White matter tract density index is associated with disability in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: The association between common neuroradiological markers of multiple sclerosis (MS) and clinical disability is weak. Given that the disability in patients with MS may depend on the underlying structural connectivity of the brain, our study aimed to examine the association between white matter tracts affected by MS and the patients' disability using a new tract density index (TDI). METHOD: This study included 53 patients diagnosed with MS, examined between 2019 and 2020. Manual lesion segmentation was performed on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, and the density of white matter tracts encompassing the lesion (i.e., TDI) was calculated. Correlation analysis was employed to assess the association between TDI and disability. Additionally, the relationship between disability, TDI, and lesion-derived network metrics was examined by computing a partial correlation network. RESULTS: The TDI significantly correlated with the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) (r = 0.30, p = 0.03). Furthermore, the patient's disability is linked solely through TDI to lesion-derived network metrics -a key metric that 'bridges' the gap between the brain lesion and disability. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, MS lesions encompassing regions with high white matter tract density were associated and linked with severe physical disability. These findings indicate that TDI may be an outcome predictor that may connect radiologic findings to clinical practice.

Photosynthesis-assisted remodeling of three-dimensional printed structures.

The mechanical properties of engineering structures continuously weaken during service life because of material fatigue or degradation. By contrast, living organisms are able to strengthen their mechanical properties by regenerating parts of their structures. For example, plants strengthen their cell structures by transforming photosynthesis-produced glucose into stiff polysaccharides. In this work, we realize hybrid materials that use photosynthesis of embedded chloroplasts to remodel their microstructures. These materials can be used to three-dimensionally (3D)-print functional structures, which are endowed with matrix-strengthening and crack healing when exposed to white light. The mechanism relies on a 3D-printable polymer that allows for an additional cross-linking reaction with photosynthesis-produced glucose in the material bulk or on the interface. The remodeling behavior can be suspended by freezing chloroplasts, regulated by mechanical preloads, and reversed by environmental cues. This work opens the door for the design of hybrid synthetic-living materials, for applications such as smart composites, lightweight structures, and soft robotics.

Modulation of human transthyretin stability by the mutations at histidine 88 studied by free energy simulation.

Human transthyretin (TTR) is a homotetrameric plasma protein associated with a high percentage of ß-sheet, which forms amyloid fibrils and accumulates in tissues or extracellular matrix to cause amyloid diseases. Free energy simulations based on all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to analyze the effects of the His88 → Arg, Phe, and Tyr mutations on the stability of human TTR. The calculated free energy change differences (ΔΔG) caused by the His → Arg, Phe, and Tyr mutations at position 88 are 6.48 ± 0.45, -9.99 ± 0.54, and 2.66 ± 0.33 kcal/mol, respectively. These calculated free energy change differences between wild type and the mutants are in excellent agreement with prior experimental values. Our simulation results show that the wild type of the TTR is more stable than H88R and H88Y mutants, whereas it is less stable than the H88F mutant. The free energy component analysis shows that the primary contribution to the free energy change difference (ΔΔG) for the His → Arg mutation arises from electrostatic interaction; the ΔΔG for the His → Phe mutation is from van der Waals and electrostatic interactions and that for the His → Tyr mutation from covalent interaction. The simulation results show that the free energy calculation with thermodynamic integration is beneficial for understanding the detailed microscopic mechanism of protein stability. The implications of the results for understanding stabilizing and destabilizing effect of the mutation and the contribution to protein stability are discussed.

Roles of ErbB3-binding protein 1 (EBP1) in embryonic development and gene-silencing control.

ErbB3-binding protein 1 (EBP1) is implicated in diverse cellular functions, including apoptosis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Here, by generating genetic inactivation of Ebp1 mice, we identified the physiological roles of EBP1 in vivo. Loss of Ebp1 in mice caused aberrant organogenesis, including brain malformation, and death between E13.5 and 15.5 owing to severe hemorrhages, with massive apoptosis and cessation of cell proliferation. Specific ablation of Ebp1 in neurons caused structural abnormalities of brain with neuron loss in [Nestin-Cre; Ebp1flox/flox ] mice. Notably, global methylation increased with high levels of the gene-silencing unit Suv39H1/DNMT1 in Ebp1-deficient mice. EBP1 repressed the transcription of Dnmt1 by binding to its promoter region and interrupted DNMT1-mediated methylation at its target gene, Survivin promoter region. Reinstatement of EBP1 into embryo brain relived gene repression and rescued neuron death. Our findings uncover an essential role for EBP1 in embryonic development and implicate its function in transcriptional regulation.

