Incorporating Wearable Technology for Enhanced Rehabilitation Monitoring after Hip and Knee Replacement.

Osteoarthritis (OA) poses a growing challenge for the aging population, especially in the hip and knee joints, contributing significantly to disability and societal costs. Exploring the integration of wearable technology, this study addresses the limitations of traditional rehabilitation assessments in capturing real-world experiences and dynamic variations. Specifically, it focuses on continuously monitoring physical activity in hip and knee OA patients using automated unsupervised evaluations within the rehabilitation process. We analyzed data from 1144 patients who used a mobile health application after surgery; the activity data were collected using the Garmin Vivofit 4. Several parameters, such as the total number of steps per day, the peak 6-minute consecutive cadence (P6MC) and peak 1-minute cadence (P1M), were computed and analyzed on a daily basis. The results indicated that cadence-based measurements can effectively, and earlier, differ among patients with hip and knee conditions, as well as in the recovery process. Comparisons based on recovery status and type of surgery reveal distinctive trajectories, emphasizing the effectiveness of P6MC and P1M in detecting variations earlier than total steps per day. Furthermore, cadence-based measurements showed a lower inter-day variability (40%) compared to the total number of steps per day (80%). Automated assessments, including P1M and P6MC, offer nuanced insights into the patients' dynamic activity profiles.

Concurrent validity of an immersive virtual reality version of the Box and Block Test to assess manual dexterity among patients with stroke.

BACKGROUND: After a stroke, experts recommend regular monitoring and kinematic assessments of patients to objectively measure motor recovery. With the rise of new technologies and increasing needs for neurorehabilitation, an interest in virtual reality has emerged. In this context, we have developed an immersive virtual reality version of the Box and Block Test (BBT-VR). The aim of this study was to assess the concurrent validity of the BBT-VR among patients with stroke and healthy participants. METHODS: Twenty-three healthy participants and 22 patients with stroke were asked to perform the classical Box and Block Test (BBT) and BBT-VR three times with both hands. Concurrent validity was assessed through correlations between these two tests and reliability of the BBT-VR through correlation on test-retest. Usability of the BBT-VR was also evaluated with the System Usability Scale. Hand kinematic data extracted from controller's 3D position allowed to compute mean velocity (Vmean), peak velocity (Vpeak) and smoothness (SPARC). RESULTS: Results showed strong correlations between the number of blocks displaced with the BBT and the BBT-VR among patients with stroke for affected (r = 0.89; p < 0.001) and less-affected hands (r = 0.76; p < 0.001) and healthy participants for dominant (r = 0.58; p < 0.01) and non-dominant hands (r = 0.68; p < 0.001). Reliability for test-retest was excellent (ICC > 0.8; p < 0.001) and usability almost excellent (System Usability Scale = 79 ± 12.34%). On average participants moved between 30 and 40% less blocks during the BBT-VR than during the BBT. Healthy participants demonstrated significantly higher kinematic measures (Vmean = 0.22 ± 0.086 ms-1; Vpeak = 0.96 ± 0.341 ms-1; SPARC = - 3.31 ± 0.862) than patients with stroke (Vmean = 0.12 ± 0.052 ms-1; Vpeak = 0.60 ± 0.202 ms-1; SPARC = - 5.04[- 7.050 to - 3.682]). CONCLUSION: The BBT-VR is a usable, valid and reliable test to assess manual dexterity, providing kinematic parameters, in a population of patients with stroke and healthy participants. Trial registration http://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT04694833, Date of registration: 11/24/2020.

