A phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of pilocarpine for vaginal dryness: North Central Cancer Treatment group study N04CA.

Vaginal dryness is a common problem for which effective and safe nonestrogenic treatments are needed. Based on preliminary promising data that pilocarpine attenuated vaginal dryness, the current trial was conducted. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial design was used to compare pilocarpine, at target doses of 5 mg twice daily and 5 mg four times daily, with a placebo. Vaginal dryness was recorded by patient-completed questionnaires at baseline and weekly for 6 weeks after study initiation. The primary endpoint for this study was the area under the curve summary statistic composed of the longitudinal responses obtained at baseline and through the 6 weeks of treatment to a numerical analogue scale asking patients to rate their perceived amount of vaginal dryness. The primary analysis was carried out by a single t test using a two-side alternative to compare the collective pilocarpine treatment arms with the collective placebo arms. A total of 201 patients enrolled in this trial. The primary analysis, comparing vaginal dryness symptoms in the collective pilocarpine arms against the placebo arm, did not reveal any benefit for the pilocarpine treatment. This finding was confirmed by other secondary analyses. Toxicity evaluation revealed more nausea, sweating, rigors, and urinary frequency with the pilocarpine arms compared with the placebo arm.

Final report from Intergroup NCCTG 86-72-51 (Alliance): a phase III randomized clinical trial of high-dose versus low-dose radiation for adult low-grade glioma.

BACKGROUND: The optimal radiation dose for adult supratentorial low-grade glioma is unknown. The aim of this study was to provide a final update on oncologic and cognitive outcomes of high-dose versus low-dose radiation for low-grade glioma. METHODS: Between 1986 and 1994, 203 patients with supratentorial low-grade glioma were randomized (1:1) to 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions versus 64.8 Gy in 36 fractions after any degree of resection. RESULTS: For all patients, median overall survival (OS) was 8.4 years (95% CI: 7.2-10.8). Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.2 years (95% CI: 4.3-6.6). Median follow-up is 17.2 years for the 33 patients still alive. High-dose radiation did not improve 15-year OS (22.4%) versus low-dose radiation (24.9%, log-rank P = 0.978) or 15-year PFS (high dose, 15.2% vs low dose, 9.5%; P = 0.7142). OS was significantly better for patients with preoperative tumor diameter <5 cm and baseline Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) >27 and who underwent gross total resection. PFS was improved for patients with oligodendroglioma versus astrocytoma, preoperative tumor diameter <5 cm, patients who had gross total resection, and patients with baseline MMSE >27. For patients who had normal MMSE at baseline, at 7 years only 1 patient (5%) had a clinically significant decrease in MMSE from the previous time point, with the remainder (95%) stable. None had decrease in MMSE at 10, 12, or 15 years. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term follow-up indicates no benefit to high-dose over low-dose radiation for low-grade gliomas. Cognitive function appeared to be stable after radiation as measured by MMSE.

Phase III, randomized, double-blind study of epoetin alfa compared with placebo in anemic patients receiving chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: To determine whether weekly epoetin alfa could improve hemoglobin (HgB) levels, reduce RBC transfusions, and improve quality of life (QOL) in patients with advanced cancer and with anemia after receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This double-blind, placebo-controlled study randomly assigned patients to placebo or epoetin alfa (Ortho Biotech, Bridgewater, NJ) 40,000 U subcutaneous weekly for 16 weeks. QOL, HgB, and RBC transfusions were measured pretreatment and monthly. RESULTS: The study accrued 344 patients; 330 were assessable for efficacy and 305 were assessable for QOL. Placebo-treated patients had a mean increase in HgB of 0.9 g/dL (range, -3.8 to +5.3) compared with 2.8 g/dL (range, -2.2 to +7.5) for epoetin-treated patients (P < .0001). During the study, 31.7% of placebo-treated patients achieved a > or = 2 g/dL HgB increase compared with 72.7% of epoetin-treated patients (P < .0001). The incidence of RBC transfusion for placebo and epoetin treatment arms was 39.6% and 25.3% (P = .005), respectively. The placebo group received 256 units of RBCs compared with 127 units in the epoetin group (P < .0001). The incidence of toxicity in the groups was similar. Changes in the average QOL scores from baseline to the end of the study were similar in the two groups (P = not significant). The HgB responders (irrespective of treatment arm) had a mean change in Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) fatigue score from a baseline of +5.1 compared with -2.1 for the nonresponders (P = .006). CONCLUSION: Epoetin alfa significantly improved HgB and reduced transfusions in this patient population. These results support the use of weekly epoetin alfa as an ameliorative agent for cancer-related anemia.

Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for patients with unresectable liver-only metastases from colorectal cancer: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group phase II study.

