RESUMEN
Stachydrine, a prominent bioactive alkaloid derived from Leonurus heterophyllus, is a significant herb in traditional medicine. It has been noted for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. Consequently, we conducted a study of its hepatoprotective effect and the fundamental mechanisms involved in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury, utilizing a mouse model. Mice were intraperitoneally administered a hepatotoxic dose of APAP (300 mg/kg). Thirty minutes after APAP administration, mice were treated with different concentrations of stachydrine (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg). Animals were sacrificed 16 h after APAP injection for serum and liver tissue assays. APAP overdose significantly elevated the serum alanine transferase levels, hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines, malondialdehyde activity, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phospho-protein kinase B (AKT), and macrophage-stimulating protein expression. Stachydrine treatment significantly decreased these parameters in mice with APAP-induced liver damage. Our results suggest that stachydrine may be a promising beneficial target in the prevention of APAP-induced liver damage through attenuation of the inflammatory response, inhibition of the ERK and AKT pathways, and expression of macrophage-stimulating proteins.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad Hepática Crónica Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas , Prolina , Animales , Ratones , Acetaminofén/toxicidad , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/prevención & control , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/metabolismo , Enfermedad Hepática Crónica Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad Hepática Crónica Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/metabolismo , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/efectos de los fármacos , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Prolina/análogos & derivados , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Acute lung injury (ALI) and its severe manifestation, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are characterized by uncontrolled inflammatory responses, neutrophil activation and infiltration, damage to the alveolar capillary membrane, and diffuse alveolar injury. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), formed by activated neutrophils, contribute significantly to various inflammatory disorders and can lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Corilagin, a compound found in Phyllanthus urinaria, possesses antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of corilagin in hydrochloric acid (HCl)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury. Mice received intraperitoneal administration of corilagin (2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg) or an equal volume of saline 30 min after intratracheal HCl/LPS administration. After 20 h, lung tissues were collected for analysis. Corilagin treatment significantly mitigated lung injury, as evidenced by reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines, and alleviated oxidative stress. Furthermore, corilagin treatment suppressed neutrophil elastase expression, reduced NET formation, and inhibited the expression of ERK, p38, AKT, STAT3, and NOX2. Our findings suggest that corilagin inhibits NET formation and protects against HCl/LPS-induced ALI in mice by modulating the STAT3 and NOX2 signaling pathways.
RESUMEN
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes acute liver injury via oxidative stress, uncontrolled inflammatory response, and subsequent hepatocyte death. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) is a potent source of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and may contribute to oxidative stress in many inflammatory processes. Corilagin, a component of Phyllanthus urinaria, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects. We evaluated the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of corilagin against acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Mice were intraperitoneally administrated 300 mg/kg APAP or equal volume of saline (control), with or without various concentrations of corilagin (0, 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg) administered after 30 min. All animals were sacrificed 16 h after APAP administration, and serum and liver tissue assays including histology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot assay were performed. Corilagin post-treatment significantly attenuated APAP-induced liver injury (p < 0.005), inflammatory cell infiltration, hepatic proinflammatory cytokine levels, and hepatic oxidative stress. Furthermore, corilagin attenuated the protein levels of NOX1, NOX2, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in APAP-induced liver injury. These results indicated that the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and protective effects of corilagin in APAP-induced liver injury might involve the regulation of interleukin (IL)-6/STAT3 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/NF-κB signaling pathways through NOX-derived ROS.
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Recent experimental studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of curcumin on liver injury induced by acetaminophen (APAP). However, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying curcumin's hepatoprotective effects against APAP-induced liver injury remain to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of curcumin on APAP-induced liver injury using a mouse model. In the experiment, mice were subjected to an intraperitoneal hepatotoxic dose of APAP (300 mg/kg) to induce hepatotoxicity. After 30 min of APAP administration, the mice were treated with different concentrations of curcumin (0, 10, 25, or 50 mg/kg). After 16 h, mice with hepatotoxicity showed elevated levels of serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), hepatic myeloperoxidase (MPO), TNF-α, and IL-6, and decreased levels of glutathione (GSH). Moreover, there was an increased infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages following intraperitoneal injection of APAP. However, curcumin-treated mice displayed a pronounced reduction in serum ALT, AST, hepatic MPO, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, coupled with a notable elevation in GSH levels compared to the APAP-treated hepatotoxic mice. Moreover, curcumin treatment led to reduced infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. Additionally, curcumin inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK and NF-kB proteins while reducing the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). These findings highlight the hepatoprotective potential of curcumin against APAP-induced liver injury through the suppression of the ERK, NF-kB, and COX-2 signaling pathways.