A Comparison of Genicular Nerve Blockade With Corticosteroids Using Either Classical Anatomical Targets vs Revised Targets for Pain and Function in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: Compare the effectiveness of genicular nerve blockade (GNB) using classical anatomical targets (CT) versus revised targets (RT) in patients suffering from chronic knee osteoarthritis pain. DESIGN: Double-blinded randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Pain medicine center of a teaching hospital. METHODS: We randomly assigned 55 patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis pain to receive a GNB (using a fluid mixture of 2 mL: lidocaine 1% + 20 mg triamcinolone) with either classical targets (CT-group, n = 28) or revised targets (RT-group, n = 27). Numeric rating pain scale (NRS), Oxford knee score (OKS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index score (WOMAC), Quantitative analgesic questionnaire (QAQ) and global perceived effects were assessed at baseline, and at 1-hour, 24-hours, 1, 4, and 12 weeks post-intervention. RESULTS: The RT-group showed greater reduction in NRS mean score at 1-hour post-intervention (2.4 ± 2.1 vs 0.4 ± 0.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) [.0-.8] vs [1.6-3.2], P < .001). The proportion of patients achieving more than 50% knee pain reduction was higher in the RT-group at each follow up interval, yet these differences were statistically significant only at 1-hour post intervention (82.1% [95% CI = 63.1-93.9] vs 100% [95% CI = 97.2-100] P = .02). Both protocols resulted in significant pain reduction and joint function improvement up to 12 weeks post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The revised technique allowed more pain relief as well as greater proportion of successful responders at 1-hour post intervention. The large volume injected during therapeutic GNB could have compensated the lack of precision of the classical anatomical targets, mitigating differences in outcomes between both techniques.

Lower limb kinematics improvement after genicular nerve blockade in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a milestone study using inertial sensors.

BACKGROUND: Genicular nerve blockade is a possible treatment for patients with knee osteoarthritis. Pain relief and improvement in functioning is expected. This procedure could be of major interest for patients in low-income countries where total knee arthroplasty is not available for the population. This study aims at assessing the immediate benefits on pain, gait, and stairs kinematics after a genicular nerve blockade in patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis in Cameroun. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out on 26 subjects in Cameroun. A genicular nerve blockade was performed on 14 women with painful knee osteoarthritis grade 2-4. Lower limb joint angles were recorded with inertial sensors before and 1 h after injection. Patient-reported outcomes of pain and perceived difficulty were collected, as well as 10 m and 6 min walking tests. A reliability analysis of inertial sensors was performed on a sample of 12 healthy subjects by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient and the standard error of measurement. RESULTS: Pain and perceived difficulty decreased significantly (p < 0.001). Cadence increased significantly in stairs climbing (upstairs: + 7.7 steps/min; downstairs: + 7.6 steps/min). There was an improvement for hip sagittal range of motion during gait (+ 9.3°) and pelvis transverse range of motion in walking upstairs (- 3.3°). Angular speed range of the knee in the sagittal plane and of the hip in the frontal plane increased significantly in stairs descent (+ 53.7°/s, + 94.5°/s). CONCLUSIONS: This study quantified improvement of gait and stair climbing immediately after a genicular nerve blockade in patients suffering from knee OA in Cameroon. This is the first study objectifying this effect, through wearable sensors. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Pan African Clinical Trial Registry, PACTR202004822698484 . Registered 28 March 2020 - Retrospectively registered.

Lower Limb Kinematics Using Inertial Sensors during Locomotion: Accuracy and Reproducibility of Joint Angle Calculations with Different Sensor-to-Segment Calibrations.

Inertial measurement unit (IMU) records of human movement can be converted into joint angles using a sensor-to-segment calibration, also called functional calibration. This study aims to compare the accuracy and reproducibility of four functional calibration procedures for the 3D tracking of the lower limb joint angles of young healthy individuals in gait. Three methods based on segment rotations and one on segment accelerations were used to compare IMU records with an optical system for their accuracy and reproducibility. The squat functional calibration movement, offering a low range of motion of the shank, provided the least accurate measurements. A comparable accuracy was obtained in other methods with a root mean square error below 3.6° and an absolute difference in amplitude below 3.4°. The reproducibility was excellent in the sagittal plane (intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.91, standard error of measurement (SEM) < 1.1°), good to excellent in the transverse plane (ICC > 0.87, SEM < 1.1°), and good in the frontal plane (ICC > 0.63, SEM < 1.2°). The better accuracy for proximal joints in calibration movements using segment rotations was traded to distal joints in calibration movements using segment accelerations. These results encourage further applications of IMU systems in unconstrained rehabilitative contexts.

Concurrent Validity of a Commercial Wireless Trunk Triaxial Accelerometer System for Gait Analysis.