PURPOSE: Surgical resection of liver-only metastases from colorectal cancer has undergone extensive evaluation and review. The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to improve the likelihood of resection in disease that is not optimally resectable has not been as well studied. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with liver-only metastases from colorectal cancer deemed not optimally resectable by a surgeon with expertise in liver surgery received fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4). Patients were periodically reassessed for resectability. Surgical response was classified as completely resectable (S-CR), partially resectable (S-PR), or unresectable (S-UR). Study design specified the accrual of 39 patients, with two or more S-CRs considered evidence of promising activity with respect to increasing the S-CR rate. RESULTS: Forty-two of 44 patients were assessable for this analysis. Twenty-five patients (60%) had tumor reduction by serial imaging. Seventeen patients (40%) underwent surgery (S-CR, n = 14; S-PR, n = 1; and S-UR, n = 2) after a median of 6 months of chemotherapy. With a median postsurgical follow-up of 22 months (range, 13 to 32 months), 11 recurrences have occurred in the 15 S-CR and S-PR patients. Median survival time was 26 months. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that FOLFOX4 has a high response rate (complete response, partial response, or reduction) in patients with liver-only metastases from colorectal cancer, allowing for successful resection of disease in a portion of patients initially not judged to be optimally resectable. However, a high recurrence rate after surgery was observed, which, in 73% of patients, involved the liver. Further trials are indicated based on the promising results observed in this trial.

Low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with advanced cancer: a phase 3 clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively assess whether low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) provides a survival benefit in patients with advanced cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between December 1998 and June 2001, we performed a randomized controlled study of patients with advanced cancer. Initially, the study was double blinded and placebo controlled, with the patients receiving daily injections of 5000 U of LMWH or saline. However, because of low accrual midway through the study, the placebo injection arm was eliminated, and the study became open labeled, with patients receiving either LMWH injections plus standard clinical care or standard clinical care alone. The primary study end point was overall survival. RESULTS: Of 141 patients randomized to this clinical trial, 3 dropped out, leaving 138 patients. The median survival time was 10.5 months (95% confidence interval, 7.6-12.2 months) for the combined standard care and placebo groups. The median survival time for the combined LMWH arms was 7.3 months (95% confidence interval, 4.8-12.2 months). These median survival times were not significantly different (log-rank P = .46). The median survival times for the blinded and unblinded LMWH groups were 6.2 months and 9.0 months, respectively. The median survival times were 10.3 months for the blinded placebo arm and 10.5 months for the standard care arm. The rate of severe or life-threatening venous thromboembolism was 6% in the LMWH arms and 7% in the control arms. The rate of severe or life-threatening bleeding was 3% in the LMWH arms and 7% in the control arms.

Phase II trial of procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine as initial therapy for patients with low-grade oligodendroglioma or oligoastrocytoma: efficacy and associations with chromosomal abnormalities.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to determine the response rate and toxicity of PCV administered before radiation therapy in patients with newly diagnosed LGO/LGOA and to explore correlations between response with 1p/19q deletions and aberrant p53 expression. BACKGROUND: Despite prolonged survival of patients with low-grade oligodendroglioma (LGO) and oligoastrocytoma (LGOA), the majority will succumb to progressive disease. Because procarbazine, lomustine (CCNU), and vincristine (PCV) is active in patients with recurrent LGO/LGOA, we hypothesized that it would be beneficial as primary therapy. METHODS: Adult patients with residual tumor on magnetic resonance imaging scan following biopsy or subtotal resection of LGO/LGOA received up to six cycles of PCV. Radiation therapy (59.4 or 54.0 Gy) began within 10 weeks of completing chemotherapy or immediately if there was evidence of tumor progression on PCV. Tumor tissue was analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization for 1p and 19q deletion and by immunohistochemistry for p53 expression. RESULTS: Eight of 28 (29%) and 13 of 25 (52%) eligible patients demonstrated tumor regression as assessed by the treating physician and a blinded central neuroradiology reviewer, respectively. Myelosuppression was the predominant toxicity. Loss of 1p and 19q were associated with LGO but not LGOA (P =.009), were inversely associated with p53 detection, and were not associated with response to PCV (possibly because of the small sample size). CONCLUSION: PCV produces tumor regressions in a meaningful proportion of patients with LGO/LGOA. Toxicity, especially myelosuppression, is significant. Loss of 1p and 19q seems limited to patients with pure LGO and is inversely related to p53 alterations.