RESUMEN
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome are clinically life-threatening diseases. Corilagin, a major polyphenolic compound obtained from the herb Phyllanthus urinaria, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and in this study, we sought to evaluate the protective effects and mechanisms of corilagin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice. ALI was induced in the mice by the intratracheal administration of LPS, and following 30 min of LPS challenge, corilagin (5 and 10 mg/kg body weight) was administered intraperitoneally. At 6 h post-LPS administration, lung tissues were collected for analysis. Corilagin treatment significantly attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß, and oxidative stress in lung tissues. In addition, corilagin inhibited the LPS-induced expression of NOX2, ERK, and NF-κB. Corilagin has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, and can effectively reduce ALI via attenuation of the NOX2 and ERK/NF-κB signaling pathways.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In previous literature, reference values for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be based on patients who were not truly healthy, other species, or outdated information. In the present study, we performed a lumbar puncture in patients requiring spinal anesthesia by a reasonable indication to evaluate CSF parameters in healthy adults. METHODS: All patients between the ages of 20 and 70 years scheduled for elective orthopedic or urologic surgery requiring spinal anesthesia were enrolled in this study. We measured electrolytes and gas tension analysis in CSF and whole blood samples in adult humans. RESULTS: A total of 28 patients were included with an average age of 44.2 years. The concentration of Na^+ in blood was slightly lower when compared with that in CSF. There were significantly higher levels of K^+ and Ca^(2+) in the blood when we compared with CSF. Significantly lower levels of Cl^- and Mg^(2+) in the blood were observed when compared with CSF. The glucose level of CSF was about half of that in blood. CONCLUSIONS: We provided updated reference values for various solutes in blood and CSF in adults. Analysis of CSF parameters and relevant paired blood samples is highly informative, helping clinicians diagnose a variety of central nervous system diseases.
Asunto(s)
Anestesia Raquidea , Punción Espinal , Humanos , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Electrólitos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Sodio , Valores de ReferenciaRESUMEN
Gastrodin is a major active phenolic glycoside extract from Gastrodia elata, an important herb used in traditional medicine. Previous research has reported that gastrodin possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Therefore, we aimed to investigate its hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury in a mouse model. Mice included in this study were intraperitoneally administered with a hepatotoxic APAP dose (300 mg/kg). At 30 min after APAP administration, gastrodin was intraperitoneally injected at concentrations of 0, 15, 30, and 45 mg/kg. Then, all mice were sacrificed at 16 h after APAP injection for further analysis. The results showed that gastrodin treatment ameliorated acute liver injury caused by APAP, as indicated by serum alanine aminotransferase level, hepatic myeloperoxidase activity, and cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6) production. It also significantly decreased hepatic malondialdehyde activity but increased superoxide dismutase activity. In addition, gastrodin decreased ERK/JNK MAPK expression but promoted Nrf2 expression. These results demonstrated that gastrodin may be a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity via amelioration of the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, inhibition of ERK/JNK MAPK signaling pathways, and activation of Nrf2 expression levels.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad Hepática Crónica Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas , Acetaminofén , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Alcoholes Bencílicos , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/metabolismo , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/prevención & control , Enfermedad Hepática Crónica Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Glucósidos , Hígado/metabolismo , Ratones , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Estrés OxidativoRESUMEN
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the major cause of drug-induced liver injury and acute liver failure. Approximately 10% of APAP is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) into toxic N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). CYP2E1 also contributes to ethanol metabolism, especially during conditions of high blood ethanol concentration. Acute and chronic ethanol consumption appears to have opposite effects on APAP-induced liver injury. We determined the effects of different doses, pre- and post-treatment, and various schedules of ethanol exposure in APAP-induced liver injury. Treatment with ethanol (0.5 g/kg) after 1 h of APAP (300 mg/kg) administration decreased serum ALT levels, histopathological features, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, ethanol treatment 1 h after APAP treatment reduced APAP-induced liver injury compared with later administration. Interestingly, ethanol pretreatment did not provide any protective effect. Furthermore, ethanol treatment was associated with a significant decrease in ERK and AKT phosphorylation during the acute injury phase. Ethanol exposure also increased CYP2E1 expression and decreased PCNA expression during the liver regeneration phase.