CONTEXT: Wearable sensor devices have notable advantages, such as cost-effectiveness, easy to use, and real-time feedback. Wirelessness ensures full-body motion, which is required during movement in a challenging environment such as during sports. Research on the reliability and validity of commercially available systems, however, is indispensable. OBJECTIVE: To confirm the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of a commercially available body-worn sensor-BTS G-WALK® sensor system-for spatiotemporal gait parameters with the GAITRite® walkway system as golden standard. DESIGN: Reliability and concurrent validity study. SETTING: Laboratory setting. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty healthy subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Spatiotemporal parameters: speed, cadence, stride length, stride duration, stance duration, swing duration, double support, and single support. RESULTS: In terms of test-retest reliability of the BTS G-WALK® sensor system, intraclass correlation coefficient values for both the spatial and temporal parameters were excellent between consecutive measurements on the same day with intraclass correlation coefficient values ranging from .85 to .99. In terms of validity, intraclass correlation coefficient values between measurement systems showed excellent levels of agreement for speed, cadence, stride length, and stride duration (range = .88-.97), and showed poor to moderate levels of agreement (range = .12-.47) for single/double support and swing/stance duration. Bland-Altman plots showed overall percentage bias values equal to or smaller than 3% with limits of agreement ≤15% (speed, cadence, stride length, stride duration, swing duration, and stance duration). Only for single and double support, the limits of agreement were higher with, respectively, -15.4% to 19.5% and -48.0% to 51.4%. CONCLUSION: The BTS G-WALK® sensor system is reliable for all measured spatiotemporal parameters. In terms of validity, excellent concurrent validity was shown for speed, cadence, stride length, and stride duration. Cautious interpretation is necessary for temporal parameters based on final foot contact (stance, swing, and single/double support time).

Quick Transition to One Day Length of Stay after Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Using a Digital Follow-Up Tool during COVID-19: A Retrospective Comparative Study.

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for efficient use of hospital infrastructure. The hypothesis was that a rapid shift to outpatient surgery after hip or knee arthroplasty could be implemented without compromising quality of care. The aim of this study was to assess the safety, pain management and patient-reported outcomes before and after the implementation of an accelerated discharge program using a digital follow-up tool. A retrospective cohort design was used to compare 97 patients who received primary total hip or knee arthroplasty during the pandemic (early discharge) to comparable 194 pre-pandemic patients (normal discharge). Both cohorts had the same inclusion criteria and were closely monitored using the digital follow-up tool. The accelerated discharge program reduced length of stay from a median of 3 days (before the pandemic) to a median of 1 day (during the pandemic) (p < 0.001). The complication rate of 2% was the same for both groups (p > 0.05). Patient-reported outcomes for matched samples of hip (n = 100) and knee (n = 82) arthroplasty patients were similar before, at 6 weeks and 3 months after surgery for both groups (p > 0.05). There were no differences in pain and medication consumption for the first 6 weeks (p > 0.05). This study demonstrates that reducing length of stay from three to one night after total knee or hip arthroplasty, with the help of a digital follow-up tool, results in a stable rate of complications, readmission, and comparable clinical outcomes, while reducing the socio-economic burden on the health system.

Severe Postoperative Pain in Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients: Risk Factors, Insights and Implications for Pain Management via a Digital Health Approach.

Up to 25% of patients undergoing knee arthroplasty report chronic pain postoperatively. Early identification of high-risk individuals can enhance pain management strategies. This retrospective analysis investigates the incidence of severe postoperative pain and its associated risk factors among 740 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty. Utilizing a digital application, patients provided comprehensive data encompassing pre- and postoperative pain levels, analgesic usage, and completed a chronic pain risk assessment. Participants were categorized into two distinct groups based on their pain status at three months post-op: Group D+ (14%), characterized by pain scores exceeding 40/100 and/or the utilization of level 2 or 3 analgesics, and Group D- (86%), who did not meet these criteria. An analysis of pain trajectories within these groups revealed a non-linear progression, with specific patterns emerging amongst those predisposed to chronic pain. Notably, patients with a trajectory towards chronic pain exhibited a plateau in pain intensity approximately three weeks post-surgery. Significant preoperative risk factors were identified, including elevated initial pain levels, the presence of comorbidities, pain in other body areas, heightened joint sensitivity and stiffness. This study highlights the utility of digital platforms in enhancing patient care, particularly through the continuous monitoring of pain. Such an approach facilitates the early identification of potential complications and enables timely interventions.