Investigation of the prognostic and predictive value of thymidylate synthase, p53, and Ki-67 in patients with locally advanced colon cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the value of thymidylate synthase (TS), Ki-67, and p53 as prognostic markers in patients with Dukes' B2 and C colon carcinoma. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis to evaluate the prognostic value of TS, Ki-67, and p53 in 465 patients with Dukes' B2 (220 patients) or Dukes' C (245 patients) colon carcinoma. Patients represent a nonrandom subset obtained from five randomized phase III trials and were treated with either surgery alone (151 patients) or surgery plus fluorouracil-based chemotherapy (314 patients). All three markers were assayed using immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS: With a minimum follow-up of 5 years, our retrospective analysis failed to demonstrate a consistent and significant association between TS, Ki-67, or p53 and either disease-free survival or overall survival. Exploratory analyses did not reveal a convincing explanation for these results that are in conflict with the published literature. Notable interactions were observed. In particular, high Ki-67 levels were associated with increased (decreased) survival in patients with low (high) TS intensity. Patients whose tumors stained positively for p53 seemed to benefit substantially from the use of adjuvant chemotherapy compared with those who were not treated (P =.05). CONCLUSION: This retrospective investigation failed to demonstrate a significant association between TS, Ki-67, or p53 staining and clinical outcome.

Predictive role of HER-2/neu overexpression and clinical features at initial presentation in patients with extensive stage small cell lung carcinoma.

Although recent advances in therapy have improved the quality of life in patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer (ESSCLC), prolonged survival is still uncommon. To determine the role of HER-2/neu overexpression and other clinical predictors (symptoms at presentation) of adverse outcome in ESSCLC, we performed a retrospective study on subjects with a biopsy-proven diagnosis of ESSCLC. HER-2/neu overexpression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) performed on paraffin-embedded specimens. An IHC score of > or = 2+ was considered positive for overexpression. Between 1991 and 2000, 223 patients with ESSCLC were identified, of whom 193 patients (84 females, 109 males) with a mean age of 68.5 years (range: 42-90 years) had adequate tissue specimens for HER-2/neu testing. The symptoms at initial presentation and proportionate number of patients were: weight loss 61 (31.6%), cough 53 (27.5%), dyspnea 33 (17.1%), mass on chest radiograph 18 (9.3%), chest pain 15 (7.7%), asymptomatic 14 (7.2%) and others (weakness, lymphadenopathy, hoarseness and paraneoplastic syndromes) 29 (15.0%). Of the 193 specimens, 57 (29.5%) revealed HER-2/neu overexpression. The median survival for patients with ESSCLC who were HER-2/neu positive was 8 months (range: 1-25.5 months) while that in the HER-2/neu negative group was 16 months (range: 2-34 months). Interestingly, after adjusting for age, performance status and type of therapy, subset analysis revealed that the survival was significantly lower in HER-2/neu positive individuals (P<0.001; Mann-Whitney U-test). In our study, weight loss and cough were the two most common (59%) presenting complaints in patients with ESSCLC. Also, since HER-2/neu positivity was a marker for poor prognosis in ESSCLC, testing for overexpression may play a role in identifying patients at risk for shortened survival. Further studies would delineate whether HER-2/neu overexpression renders SCLC chemoresistant and thus, adversely affects outcome. There exists a need for randomized controlled trials to assess the role of Herceptin (alone or in combination with standard chemotherapy) in patients with ESSCLC.

Phase II study of oral etoposide and intravenous paclitaxel in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the activity and tolerance for the combination of oral etoposide and paclitaxel as first-line therapy for patients with extensive SCLC. METHODS: A total of 57 patients were enrolled in this study. A cycle of chemotherapy consisted of oral etoposide administered as 50 mg BID on days 1 through 10 and paclitaxel administered as 150 mg/m(2) IV (3 h infusion) along with the first dose of etoposide on day 10. Patients were assessed for response to therapy (regression, stable disease, progression), survival, time to disease progression, and toxicity. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Fifty-five patients were evaluable for efficacy parameters. Among the 55 patients, there were six with complete regression of disease, 18 with partial regression, 11 with regression, five with stable disease, and 15 with progressive disease, yielding an overall response rate of 63.6% (95% confidence interval, 50.0-76.0%). The 6-month and 1-year progression-free survival rates were 48.2 and 18.9%, respectively. The median time to disease progression was 5.8 months. The overall survival rates were 67.3% at 6 months and 41.8% at 1 year. The combination of oral etoposide and paclitaxel demonstrated significant efficacy as first-line therapy for extensive SCLC, with an overall response rate of 63.6% for 55 evaluable patients. In addition, the treatment was well tolerated with no unexpected toxicities.