RESUMEN
Corilagin is a major active polyphenolic tannins extracted from Phyllanthus urinaria, an important herb used in traditional medicine. Previous reports demonstrated that corilagin possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate its hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury in mice. Mice included in this study were intraperitoneally injected with a hepatotoxic APAP dose (300 mg/kg). After a 30 min of APAP administration, corilagin was injected intraperitoneally at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg. Then, after 16 h of corilagin treatment, mice were sacrificed for further analysis. APAP overdose significantly elevated the serum ALT level, hepatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6) production, malondialdehyde (MDA) activity, and ERK/JNK MAPK and NF-κB protein expressions. Corilagin treatment significantly decreased these parameters in a dose-dependent manner (1-20 mg/kg). This study demonstrated that corilagin may be a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by down-regulating the inflammatory response and by inhibiting ERK/JNK MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.
RESUMEN
Esculetin, a coumarin derivative from various natural plants, has an anti-inflammatory property. In the present study, we examined if esculetin has any salutary effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. Acute lung injury (ALI) was induced via the intratracheal administration of LPS, and esculetin (20 and 40 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally 30 min before LPS challenge. After 6 h of LPS administration, lung tissues were collected for analysis. Pretreatment with esculetin significantly attenuated histopathological changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6, in the lung tissue. Furthermore, esculetin inhibited the protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways and downregulated the expression of RORγt and IL-17 in LPS-induced ALI. Our results indicated that esculetin possesses anti-inflammatory and protective effects against LPS-induced ALI via inhibition of the AKT/ERK/NF-κB and RORγt/IL-17 pathways.
Asunto(s)
Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/tratamiento farmacológico , Interleucina-17/antagonistas & inhibidores , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , FN-kappa B/antagonistas & inhibidores , Miembro 3 del Grupo F de la Subfamilia 1 de Receptores Nucleares/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/antagonistas & inhibidores , Umbeliferonas/uso terapéutico , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/inducido químicamente , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/toxicidad , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/fisiología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Miembro 3 del Grupo F de la Subfamilia 1 de Receptores Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Umbeliferonas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Spontaneous or primary aortoduodenal fistula (PADF) is an uncommon etiology of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and may potentially cause sudden and unexpected death. Early diagnosis of this disease is difficult, and the mortality rate was reported near 100% when surgery is delayed. The emergency physician (EP) plays a major role in the early diagnosis of aortoduodenal fistula. A PADF should be included in the differential diagnosis when EPs treated emergency department patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, especially those in combination with known abdominal aortic aneurysm or palpable pulsating abdominal mass. Besides, abdominal computed tomography should be considered in patients with recurrent large amount of gastrointestinal bleeding without significant endoscopic findings. Prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention may preserve the life of these patients.
Asunto(s)
Aneurisma Falso/diagnóstico , Aneurisma de la Aorta Abdominal/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Duodenales/diagnóstico , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Fístula Intestinal/diagnóstico , Aneurisma Falso/terapia , Aneurisma de la Aorta Abdominal/terapia , Enfermedades Duodenales/terapia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/terapia , Humanos , Fístula Intestinal/terapia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose may lead to the formation of oxidative stress, hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis, and, eventually result in acute liver failure. Escin, a major extracted component of Aesculus hippocastanum, reportedly exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-edematous and anti-oxidant properties. Previous studies have demonstrated these protective effects of A. hippocastanum extracts on ischemia/reperfusion intestinal injury and endotoxin-induced lung injury. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of escin on APAP-induced liver injury in mice. Mice were intraperitoneally administrated with APAP (300 mg/kg) or an equal volume of saline (control), followed by a treatment with various concentrations of escin (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg) for 30 min. The animals were sacrificed 16 h following APAP administration for serum and liver tissue assay. Escin treatment attenuated the damage of APAP-induced liver injury in a dose-dependent manner (0.5-4 mg/kg). Escin also attenuated the hepatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-17). Furthermore, escin treatment decreased the hepatic phosphorylation expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Our data indicates that escin shows protective effects on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner through anti-inflammatory mechanism and the inhibition of ERK signaling pathway.