Digital Rehabilitation after Knee Arthroplasty: A Multi-Center Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Rehabilitation for total knee replacement (TKA) often involves in-person therapy sessions, which can be time consuming and costly. Digital rehabilitation has the potential to address these limitations, but most of these systems offer standardized protocols without considering the patient's pain, participation, and speed of recovery. Furthermore, most digital systems lack human support in case of need. The aim of this study was to investigate the engagement, safety, and clinical effectiveness of a personalized and adaptative app-based human-supported digital monitoring and rehabilitation program. In this prospective multi-center longitudinal cohort study, 127 patients were included. Undesired events were managed through a smart alert system. Doctors were triggered when there was a suspicion of problems. The drop-out rate, complications and readmissions, PROMS, and satisfaction were collected through the app. There was only 2% readmission. Doctor actions through the platform potentially avoided 57 consultations (85% of alerts). The adherence to the program was 77%, and 89% of the patients would recommend the use of the program. Personalized human-backed-up digital solutions can help to improve the rehabilitation journey of patients after TKA, lower healthcare-related costs by lowering the complication and readmission rate, and improve patient reported outcomes.

Lombo-sacral joint efforts during gait: comparison between healthy and scoliotic subjects.

INTRODUCTION: The internal efforts in the human body in motion could provide valuable information for the evaluation and follow-up of subjects with musculo-skeletal pathologies, such as scoliosis, but are still difficult to accurately measure. In this context, the objective of this study is to compare the lombo-sacral (L5-S1) joint efforts during gait (i.e.: mediolateral forces, mediolateral torques, and anteroposterior torques) between typically developed adolescents (TDA) and adolescents with left lumbar or thoracolumbar idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), categorized by their Cobb angle (CA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 12 TDA, 10 AIS with CA < 20°, 13 AIS with CA between 20° and 40° as well as 16 AIS in preoperative condition performed gait at 4 km/h on instrumented treadmill. Among the latter group, 8 AIS were evaluated after surgical intervention (participants with at least a diminution of 30° of their CA). The acquisition system measured the human body joint motion via optokinetic sensors, and the ground reaction forces via a treadmill fitted with force sensors. The L5-S1 intervertebral efforts were calculated using a tridimensional inverse dynamical model of the human body. RESULTS: The mediolateral forces were significantly higher for AIS with CA between 20° and 40° and for AIS in pre-operative condition compared to TDA values. But neither mediolateral nor anteroposterior torque was significantly different between groups. After surgical intervention the maximal anteroposterior torque was significantly lower compared to pre-surgical value. CONCLUSION: The participants with severe idiopathic scoliosis present higher L5-S1 mediolateral forces than TDA, which could lead to a supplementary asymmetric vertebra growth modulation and the progression of the scoliotic deformities in the framework of the Hueter-Volkman principle. Further research should include the tridimensional reconstruction of the spine in order to observe differences between categories of AIS patients in terms of dynamical behaviors along the spine.

Predicting physical activity recovery after hip and knee arthroplasty? A longitudinal cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Recovery of physical activity (PA) after telerehabilitation following knee and hip arthroplasty (TKA-THA) has rarely been studied. An improved understanding of PA recovery is needed, as it could be influenced by many factors such as age, gender or pre-operative physical function. OBJECTIVES: To assess PA recovery weekly for 3 months after TKA-THA and to determine perioperative factors that could help predict PA recovery at 3 months. METHODS: From one week before until 3 months after surgery, 132 patients wore a fitness tracker continuously. Each patient received personalized and daily exercises and feedback through a tablet. Before and after surgery, patient-reported outcome measures of symptoms, pain, activities of daily living and quality of life were recorded. A one-way repeated-measure ANOVA was used to assess the time effect on step count for each post-operative week. To predict the absolute step count at 3 months post-surgery, a backward multiple linear regression was used. RESULTS: Patients reached their pre-operative PA level at week 7, with no significant additional improvement by 3 months post-surgery. Pre-operative step count, the number of days using crutches and pre-operative symptoms explained 35% of the variability of step count at 3 months. CONCLUSION: This patient population receiving telerehabilitation reached their pre-operative PA level at 7-week post-surgery with no further improvement over the subsequent 5 weeks. The PA level at 3 months could be predicted by pre-operative step count, duration of crutches use, and pre-operative symptoms.