Significant Therapeutic Effects of Adult Human Neural Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury Are Mediated by Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1).

The limited capability of regeneration in the human central nervous system leads to severe and permanent disabilities following spinal cord injury (SCI) while patients suffer from no viable treatment option. Adult human neural stem cells (ahNSCs) are unique cells derived from the adult human brain, which have the essential characteristics of NSCs. The objective of this study was to characterize the therapeutic effects of ahNSCs isolated from the temporal lobes of focal cortical dysplasia type IIIa for SCI and to elucidate their treatment mechanisms. Results showed that the recovery of motor functions was significantly improved in groups transplanted with ahNSCs, where, in damaged regions of spinal cords, the numbers of both spread and regenerated nerve fibers were observed to be higher than the vehicle group. In addition, the distance between neuronal nuclei in damaged spinal cord tissue was significantly closer in treatment groups than the vehicle group. Based on an immunohistochemistry analysis, those neuroprotective effects of ahNSCs in SCI were found to be mediated by inhibiting apoptosis of spinal cord neurons. Moreover, the analysis of the conditioned medium (CM) of ahNSCs revealed that such neuroprotective effects were mediated by paracrine effects with various types of cytokines released from ahNSCs, where monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, also known as CCL2) was identified as a key paracrine mediator. These results of ahNSCs could be utilized further in the preclinical and clinical development of effective and safe cell therapeutics for SCI, with no available therapeutic options at present.

Optimal Preclinical Conditions for Using Adult Human Multipotent Neural Cells in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury.

Stem cell-based therapeutics are amongst the most promising next-generation therapeutic approaches for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI), as they may promote the repair or regeneration of damaged spinal cord tissues. However, preclinical optimization should be performed before clinical application to guarantee safety and therapeutic effect. Here, we investigated the optimal injection route and dose for adult human multipotent neural cells (ahMNCs) from patients with hemorrhagic stroke using an SCI animal model. ahMNCs demonstrate several characteristics associated with neural stem cells (NSCs), including the expression of NSC-specific markers, self-renewal, and multi neural cell lineage differentiation potential. When ahMNCs were transplanted into the lateral ventricle of the SCI animal model, they specifically migrated within 24 h of injection to the damaged spinal cord, where they survived for at least 5 weeks after injection. Although ahMNC transplantation promoted significant locomotor recovery, the injection dose was shown to influence treatment outcomes, with a 1 × 106 (medium) dose of ahMNCs producing significantly better functional recovery than a 3 × 105 (low) dose. There was no significant gain in effect with the 3 × 106 ahMNCs dose. Histological analysis suggested that ahMNCs exert their effects by modulating glial scar formation, neuroprotection, and/or angiogenesis. These data indicate that ahMNCs from patients with hemorrhagic stroke could be used to develop stem cell therapies for SCI and that the indirect injection route could be clinically relevant. Moreover, the optimal transplantation dose of ahMNCs defined in this preclinical study might be helpful in calculating its optimal injection dose for patients with SCI in the future.

Analysis of Baboon IAPP Provides Insight into Amyloidogenicity and Cytotoxicity of Human IAPP.

The polypeptide hormone islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) forms islet amyloid in type 2 diabetes, a process which contributes to pancreatic ß-cell dysfunction and death. Not all species form islet amyloid, and the ability to do so correlates with the primary sequence. Humans form islet amyloid, but baboon IAPP has not been studied. The baboon peptide differs from human IAPP at three positions containing K1I, H18R, and A25T substitutions. The K1I substitution is a rare example of a replacement in the N-terminal region of amylin. The effect of this mutation on amyloid formation has not been studied, but it reduces the net charge, and amyloid prediction programs suggest that it should increase amyloidogenicity. The A25T replacement involves a nonconservative substitution in a region of IAPP that is believed to be important for aggregation, but the effects of this replacement have not been examined. The H18R point mutant has been previously shown to reduce aggregation in vitro. Baboon amylin forms amyloid on the same timescale as human amylin in vitro and exhibits similar toxicity toward cultured ß-cells. The K1I replacement in human amylin slightly reduces toxicity, whereas the A25T substitution accelerates amyloid formation and enhances toxicity. Photochemical cross-linking reveals that the baboon amylin, like human amylin, forms low-order oligomers in the lag phase of amyloid formation. Ion-mobility mass spectrometry reveals broadly similar gas phase collisional cross sections for human and baboon amylin monomers and dimers, with some differences in the arrival time distributions. Preamyloid oligomers formed by baboon amylin, but not baboon amylin fibers, are toxic to cultured ß-cells. The toxicity of baboon oligomers and lack of significantly detectable toxicity with exogenously added amyloid fibers is consistent with the hypothesis that preamyloid oligomers are the most toxic species produced during IAPP amyloid formation.

