Uncovering assets in Brazilian national parks.

Protected areas (PAs) are the cornerstone of global conservation policy and have expanded dramatically over the last century. Though unequivocally beneficial for biodiversity, gazetting land for protecting nature can also be seen as an 'opportunity cost' that some politicians are unwilling to pay. One of the most effective strategies to increase the political resilience of PAs in the face of such threats is to demonstrate their broader value to society. This is one of the objectives of the recently proposed 'PA asset framework'. The framework conceptualizes PAs as being composed of suites of biophysical, human, infrastructure, institutional and cultural assets that interact with individuals and institutions to generate different forms of tangible and intangible value. Here, we test the utility of the framework by conducting an asset-based analysis of Brazilian National Parks (NPs) at two different scales (NP system and NP unit). Assets were identified at the system level through a systematic review of 49 Management Plans (MPs) using a typology of PA asset classes as a tool for characterising the presence and state of assets in or associated with NPs. At the NP unit level, assets were identified through semi-structured interviews with local managers of the Chapada Diamantina National Park. Biophysical and infrastructure assets were the most represented asset classes at both scales. Our analysis successfully revealed: (i) which assets can be managed to generate wider forms of values at local scale (e.g. natural spectacles, iconic species, park volunteers) (ii) relational values between assets (e.g. trails and outdoor recreational features), and (iii) value generating practices (VGPs) to capture values from the interaction between different assets (i.e. restoration of degraded areas through voluntary programmes, etc.). We conclude by discussing how the PA asset framework can be operatively integrated into NP management to improve the future allocation of limited financial resources.

Known unknowns: Filling the gaps in scientific knowledge production in the Caatinga.

The Caatinga is an ecologically unique semi-arid region of northeast Brazil characterized by high levels of endemism and severe anthropogenic threats from agricultural development and climate change. It is also one of the least known biomes in Brazil due to a combination of inadequate investment, low regional research capacity and difficult working conditions. However, while the lack of scientific knowledge of the Caatinga is well known, the spatial and temporal distribution of knowledge production has not been investigated. This is important because such biases undermine the development of effective conservation policy and practice and increase the uncertainty associated with conservation actions. Here, we map the geography of conservation knowledge production in the Caatinga and use an innovative hurdle model to identify the presumptive factors driving these patterns. Our analysis revealed strong geographic patterns, with research sites concentrated in the east of the region and in areas close to roads and research centres. There was also a positive association between conservation knowledge production and risk of desertification, indicating that conservation scientists are responding to conservation challenges faced by Caatinga's fauna and flora arising from climate change. Our results also highlight the pivotal role of pioneer scientists (those who develop research sites in previously unstudied/understudied areas) in determining the future geographic patterns of knowledge production. We conclude our article with a brief discussion of potential policies for increasing the spatial representativeness of conservation research in this remarkable ecosystem.

O legado do diretor da Escola Profissional de Enfermeiras Alfredo Pinto: Gustavo Köhler Riedel (1921 -1934) / The legacy of the director of School of Professional Nurses Alfredo Pinto: Gustavo Köhler Riedel (1921 -1934) / El legado del director de la Escuela Profesional de Enfermeras Alfredo Pinto: Gustavo Köhler Riedel (1921 -1934)

Objetivos: analisar as circunstâncias em que Gustavo Kõhler Riedel foi o diretor da Escola Profissional de Enfermeiras Alfredo Pinto e discutir o simbólico de seu legado para a escola de enfermagem em apreço e para o campo da medicina psiquiátrica. Metodologia: estudo do tipo biográfico circunstancial com fontes documentais escritas oriundas dos Anais da Colônia de Psicopatas de Engenho de Dentro, relatórios institucionais e textos jornalísticos, e um documento fotográfico. Os documentos foram coletados por meio de um instrumento de pesquisa. A análise dos documentos foi realizada por meio do contexto histórico social e político, por meio do conjunto de relações objetivas. Resultados: apontaram para explicações de como o biografado trilhou na vida profissional e acadêmica, inovando a assistência no campo da psiquiatria e dessa forma contribuiu no campo do ensino da enfermagem ao criar a Escola Profissional de Enfermeiras Alfredo Pinto. Conclusão: o estudo possibilitou desvelar o valor simbólico do legado do biografado.(AU)

Objectives: to examine the circumstances in which Gustavo Köhler Riedel was the director of the Vocational School for Nurses Alfredo Pinto and discuss the symbolism of his legacy to nursing school in question and to the field of psychiatric medicine. Methodology: a type of circumstantial biographical documentary written sources coming from the Annals of the Colony of Psychopaths Engine Inside, institutional reports and newspaper articles, and a photographic document. The documents were collected through a survey instrument. The analysis of documents was carried out by the historical context of social and political, through the set of objective relations. Results: pointed to explanations of how the biography walked into work and academic assistance to innovating in the field of psychiatry and thus contributed in the field of nursing education to create the School of Professional Nurses Alfredo Pinto. Conclusion: the study allowed to reveal the symbolic value of the legacy of the biography.(AU)

Objetivos: examinar las circunstancias en que Gustavo Riedel Köhler fue director de la Escuela de Formación de Enfermeras Alfredo Pinto y discutir el simbolismo de su legado a la escuela de enfermería en cuestión y que el campo de la medicina psiquiátrica. Metodologia: un tipo de documental biográfico circunstanciales fuentes escritas procedentes de los Anales de la Colonia de motor dentro de los psicópatas, los informes institucionales y artículos de prensa, y un documento fotográfico. Los documentos fueron recopilados a través de un instrumento de la encuesta. El análisis de los documentos que se llevó a cabo por el contexto histórico social y político, a través del conjunto de relaciones objetivas. Resultados: se refirió a las explicaciones de cómo entró en la biografía de trabajo y asistencia académica para innovar en el campo de la psiquiatría, contribuyendo con ello en el ámbito de la educación en enfermería para crear la Escuela de Enfermeras Profesionales Alfredo Pinto. Conclusión: el estudio permitió revelar el valor simbólico de la herencia de la biografía. (AU)