RESUMEN
PURPOSE: Dexmedetomidine [DEX; (S)-4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-3H-imidazole] is a selective α2-adrenergic receptor (α2-AR) agonist that attenuates the liver damage associated with local or systemic inflammation. However, it remains unclear whether DEX has protective effects against acetaminophen (Paracetamol, PARA)-induced liver toxicity (PILT). METHODS: PILT mice were established by intraperitoneal administration of a hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen (300 mg/kg). Thirty minutes later, the mice were treated with DEX at a concentration of 0, 5, 25, or 50 µg/kg. Blood and liver samples were obtained for further analysis. RESULTS: DEX treatment significantly attenuated PILT in mice, with the strongest beneficial effects at a dose of 25 µg/kg. The levels of hepatic cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in addition to myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, were significantly decreased following DEX treatment. Moreover, DEX treatment reduced macrophage recruitment around the area of hepatotoxicity and the expression levels of hepatic phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MAP2K4), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and c-Jun expression induced by acetaminophen overdose. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that DEX likely downregulates the JNK signaling pathway and its downstream effectors to promote its hepatoprotective effect, providing a clinical application of DEX for the attenuation of PILT.
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Acetaminofén/antagonistas & inhibidores , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/farmacología , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/prevención & control , Dexmedetomidina/farmacología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Acetaminofén/farmacología , Animales , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Proteínas Quinasas JNK Activadas por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Quinasas JNK Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 4/antagonistas & inhibidores , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 4/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-jun/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-jun/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hepatocyte necrosis, and cell death, and leads to acute liver failure. Interleukin-17 (IL-17), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a key role in the recruitment of neutrophils into sites of inflammation and subsequent damage after liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this study, we employed IL-17 knockout (KO) mice to investigate the role of IL-17 in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. IL-17 wide type (WT) and IL-17 KO mice received an intraperitoneal injection of APAP (300â¯mg/kg). After 16â¯h of treatment, the hepatic injury, inflammatory mediators, immune cell infiltration, and western blotting were examined and analyzed. The serum alanine transferase (ALT) enzyme levels and hepatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were significantly elevated 16â¯h after APAP treatment in the WT mice. IL-17 deficiency significantly attenuates APAP-induced liver injury, MPO activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6 and interferon-γ) levels and inflammatory cell (neutrophils, macrophage) infiltration in the liver. Moreover, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was significantly decreased at 16â¯h after APAP treatment in the IL-17 KO mice compared with the IL-17 WT mice. Our data suggests that IL-17 plays a pivotal role in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity through modulation of inflammatory response, and perhaps in part through the ERK signaling pathway. Blockade of IL-17 could be a potential therapeutic target for APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Acetaminofén , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/prevención & control , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/deficiencia , Hígado/metabolismo , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/genética , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/metabolismo , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/patología , Quimiotaxis de Leucocito , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Mediadores de Inflamación/inmunología , Interleucina-17/genética , Interleucina-17/inmunología , Hígado/inmunología , Hígado/patología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Infiltración Neutrófila , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Fenotipo , Fosforilación , Transducción de Señal , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes hepatocytes necrosis and acute liver failure. Baicalin (BA), a major flavonoid of Scutellariae radix, has potent hepatoprotective properties in traditional medicine. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of BA on a APAP-induced liver injury in a mouse model. The mice received an intraperitoneal hepatotoxic dose of APAP (300[Formula: see text]mg/kg) and after 30[Formula: see text]min, were treated with BA at concentrations of 0, 15, 30, or 60[Formula: see text]mg/kg. After 16[Formula: see text]h of treatment, the mice were sacrificed for further analysis. APAP administration significantly elevated the serum alanine transferase (ALT) enzyme levels and hepatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity when compared with control animals. Baicalin treatment significantly attenuated the elevation of liver ALT levels, as well as hepatic MPO activity in a dose- dependent manner (15-60[Formula: see text]mg/kg) in APAP-treated mice. The strongest beneficial effects of BA were seen at a dose of 30[Formula: see text]mg/kg. BA treatment at 30[Formula: see text]mg/kg after APAP overdose reduced elevated hepatic cytokine (TNF-[Formula: see text] and IL-6) levels, and macrophage recruitment around the area of hepatotoxicity in immunohistochemical staining. Significantly, BA treatment can also decrease hepatic phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) expression, which is induced by APAP overdose. Our data suggests that baicalin treatment can effectively attenuate APAP-induced liver injury by down-regulating the ERK signaling pathway and its downstream effectors of inflammatory responses. These results support that baicalin is a potential hepatoprotective agent.