Analysis of Prairie Vole Amylin Reveals the Importance of the N-Terminus and Residue 22 in Amyloidogenicity and Cytotoxicity.

Amyloid formation by amylin contributes to ß-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. The features that control the amyloidogenicity and toxicity of amylin are not understood. Not all species form islet amyloid, and its presence or absence correlates with the in vitro behavior of the polypeptide. Rats do not develop type 2 diabetes or islet amyloid, and rat amylin is non-amyloidogenic, except at very high concentrations. This has led to the notion that rodent amylins are non-amyloidogenic. Prairie vole amylin has an unusual sequence compared to those of human and rat amylin, including nonconservative Lys-1 to Glu and Asn-22 to Gly substitutions. The first reduces the net charge on the peptide, while the second disrupts a potential network of side chain hydrogen bonds in the amyloid fiber, a so-called Asn ladder. The prairie vole polypeptide forms amyloid more slowly than human amylin and is considerably less cytotoxic. An Asn-22 to Gly substitution in human amylin significantly reduces toxicity, increasing the effective concentration of amylin required to reach 50% toxicity by >7-fold, but has modest effects on the time to form amyloid. A Lys-1 to Glu replacement has a weaker effect but does reduce toxicity relative to that of human amylin, without having a significant impact on the time to form amyloid. The effect of the Lys-1 to Glu substitution on amyloid kinetics is more significant in Tris buffer than in phosphate-buffered saline. This work demonstrates that the N-terminus of amylin plays a role in modulating toxicity and highlights the key role of position 22.

Comprehensive Study on Molecular Supervised Learning with Graph Neural Networks.

This work considers strategies to develop accurate and reliable graph neural networks (GNNs) for molecular property predictions. Prediction performance of GNNs is highly sensitive to the change in various parameters due to the inherent challenges in molecular machine learning, such as a deficient amount of data samples and bias in data distribution. Comparative studies with well-designed experiments are thus important to clearly understand which GNNs are powerful for molecular supervised learning. Our work presents a number of ablation studies along with a guideline to train and utilize GNNs for both molecular regression and classification tasks. First, we validate that using both atomic and bond meta-information improves the prediction performance in the regression task. Second, we find that the graph isomorphism hypothesis proposed by [Xu, K.; et al How powerful are graph neural networks? 2018, arXiv:1810.00826. arXiv.org e-Print archive. https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.00826] is valid for the regression task. Surprisingly, however, the findings above do not hold for the classification tasks. Beyond the study on model architectures, we test various regularization methods and Bayesian learning algorithms to find the best strategy to achieve a reliable classification system. We demonstrate that regularization methods penalizing predictive entropy might not give well-calibrated probability estimation, even though they work well in other domains, and Bayesian learning methods are capable of developing reliable prediction systems. Furthermore, we argue the importance of Bayesian learning in virtual screening by showing that well-calibrated probability estimation may lead to a higher success rate.

Crystallographic snapshots of sulfur insertion by lipoyl synthase.

Lipoyl synthase (LipA) catalyzes the insertion of two sulfur atoms at the unactivated C6 and C8 positions of a protein-bound octanoyl chain to produce the lipoyl cofactor. To activate its substrate for sulfur insertion, LipA uses a [4Fe-4S] cluster and S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) radical chemistry; the remainder of the reaction mechanism, especially the source of the sulfur, has been less clear. One controversial proposal involves the removal of sulfur from a second (auxiliary) [4Fe-4S] cluster on the enzyme, resulting in destruction of the cluster during each round of catalysis. Here, we present two high-resolution crystal structures of LipA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: one in its resting state and one at an intermediate state during turnover. In the resting state, an auxiliary [4Fe-4S] cluster has an unusual serine ligation to one of the irons. After reaction with an octanoyllysine-containing 8-mer peptide substrate and 1 eq AdoMet, conditions that allow for the first sulfur insertion but not the second insertion, the serine ligand dissociates from the cluster, the iron ion is lost, and a sulfur atom that is still part of the cluster becomes covalently attached to C6 of the octanoyl substrate. This intermediate structure provides a clear picture of iron-sulfur cluster destruction in action, supporting the role of the auxiliary cluster as the sulfur source in the LipA reaction and describing a radical strategy for sulfur incorporation into completely unactivated substrates.

