of overlap. In addition, it provides a natural framework for computing the uncertainty of its estimates, and can be used prospectively in study planning by quantifying the tradeoff between sampling effort and uncertainty.


Asunto(s)
Teorema de Bayes , Plasmodium falciparum , Plasmodium falciparum/genética , Densidad de Población , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Procesos Estocásticos , Incertidumbre
9.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 114(44): E9216-E9223, 2017 10 31.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29042510

RESUMEN

A scientist may publish tens or hundreds of papers over a career, but these contributions are not evenly spaced in time. Sixty years of studies on career productivity patterns in a variety of fields suggest an intuitive and universal pattern: Productivity tends to rise rapidly to an early peak and then gradually declines. Here, we test the universality of this conventional narrative by analyzing the structures of individual faculty productivity time series, constructed from over 200,000 publications and matched with hiring data for 2,453 tenure-track faculty in all 205 PhD-granting computer science departments in the United States and Canada. Unlike prior studies, which considered only some faculty or some institutions, or lacked common career reference points, here we combine a large bibliographic dataset with comprehensive information on career transitions that covers an entire field of study. We show that the conventional narrative confidently describes only one-fifth of faculty, regardless of department prestige or researcher gender, and the remaining four-fifths of faculty exhibit a rich diversity of productivity patterns. To explain this diversity, we introduce a simple model of productivity trajectories and explore correlations between its parameters and researcher covariates, showing that departmental prestige predicts overall individual productivity and the timing of the transition from first- to last-author publications. These results demonstrate the unpredictability of productivity over time and open the door for new efforts to understand how environmental and individual factors shape scientific productivity.


Asunto(s)
Docentes/estadística & datos numéricos , Publicaciones/estadística & datos numéricos , Edición/estadística & datos numéricos , Investigadores/estadística & datos numéricos , Movilidad Laboral , Eficiencia , Humanos , Narración
11.
Chaos ; 28(10): 103115, 2018 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30384653

RESUMEN

It is widely appreciated that balanced excitation and inhibition are necessary for proper function in neural networks. However, in principle, balance could be achieved by many possible configurations of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic strengths and relative numbers of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. For instance, a given level of excitation could be balanced by either numerous inhibitory neurons with weak synapses or a few inhibitory neurons with strong synapses. Among the continuum of different but balanced configurations, why should any particular configuration be favored? Here, we address this question in the context of the entropy of network dynamics by studying an analytically tractable network of binary neurons. We find that entropy is highest at the boundary between excitation-dominant and inhibition-dominant regimes. Entropy also varies along this boundary with a trade-off between high and robust entropy: weak synapse strengths yield high network entropy which is fragile to parameter variations, while strong synapse strengths yield a lower, but more robust, network entropy. In the case where inhibitory and excitatory synapses are constrained to have similar strength, we find that a small, but non-zero fraction of inhibitory neurons, like that seen in mammalian cortex, results in robust and relatively high entropy.

12.
Infect Immun ; 83(1): 276-85, 2015 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25368109

RESUMEN

As the intensity of malaria transmission has declined, Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations have displayed decreased clonal diversity resulting from the emergence of many parasites with common genetic signatures (CGS). We have monitored such CGS parasite clusters from 2006 to 2013 in Thiès, Senegal, using the molecular barcode. The first, and one of the largest observed clusters of CGS parasites, was present in 24% of clinical isolates in 2008, declined to 3.4% of clinical isolates in 2009, and then disappeared. To begin to explore the relationship between the immune responses of the population and the emergence and decline of specific parasite genotypes, we have determined whether antibodies to CGS parasites correlate with their prevalence. We measured (i) antibodies capable of inhibiting parasite growth in culture and (ii) antibodies recognizing the surfaces of infected erythrocytes (RBCs). IgG obtained from volunteers in 2009 showed increased reactivity to the surfaces of CGS-parasitized erythrocytes over IgG from 2008. Since P. falciparum EMP-1 (PfEMP-1) is a major variant surface antigen, we used var Ups quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and sequencing with degenerate DBL1α domain primers to characterize the var genes expressed by CGS parasites after short-term in vitro culture. CGS parasites show upregulation of UpsA var genes and 2-cysteine-containing PfEMP-1 molecules and express the same dominant var transcript. Our work indicates that the CGS parasites in this cluster express similar var genes, more than would be expected by chance in the population, and that there is year-to-year variation in immune recognition of surface antigens on CGS parasite-infected erythrocytes. This study lays the groundwork for detailed investigations of the mechanisms driving the expansion or contraction of specific parasite clones in the population.


Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Antígenos de Protozoos/inmunología , Malaria Falciparum/inmunología , Plasmodium falciparum/inmunología , Antígenos de Protozoos/genética , Análisis por Conglomerados , Código de Barras del ADN Taxonómico , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Malaria Falciparum/epidemiología , Malaria Falciparum/transmisión , Plasmodium falciparum/clasificación , Plasmodium falciparum/genética , Proteínas Protozoarias/genética , Proteínas Protozoarias/inmunología , Senegal/epidemiología
13.
Phys Rev Lett ; 112(13): 138103, 2014 Apr 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24745460

RESUMEN

The collective dynamics of a network of excitable nodes changes dramatically when inhibitory nodes are introduced. We consider inhibitory nodes which may be activated just like excitatory nodes but, upon activating, decrease the probability of activation of network neighbors. We show that, although the direct effect of inhibitory nodes is to decrease activity, the collective dynamics becomes self-sustaining. We explain this counterintuitive result by defining and analyzing a "branching function" which may be thought of as an activity-dependent branching ratio. The shape of the branching function implies that, for a range of global coupling parameters, dynamics are self-sustaining. Within the self-sustaining region of parameter space lies a critical line along which dynamics take the form of avalanches with universal scaling of size and duration, embedded in a ceaseless time series of activity. Our analyses, confirmed by numerical simulation, suggest that inhibition may play a counterintuitive role in excitable networks.


Asunto(s)
Modelos Teóricos , Simulación por Computador , Procesos Estocásticos
14.
PLoS Comput Biol ; 9(10): e1003268, 2013.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24130474

RESUMEN

The var genes of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum present a challenge to population geneticists due to their extreme diversity, which is generated by high rates of recombination. These genes encode a primary antigen protein called PfEMP1, which is expressed on the surface of infected red blood cells and elicits protective immune responses. Var gene sequences are characterized by pronounced mosaicism, precluding the use of traditional phylogenetic tools that require bifurcating tree-like evolutionary relationships. We present a new method that identifies highly variable regions (HVRs), and then maps each HVR to a complex network in which each sequence is a node and two nodes are linked if they share an exact match of significant length. Here, networks of var genes that recombine freely are expected to have a uniformly random structure, but constraints on recombination will produce network communities that we identify using a stochastic block model. We validate this method on synthetic data, showing that it correctly recovers populations of constrained recombination, before applying it to the Duffy Binding Like-α (DBLα) domain of var genes. We find nine HVRs whose network communities map in distinctive ways to known DBLα classifications and clinical phenotypes. We show that the recombinational constraints of some HVRs are correlated, while others are independent. These findings suggest that this micromodular structuring facilitates independent evolutionary trajectories of neighboring mosaic regions, allowing the parasite to retain protein function while generating enormous sequence diversity. Our approach therefore offers a rigorous method for analyzing evolutionary constraints in var genes, and is also flexible enough to be easily applied more generally to any highly recombinant sequences.


Asunto(s)
Biología Computacional/métodos , Plasmodium falciparum/genética , Proteínas Protozoarias/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/métodos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Simulación por Computador , Variación Genética/genética , Humanos , Malaria Falciparum/parasitología , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Alineación de Secuencia , Procesos Estocásticos
15.
medRxiv ; 2024 Mar 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37808825

RESUMEN

A fundamental question of any program focused on the testing and timely diagnosis of a communicable disease is its effectiveness in reducing transmission. Here, we introduce testing effectiveness (TE)-the fraction by which testing and post-diagnosis isolation reduce transmission at the population scale-and a model that incorporates test specifications and usage, within-host pathogen dynamics, and human behaviors to estimate TE. Using TE to guide recommendations, we show that today's rapid diagnostics should be used immediately upon symptom onset to control influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), but delayed by up to 2d to control omicron-era SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, while rapid tests are superior to RT-qPCR for control of founder-strain SARS-CoV-2, omicron-era changes in viral kinetics and rapid test sensitivity cause a reversal, with higher TE for RT-qPCR despite longer turnaround times. Finally, we illustrate the model's flexibility by quantifying tradeoffs in the use of post-diagnosis testing to shorten isolation times.

16.
Sci Adv ; 10(24): eadk5108, 2024 Jun 14.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38875334

RESUMEN

A fundamental question of any program focused on the testing and timely diagnosis of a communicable disease is its effectiveness in reducing transmission. Here, we introduce testing effectiveness (TE)-the fraction by which testing and post-diagnosis isolation reduce transmission at the population scale-and a model that incorporates test specifications and usage, within-host pathogen dynamics, and human behaviors to estimate TE. Using TE to guide recommendations, we show that today's rapid diagnostics should be used immediately upon symptom onset to control influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus but delayed by up to two days to control omicron-era severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Furthermore, while rapid tests are superior to reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to control founder-strain SARS-CoV-2, omicron-era changes in viral kinetics and rapid test sensitivity cause a reversal, with higher TE for RT-qPCR despite longer turnaround times. Last, we illustrate the model's flexibility by quantifying trade-offs in the use of post-diagnosis testing to shorten isolation times.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/transmisión , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/virología , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/epidemiología , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Prueba de COVID-19/métodos , Enfermedades Transmisibles/transmisión , Enfermedades Transmisibles/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Transmisibles/virología , Gripe Humana/diagnóstico , Gripe Humana/virología , Gripe Humana/transmisión , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/virología , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/transmisión , Modelos Teóricos
17.
Elife ; 132024 Jul 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38984481