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Acetaminofén/toxicidad , Analgésicos no Narcóticos/toxicidad , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/prevención & control , Flavonoides/farmacología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , Alanina Transaminasa/efectos de los fármacos , Alanina Transaminasa/metabolismo , Animales , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/etiología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Sobredosis de Droga , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Ratones , Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Objectives. To investigate the protective effects of tropisetron on acetaminophen- (APAP-) induced liver injury in a mice model. Methods. C57BL/6 male mice were given tropisetron (0.3 to 10 mg/kg) 30 minutes before a hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen (300 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Twenty hours after APAP intoxication, sera alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, hepatic myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and liver histopathological changes were examined. The MAP kinases were also detected by western blotting. Results. Our results showed that tropisetron pretreatment significantly attenuated the acute elevations of the liver enzyme ALT level, hepatic MPO activity, and hepatocytes necrosis in a dose-dependent manner (0.3-10 mg/kg) in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity mice. Tropisetron (1 and 3 mg/kg) suppressed APAP-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation expression and alleviated GSH and SOD depletion. Administration of tropisetron also attenuated the phosphorylation of c-Jun-NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) caused by APAP. Conclusion. Our data demonstrated that tropisetron's hepatoprotective effect was in part correlated with the antioxidant, which were mediated via JNK and ERK pathways on acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice.
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Acetaminofén/efectos adversos , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/tratamiento farmacológico , Indoles/administración & dosificación , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/patología , Humanos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/enzimología , Hígado/patología , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 4/biosíntesis , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 4/genética , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones , TropisetrónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: IL-17 has been shown to be involved in liver inflammatory disorders in both mice and humans. Baicalin (BA), a major compound extracted from traditional herb medicine (Scutellariae radix), has potent hepatoprotective properties. Previous study showed that BA inhibits IL-17-mediated lymphocyte adhesion and downregulates joint inflammation. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of IL-17 in the hepatoprotective effects of BA in an acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury mouse model. METHODS: Eight weeks male C57BL/6 (B6) mice were used for this study. Mice received intraperitoneal hepatotoxic injection of APAP (300 mg/kg) and after 30 min of injection, the mice were treated with BA at a concentration of 30 mg/kg. After 16 h of treatment, mice were killed. Blood samples and liver tissues were harvested for analysis of liver injury parameters. RESULTS: APAP overdose significantly increased the serum alanine transferase (ALT) levels, hepatic activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO), expression of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17), and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity when compared with the control animals. BA treatment after APAP administration significantly attenuated the elevation of these parameters in APAP-induced liver injury mice. Furthermore, BA treatment could also decrease hepatic IL-17-producing γδT cells recruitment, which was induced after APAP overdose. CONCLUSION: Our data suggested that baicalin treatment could effectively decrease APAP-induced liver injury in part through attenuation of hepatic IL-17 expression. These results indicate that baicalin is a potential hepatoprotective agent.