CD13 is a marker for onychofibroblasts within nail matrix onychodermis: Comparison of its expression patterns in the nail unit and in the hair follicle.

BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated the presence of onychodermis, a specialized mesenchymal cell population beneath the nail matrix and proximal nail bed demonstrating CD10 expression. We hypothesize that the onychodermis could be the nail analog of the follicular dermal papilla, which is known to express CD13. We compare CD13 expression patterns between specialized mesenchymes of nail and hair, and compare these findings with CD10 expression patterns. METHODS: CD10 and CD13 immunohistochemistry was performed on polydactyly and adult cadaveric nail units, and on hair follicles in scalp nevus sebaceus excision specimens. RESULTS: CD10 and CD13 were expressed in the mesenchyme below the nail matrix and nail bed. Stronger CD13 expression was observed in the mesenchyme containing onychofibroblasts below the nail matrix compared with that below the nail bed. CD10 was expressed in the dermal sheath of terminal hair follicles, but it was expressed in the dermal sheath and follicular dermal papilla of primitive hair follicles within nevus sebaceus lesions. CD13 was expressed in the dermal sheath and dermal papilla of terminal and primitive hair follicles. CONCLUSION: CD13 may be a marker for onychofibroblasts within nail matrix onychodermis. We demonstrate CD13 expression in the specialized mesenchymes of both nail and hair.

Transformations of the FeS Clusters of the Methylthiotransferases MiaB and RimO, Detected by Direct Electrochemistry.

The methylthiotransferases (MTTases) represent a subfamily of the S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) radical superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the attachment of a methylthioether (-SCH3) moiety on unactivated carbon centers. These enzymes contain two [4Fe-4S] clusters, one of which participates in the reductive fragmentation of AdoMet to generate a 5'-deoxyadenosyl 5'-radical and the other of which, termed the auxiliary cluster, is believed to play a central role in constructing the methylthio group and attaching it to the substrate. Because the redox properties of the bound cofactors within the AdoMet radical superfamily are so poorly understood, we have examined two MTTases in parallel, MiaB and RimO, using protein electrochemistry. We resolve the redox potentials of each [4Fe-4S] cluster, show that the auxiliary cluster has a potential higher than that of the AdoMet-binding cluster, and demonstrate that upon incubation of either enzyme with AdoMet, a unique low-potential state of the enzyme emerges. Our results are consistent with a mechanism whereby the auxiliary cluster is transiently methylated during substrate methylthiolation.

Characterization of Lipoyl Synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The prevalence of multiple and extensively drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, is on the rise, necessitating the identification of new targets to combat an organism that has infected one-third of the world's population, according to the World Health Organization. The biosynthesis of the lipoyl cofactor is one possible target, given its critical importance in cellular metabolism and the apparent lack of functional salvage pathways in Mtb that are found in humans and many other organisms. The lipoyl cofactor is synthesized de novo in two committed steps, involving the LipB-catalyzed transfer of an octanoyl chain derived from fatty acid biosynthesis to a lipoyl carrier protein and the LipA-catalyzed insertion of sulfur atoms at C6 and C8 of the octanoyl chain. A number of in vitro studies of lipoyl synthases from Escherichia coli, Sulfolobus solfataricus, and Thermosynechococcus elongatus have been conducted, but the enzyme from Mtb has not been characterized. Herein, we show that LipA from Mtb contains two [4Fe-4S] clusters and converts an octanoyl peptide substrate to the corresponding lipoyl peptide product via the same C6-monothiolated intermediate as that observed in the E. coli LipA reaction. In addition, we show that LipA from Mtb forms a complex with the H protein of the glycine cleavage system and that the strength of association is dependent on the presence of S-adenosyl-l-methionine. We also show that LipA from Mtb can complement a lipA mutant of E. coli, demonstrating the commonalities of the two enzymes. Lastly, we show that the substrate for LipA, which normally acts on a post-translationally modified protein, can be reduced to carboxybenzyl-octanoyllysine.

Evidence for a catalytically and kinetically competent enzyme-substrate cross-linked intermediate in catalysis by lipoyl synthase.