RESUMEN

Despite long-running efforts to increase gender diversity among tenured and tenure-track faculty in the U.S., women remain underrepresented in most academic fields, sometimes dramatically so. Here, we quantify the relative importance of faculty hiring and faculty attrition for both past and future faculty gender diversity using comprehensive data on the training and employment of 268,769 tenured and tenure-track faculty rostered at 12,112U.S. PhD-granting departments, spanning 111 academic fields between 2011 and 2020. Over this time, we find that hiring had a far greater impact on women's representation among faculty than attrition in the majority (90.1%) of academic fields, even as academia loses a higher share of women faculty relative to men at every career stage. Finally, we model the impact of five specific policy interventions on women's representation, and project that eliminating attrition differences between women and men only leads to a marginal increase in women's overall representation-in most fields, successful interventions will need to make substantial and sustained changes to hiring in order to reach gender parity.


Asunto(s)
Docentes , Selección de Personal , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Docentes/estadística & datos numéricos , Estados Unidos , Universidades , Sexismo/estadística & datos numéricos , Movilidad Laboral
18.
Front Public Health ; 12: 1408193, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39076420

RESUMEN

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to upgrade systems for infectious disease surveillance and forecasting and modeling of the spread of infection, both of which inform evidence-based public health guidance and policies. Here, we discuss requirements for an effective surveillance system to support decision making during a pandemic, drawing on the lessons of COVID-19 in the U.S., while looking to jurisdictions in the U.S. and beyond to learn lessons about the value of specific data types. In this report, we define the range of decisions for which surveillance data are required, the data elements needed to inform these decisions and to calibrate inputs and outputs of transmission-dynamic models, and the types of data needed to inform decisions by state, territorial, local, and tribal health authorities. We define actions needed to ensure that such data will be available and consider the contribution of such efforts to improving health equity.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , SARS-CoV-2 , Pandemias , Vigilancia de la Población , Salud Pública
19.
J Pers Soc Psychol ; 125(4): 681-698, 2023 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37347899

RESUMEN

Academic fields exhibit substantial levels of gender segregation. Here, we investigated differences in field-specific ability beliefs (FABs) as an explanation for this phenomenon. FABs may contribute to gender segregation to the extent that they portray success as depending on "brilliance" (i.e., exceptional intellectual ability), which is a trait culturally associated with men more than women. Although prior work has documented a relation between academic fields' FABs and their gender composition, it is still unclear what the underlying dynamics are that give rise to gender imbalances across academia as a function of FABs. To provide insight into this issue, we custom-built a new data set by combining information from the author-tracking service Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID) with information from a survey of U.S. academics across 30 fields. Using this expansive longitudinal data set (Ns = 86,879-364,355), we found that women were underrepresented among those who enter fields with brilliance-oriented FABs and overrepresented among those who exit these fields. We also found that FABs' association with women's transitions across academic fields was substantially stronger than their association with men's transitions. With respect to mechanisms, FABs' association with gender segregation was partially explained by the fact that women encounter more prejudice in fields with brilliance-oriented FABs. With its focus on the dynamic patterns shaping segregation and its broad scope in terms of geography, career stage, and historical time, this research makes an important contribution toward understanding the factors driving gender segregation in academia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).


Asunto(s)
Ocupaciones , Sexismo , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Factores Sexuales
20.
Sci Adv ; 9(42): eadi2205, 2023 Oct 20.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37862417

RESUMEN

Women remain underrepresented among faculty in nearly all academic fields. Using a census of 245,270 tenure-track and tenured professors at United States-based PhD-granting departments, we show that women leave academia overall at higher rates than men at every career age, in large part because of strongly gendered attrition at lower-prestige institutions, in non-STEM fields, and among tenured faculty. A large-scale survey of the same faculty indicates that the reasons faculty leave are gendered, even for institutions, fields, and career ages in which retention rates are not. Women are more likely than men to feel pushed from their jobs and less likely to feel pulled toward better opportunities, and women leave or consider leaving because of workplace climate more often than work-life balance. These results quantify the systemic nature of gendered faculty retention; contextualize its relationship with career age, institutional prestige, and field; and highlight the importance of understanding the gendered reasons for attrition rather than focusing on rates alone.

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