Variations in Patterns of Muscle Activity Observed in Participants Walking in Everyday Environments: Effect of Different Surfaces.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine variations in lower limb surface electromyography (EMG) activity when individuals walked on different outdoor surfaces and to characterize the different potential motor strategies. Method: Forty healthy adult participants walked at a self-selected speed over asphalt, grass, and pavement. They then walked on an indoor treadmill at the same gait speed as observed for each outdoor condition. The EMG activity of the vastus lateralis (VL), tibialis anterior (TA), biceps femoris (BF), and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) muscles was recorded, and the duration and intensity (root mean square) of EMG burst activity was calculated. Results: Walking on grass resulted in a longer TA burst duration than walking on other outdoor surfaces. Walking on pavement was associated with increased intensity of TA and VL activation compared with the indoor treadmill condition. The variability of EMG intensity for all muscle groups tested (TA, GL, BF, VL) was greatest on grass and lowest on asphalt. Conclusions: The muscle activity patterns of healthy adult participants vary in response to the different qualities of outdoor walking surfaces. Ongoing development of ambulatory EMG methods will be required to support gait retraining programmes that are tailored to the environment.

Objectif : examiner les variations de l'activité électromyographique (EMG) de surface des membres inférieurs lorsqu'une personne marche sur différentes surfaces extérieures et caractériser les diverses stratégies motrices potentielles. Méthodologie : au total, 40 participants adultes en bonne santé ont marché à vitesse spontanée sur de l'asphalte, du gazon et des pavés. Ils ont ensuite dû marcher sur un tapis roulant à la même vitesse que sur chaque surface extérieure. Les chercheurs ont enregistré l'activité EMG des muscles vaste latéral (VL), tibial antérieur (TA), biceps fémoral (BF) et gastrocnémien latéral (GL) durant la marche. Ils ont ensuite calculé la durée et l'intensité (moyenne quadratique) de la bouffée d'activité EMG. Résultats : la marche sur le gazon provoque principalement une bouffée d'activité du muscle TA plus longue que la marche sur les autres surfaces extérieures. La marche sur les pavés est liée à une augmentation de l'intensité d'activation des muscles TA et VL par rapport à celle sur le tapis roulant. La variabilité de l'intensité EMG de tous les muscles testés (TA, GL, BF, VL) était plus élevée sur le gazon et plus faible sur l'asphalte. Conclusion : les tracés d'activité musculaire des participants varient selon la nature des surfaces de marche extérieure. Les méthodes d'enregistrement de l'EMG devront être améliorées de façon à valider les programmes de rééducation de la marche adaptés à l'environnement.

Concurrent validity of Nokia Go activity tracker in walking and free-living conditions.

RATIONALE, AIMS, AND OBJECTIVES: Consumer-based activity trackers aim at quantifying physical activity in a wide range of contexts. Nevertheless, they need to be validated before they are confidently used. This study assessed the concurrent validity of the Nokia Go against reference devices, according to different sensor locations, in two measurement conditions: during a walking task and during a 24-hour free-living condition. METHODS: We examined the agreement between devices and between locations in the number of steps and total sleep time by using intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: In the walking task, the agreement is good to excellent for steps between the Nokia Go and the reference device. In the free-living condition, there is a systematic underestimation of steps in comparison with the ActiGraph. Excellent agreement was found between locations. The device worn at the hip indicated the lowest number of steps, and the device located at the dominant wrist indicated the greatest number of steps. CONCLUSIONS: There are high discrepancies in step count between devices because of the different types of activities in daily life. The Nokia Go may be confidently used for step counting during pure walking tasks, at different locations. However, the lack of concurrent validity with ActiGraph call for caution regarding their use in daily living conditions.

Immersive Virtual Reality to Restore Natural Long-Range Autocorrelations in Parkinson's Disease Patients' Gait During Treadmill Walking.