Lipoyl synthase (LS) catalyzes the final step in lipoyl cofactor biosynthesis: the insertion of two sulfur atoms at C6 and C8 of an (N(6)-octanoyl)-lysyl residue on a lipoyl carrier protein (LCP). LS is a member of the radical SAM superfamily, enzymes that use a [4Fe-4S] cluster to effect the reductive cleavage of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to l-methionine and a 5'-deoxyadenosyl 5'-radical (5'-dA(•)). In the LS reaction, two equivalents of 5'-dA(•) are generated sequentially to abstract hydrogen atoms from C6 and C8 of the appended octanoyl group, initiating sulfur insertion at these positions. The second [4Fe-4S] cluster on LS, termed the auxiliary cluster, is proposed to be the source of the inserted sulfur atoms. Herein, we provide evidence for the formation of a covalent cross-link between LS and an LCP or synthetic peptide substrate in reactions in which insertion of the second sulfur atom is slowed significantly by deuterium substitution at C8 or by inclusion of limiting concentrations of SAM. The observation that the proteins elute simultaneously by anion-exchange chromatography but are separated by aerobic SDS-PAGE is consistent with their linkage through the auxiliary cluster that is sacrificed during turnover. Generation of the cross-linked species with a small, unlabeled (N(6)-octanoyl)-lysyl-containing peptide substrate allowed demonstration of both its chemical and kinetic competence, providing strong evidence that it is an intermediate in the LS reaction. Mössbauer spectroscopy of the cross-linked intermediate reveals that one of the [4Fe-4S] clusters, presumably the auxiliary cluster, is partially disassembled to a 3Fe-cluster with spectroscopic properties similar to those of reduced [3Fe-4S](0) clusters.

Iron-nitrogen-doped mesoporous tungsten carbide nanostructures as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts.

Since Pt-based catalysts have the disadvantages of high cost, large overpotential loss, and limited long-term stability, there have been various promising alternatives to Pt-based catalysts to improve the catalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). We have synthesized iron-nitrogen-doped mesoporous tungsten carbide catalysts (WC-m-FT) by pyrolysis of well-ordered mesoporous tungsten carbides with iron porphyrin. WC-m-FT exhibits excellent ORR catalytic activity in an alkaline medium, i.e. a high electron-transfer number as well as superior stability and methanol tolerance. The improved activity and stability of WC-m-FT are ascribed to iron-containing catalytic active sites surrounded by nitrogen species and the well-defined mesoporous tungsten carbide structure.

Association of protein expression in isolated milk epithelial cells and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid proportions in milk from dairy cows.

BACKGROUND: The effects of the individual variation among dairy cows on the synthesis of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are still not well characterised. Therefore, the protein expression profiles of isolated milk epithelial cells (MECs) were detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis and their correlation with the various proportion of cis-9, trans-11 CLA were evaluated. RESULTS: Although animals were offered the same diet, the proportion of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in group High (1.02 ± 0.10%) was twice as high as that in group Low (0.59 ± 0.14%) (P < 0.05). MECs with the characteristics of native epithelial cells were successfully isolated from the milk and these cells had no obvious RNA degradation or were hardly contaminated with leucocytes or blood red cells. Moreover, the protein expression pattern of cathelicidin 5 in isolated MECs was positive, whereas annexin I (confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction), ZW10 interactor and κ-casein were negatively related to the proportion of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in the milk fat. CONCLUSION: The varied individual content of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in cows may be associated with annexin I. These findings may provide some theoretical basis for studies concerning the effects of the individual variation among dairy cows of the synthesis of cis-9, trans-11 CLA. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.

Pig Spermatozoa Defect in Acrosome Formation Caused Poor Motion Parameters and Fertilization Failure through Artificial Insemination and In vitro Fertilization.