Asunto(s)
Acetaminofén/efectos adversos , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/patología , Flavonoides/uso terapéutico , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Animales , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/sangre , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/enzimología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Flavonoides/farmacología , Citometría de Flujo , Inmunohistoquímica , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Regeneración Hepática/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T gamma-delta/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is involved in a wide range of inflammatory disorders and in recruitment of inflammatory cells to injury sites. A recent study of IL-17 knock-out mice revealed that IL-17 contributes to neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury. Surprisingly, little is known of micro-environment modulation by IL-17 in injured sites and in pathologically related neuroinflammation and chronic neuropathic pain. Therefore, we investigated nociceptive sensitization, immune cell infiltration, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and expression of multiple cytokines and opioid peptides in damaged nerves of wild-type (IL-17(+/+)) and IL-17 knock-out (IL-17(-/-)) mice after partial sciatic nerve ligation. Our results demonstrated that the IL-17(-/-) mice had less behavioral hypersensitivity after partial sciatic nerve ligation, and inflammatory cell infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and interferon-γ) levels in damaged nerves were significantly decreased, with the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-13, and expressions of enkephalin, ß-endorphin, and dynorphin were also decreased compared to those in wild-type control mice. In conclusion, we provided evidence that IL-17 modulates the micro-environment at the level of the peripheral injured nerve site and regulates progression of behavioral hypersensitivity in a murine chronic neuropathic pain model. The attenuated behavioral hypersensitivity in IL-17(-/-) mice could be a result of decreased inflammatory cell infiltration to the injured site, resulting in modulation of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu within the injured nerve. Therefore, IL-17 may be a critical component for neuropathic pain pathogenesis and a novel target for therapeutic intervention for this and other chronic pain states.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Animal , Citocinas/inmunología , Hiperalgesia/genética , Interleucina-17/genética , Neuralgia/genética , Nocicepción , Traumatismos de los Nervios Periféricos/genética , Animales , Sensibilización del Sistema Nervioso Central/genética , Sensibilización del Sistema Nervioso Central/inmunología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Dinorfinas/metabolismo , Encefalinas/metabolismo , Hiperalgesia/inmunología , Hiperalgesia/metabolismo , Inflamación/genética , Inflamación/inmunología , Interleucina-10/inmunología , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-13/inmunología , Interleucina-13/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/inmunología , Interleucina-1beta/inmunología , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-2/inmunología , Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/inmunología , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Macrófagos/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Neuralgia/inmunología , Neuralgia/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Traumatismos de los Nervios Periféricos/inmunología , Traumatismos de los Nervios Periféricos/metabolismo , Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Nervio Ciático/lesiones , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/inmunología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , betaendorfina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Growing evidence suggests that leukocyte extravasation is initiated by the interaction of selectins with their ligands; as well as an essential role for P-selectin in the initial recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of inflammation. In this study, P-selectin-deficient (P-sel-/-) mice were used to test the hypothesis that lack of P-selectin would attenuate the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of inflammation, thereby modulating pain in a murine chronic neuropathic pain model. Nociceptive sensitization and the microenvironment of the peripheral injury site were studied in wild-type (P-sel+/+) and P-selectin-deficient (P-sel-/-) mice after partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL). Variables measured included myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, several inflammatory cell infiltration profiles, cytokines, and endogenous opioid peptide expression in damaged nerves. Results indicate that behavioral hypersensitivity, MPO activity, and infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages were attenuated in P-sel-/- mice after PSNL. Proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin (IL)-6, were reduced in damaged nerves following PSNL; however, several antiinflammatory cytokines - IL-1Ra, IL-4, and IL-10 - were significantly increased in P-sel-/- mice. In addition, endogenous opioid peptides mRNA was significantly lower in P-sel-/- mice compared with P-sel +/+ mice. The current results demonstrated that the absence of P-selectin in mice leads to an altered microenvironment that attenuated behavioral hypersensitivity. The specific role of P-selectin could have been a result of decreased neutrophils, as well as the accumulation of macrophages at the site of injury, which may subsequently modulate the inflammatory cytokine expression and impact behavioral hypersensitivity within the injured nerve.