Effects of treadmill walking on Parkinson's disease (PD) patients' spatiotemporal gait parameters and stride duration variability, in terms of magnitude [coefficient of variation (CV)] and temporal organization [long range autocorrelations (LRA)], are known. Conversely, effects on PD gait of adding an optic flow during treadmill walking using a virtual reality headset, to get closer to an ecological walk, is unknown. This pilot study aimed to compare PD gait during three conditions: Overground Walking (OW), Treadmill Walking (TW), and immersive Virtual Reality on Treadmill Walking (iVRTW). Ten PD patients completed the three conditions at a comfortable speed. iVRTW consisted in walking at the same speed as TW while wearing a virtual reality headset reproducing an optic flow. Gait parameters assessed were: speed, step length, cadence, magnitude (CV) and temporal organization (evenly spaced averaged Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, α exponent) of stride duration variability. Motion sickness was assessed after TW and iVRTW using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). Step length was greater (p = 0.008) and cadence lower (p = 0.009) during iVRTW compared to TW while CV was similar (p = 0.177). α exponent was similar during OW (0.77 ± 0.07) and iVRTW (0.76 ± 0.09) (p = 0.553). During TW, α exponent (0.85 ± 0.07) was higher than during OW (p = 0.039) and iVRTW (p = 0.016). SSQ was similar between TW and iVRTW (p = 0.809). iVRTW is tolerable, could optimize TW effects on spatiotemporal parameters while not increasing CV in PD. Furthermore, iVRTW could help to capture the natural LRA of PD gait in laboratory settings and could potentially be a challenging second step in PD gait rehabilitation.

Within- and between-session reliability of secondary hyperalgesia induced by electrical high-frequency stimulation.

BACKGROUND: An increasing number of studies are focusing on secondary hyperalgesia to better understand central sensitization, as this phenomenon may play an important role in persistent pain. Recent studies have shown that, compared to the classical high-frequency stimulation protocol (HFS) at 100 Hz, a protocol using 42 Hz stimulation induces a more intense and a larger area of secondary hyperalgesia (SH). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the within- and between-session reliability of SH induced by this optimized HFS protocol. METHODS: Thirty-two healthy subjects received HFS to their volar forearm in two sessions, separated by at least 2 weeks. SH was assessed by measuring the area size of increased sensitivity to pinprick stimuli after applying HFS, the sensitivity to pinprick stimuli after applying HFS and the change in pinprick sensitivity after versus before HFS. Assessments were made before HFS, and 30, 35 and 40 min after HFS. Relative and absolute reliability were analysed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), coefficients of variation (CVs), standard error of means (SEMs) and the minimum detectable changes (MDCs). RESULTS: The area of SH showed good to excellent within-session and between-session relative reliability (ICCs > 0.80), except for the change in pinprick sensitivity, which showed close to poor between-session relative reliability (ICC = 0.53). Furthermore, measures of absolute reliability generally demonstrated large between-subject variability and significant fluctuations across repeated measurements. CONCLUSIONS: HFS-induced hyperalgesia is suitable to discriminate or compare individuals but it may not be sensitive to changes due to an intervention. SIGNIFICANCE: It is crucial to evaluate central sensitization adequately in humans. This study formally establishes the reliability of secondary hyperalgesia induced by electrical high-frequency stimulation. The results of this study will improve future studies investigating secondary hyperalgesia in humans.

Effects of ankle dorsiflexion limitation on lower limb kinematic patterns during a forward step-down test: A reliability and comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Altered lower limb movement patterns (LLMP) during the forward step down (FSD) test have been studied in people suffering from knee instability. However, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ADROM) seems to be related to LLMP but no causal inference has been defined between those variables. OBJECTIVE: Our goals were to evaluate (1) psychometric quality of the FSD test in healthy people and (2) the influence of experimental restricted ADROM on LLMP. METHODS: Kinematics were measured by a motion capture system. Angular displacement and speed were calculated as well as center of mass (COM) and knee linear displacement. Forty-two healthy participants; firstly, performed the test three times to assess reliability, and secondly the same test in an experimental condition limiting the ADROM. RESULTS: Reliability was excellent for all parameters (ICC: 0.75-0.99, SEM%: 2.0-34.0%). ADROM limitation significantly decreased Knee flexion range of motion (ROM) (-3.8∘), increased Hip flexion ROM (6∘), Hip adduction ROM (6.1∘), Pelvis drop ROM (3.5∘), Pelvic rotation ROM (3.1∘). No significant effect was found for Hip rotation ROM. CONCLUSIONS: LLMP was affected by this experimental ADROM limitation in healthy people. As this limitation is often encountered in post-traumatic ankle sprain patients, clinicians should consider this point during FSD assessment test.