The selection of morphologically normal spermatozoa is critical to obtain high breeding performances in boar breeding farms and artificial insemination (AI) centers. Parameters for the selection of semen mainly include total sperm motility, concentration, and morphology. However, these primary parameters are often not reliable for discriminating between normal and abnormal, non-fertilizable spermatozoa. The present study was designed to compare the motion characteristics, fertilization ability using in vitro fertilization (IVF), and acrosome formation of the semen from boars having low (boar number 2012) and normal (boar number 2004 and 2023) breeding performances. The ultimate goal was to identify additional simple and easy criteria for the selection of normal sperm. There was no significant difference between boar 2004 and boar 2023 sperm total motility in computer assisted sperm analysis. However, boar number 2012 semen presented a significantly reduced population of rapid moving spermatozoa and an increased population of slow moving spermatozoa compared to boar numbers 2004 and 2023. Analysis of detailed motion characteristics revealed that sperm from boar number 2012 had significantly reduced motility in progressiveness, average path velocity, straight-line velocity (VSL), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straightness, and linearity. The assessment of the fertilizing ability by IVF also showed that sperm from boar number 2012 showed a fertility rate of 3.4%, whereas sperm from boar number 2023 had a fertility rate of 75.45%. Interestingly, most of the sperm nuclei were found on the peripheral area of the oocytes, suggesting that the sperm from boar number 2012 lacked penetration ability into the oocyte zonapellucida. The acrosome formation analysis using Pisum sativum agglutinin staining demonstrated that the sperm from boar number 2012 had a defect in acrosome formation. Consequently, primary parameters for selecting semen before AI such as motility are not sufficient to select normal and fertilizable spermatozoa. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the acrosome staining and detailed motion characteristics such as progressiveness, VCL, and VSL should be included in determining semen quality together with primary parameters for successful AI and high breeding performance in the swine industry.

Drosophila HCN mediates gustatory homeostasis by preserving sensillar transepithelial potential in sweet environments.

Establishing transepithelial ion disparities is crucial for sensory functions in animals. In insect sensory organs called sensilla, a transepithelial potential, known as the sensillum potential (SP), arises through active ion transport across accessory cells, sensitizing receptor neurons such as mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors. Because multiple receptor neurons are often co-housed in a sensillum and share SP, niche-prevalent overstimulation of single sensory neurons can compromise neighboring receptors by depleting SP. However, how such potential depletion is prevented to maintain sensory homeostasis remains unknown. Here, we find that the Ih-encoded hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel bolsters the activity of bitter-sensing gustatory receptor neurons (bGRNs), albeit acting in sweet-sensing GRNs (sGRNs). For this task, HCN maintains SP despite prolonged sGRN stimulation induced by the diet mimicking their sweet feeding niche, such as overripe fruit. We present evidence that Ih-dependent demarcation of sGRN excitability is implemented to throttle SP consumption, which may have facilitated adaptation to a sweetness-dominated environment. Thus, HCN expressed in sGRNs serves as a key component of a simple yet versatile peripheral coding that regulates bitterness for optimal food intake in two contrasting ways: sweet-resilient preservation of bitter aversion and the previously reported sweet-dependent suppression of bitter taste.

Identification of an intermediate methyl carrier in the radical S-adenosylmethionine methylthiotransferases RimO and MiaB.

RimO and MiaB are radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes that catalyze the attachment of methylthio (-SCH3) groups to macromolecular substrates. RimO attaches a methylthio group at C3 of aspartate 89 of protein S12, a component of the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. MiaB attaches a methylthio group at C2 of N(6)-(isopentenyl)adenosine, found at nucleotide 37 in several prokaryotic tRNAs. These two enzymes are prototypical members of a subclass of radical SAM enzymes called methylthiotransferases (MTTases). It had been assumed that the sequence of steps in MTTase reactions involves initial sulfur insertion into the organic substrate followed by capping of the inserted sulfur atom with a SAM-derived methyl group. In this work, however, we show that both RimO and MiaB from Thermotoga maritima catalyze methyl transfer from SAM to an acid/base labile acceptor on the protein in the absence of their respective macromolecular substrates. Consistent with the assignment of the acceptor as an iron-sulfur cluster, denaturation of the SAM-treated protein with acid results in production of methanethiol. When RimO or MiaB is first incubated with SAM in the absence of substrate and reductant and then incubated with excess S-adenosyl-l-[methyl-d3]methionine in the presence of substrate and reductant, production of the unlabeled product precedes production of the deuterated product, showing that the methylated species is chemically and kinetically competent to be an intermediate.

Long isoform of ErbB3 binding protein, p48, mediates protein kinase B/Akt-dependent HDM2 stabilization and nuclear localization.

p48 is a long isoform of the ErbB3 binding protein that has oncogenic functions including promotion of carcinogenesis and induction of malignant transformation through negative regulation of tumor suppressor p53. Here, we show that high level of p48 protein expression leads to enhance HDM2 phosphorylation by Akt and inhibits the self-ubiquitination of HDM2 by up-regulation of Akt activity, thereby promoting its protein stability. Moreover, p48 expression leads to accumulated nuclear localization of HDM2, whereas p48 depletion disturbs its nuclear localization. Hence, higher expression of p48 in cancer cells reduces p53 levels through modulation of HDM2 nuclear localization and protein stability via regulation of its Akt-mediated phosphorylation.