Immunohistochemical identification of HER-2/neu overexpression and CD117 (c-kit) expression in multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the most common plasma cell dyscrasia. Conventional therapy results in a median survival of 3-5 years. Patients with B-cell disorders and coexistent HER-2/neu overexpression in solid tumors have a poorer prognosis than those without an underlying B-cell disorder. This, and the recent success of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib mesylate in chronic myelogenous leukemia, led us to evaluate the incidence and role of c-kit (CD117) and HER-2/neu overexpression in MM. We conducted a retrospective study to determine the incidence of HER-2/neu and c-kit overexpression in MM. HER-2/neu overexpression was evaluated using the DAKO Hercep test and c-kit overexpression was assessed using conventional immunohistochemistry (IHC); 69 patients with a diagnosis of MM were identified, of whom, 31 patients (19 males and 12 females) had an adequate pathological specimen available for IHC testing; 4 out of 31 patients (12.9%) showed HER-2/neu overexpression, while 5/31 (16.13%) showed CD117 expression. Two patients (6.45%) showed both HER-2/neu and c-kit overexpression. Although both HER-2/neu and c-kit are not expressed very frequently in patients with MM, there appears to be a subgroup of patients in whom, either one or both these oncogenes is overexpressed. Given our small sample size, it is difficult to comment on the effect of CD117 and/or HER-2/neu overexpression on survival. Future larger studies are needed to define the association in MM and to determine if the presence of one (CD117 or HER-2/neu) has an effect on overexpression of the other oncoprotein. Furthermore, it would be beneficial to identify the molecular nature of the interplay between HER-2/neu and c-kit, if any. Target-directed signal transduction inhibition therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors, may be a distinct possibility in a select group of patients with MM.

Identification and relationship of HER-2/neu overexpression to short-term mortality in primary malignant brain tumors.

INTRODUCTION: HER-2/neu overexpression has been associated with poor prognosis in solid tumors. The extent to which HER-2/neu is overexpressed in human central nervous system malignancies is unclear. We retrospectively analyzed a large cohort of patients with primary brain tumors to evaluate the prognostic role of HER-2/neu overexpression and clinical characteristics at presentation in patients with shortened survival (< 6 months). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1986 and 2001, 136 patients (81 males, 55 females) with a mean age of 69 years (age range: 49-78 years), with a biopsy-proven diagnosis of a primary malignant brain tumor and survival of < six months from the time of diagnosis, were identified. Archival tissue samples were analyzed for HER-2/neu overexpression using the Hercep immunohistochemical assay. A score of 2+ or greater on the assay was considered positive for HER-2/neu overexpression. Short-term mortality (less than 6 months) and its predictors were evaluated using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Mean overall survival was 2.8 months. HER-2/neu overexpression was detected in 23 out of 136 specimens (17%). However, HER-2/neu overexpression did not predict increased 6-month mortality (p = 0.43). Interestingly, the presence of HER-2/neu overexpression was associated with a significantly increased risk of an associated second primary malignancy in addition to the primary brain tumor. Other factors examined did not predict increased 6-month mortality either, including site of tumor (p = 0.54), tumor histology (p = 0.77) and presenting symptoms (p = 0.32). CONCLUSION: Her-2/neu overexpression was detected in 17% of patients with primary brain tumors, but, did not predict increased short-term mortality in patients with brain tumors surviving less than six months. We were not able to identify any clinical variables that could predict survival in our patient population. At present, there are few reliable prognostic indicators for brain tumors. Further studies are needed to specify whether certain tumor subtypes are more likely to overexpress HER-2/neu and to evaluate the role of HER-2/neu as a target for therapy in malignant brain tumors.

Role of immunohistochemical identification of Her-2/neu and detection of variability in overexpression in pancreatic carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Her-2/neu overexpression has been recently shown to be a poor prognostic factor in breast carcinoma. Overexpression has also been demonstrated in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas but the significance is unclear. We attempted to study the role of Her-2/neu overexpression, detected by immunohistochemistry, in pancreatic carcinoma and also examined for variability of overexpression across different tissue sections on individual tumor specimen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of all patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, diagnosed and followed between 1986 and 2001 at a tertiary care oncology center were reviewed. Archival pathological samples were analyzed for Her-2/neu expression using the Hercep immunohistochemical assay (DAKO). A score of 2+ or greater on the assay was considered positive for Her-2/neu expression. When tumors were found to be Her-2/neu-positive, they were assessed for variability of expression of Her-2/neu by staining different sections of individual tumor blocks. Log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards methods were used to analyze survival data. RESULTS: Three hundred and eight patients were included in our study. The mean age was 70 years. Forty-eight out of 308 specimens (16%) were positive for Her-2/neu expression. The mean survival in the Her-2/neu-positive group was 11 months and in the Her-2/neu-negative group was 7 months (p=.03). Of the 48 patients with Her-2/neu-positive tumors, 16 showed variable overexpression (33%). Multivariate analysis did not reveal statistical difference in survival between the uniformly expressing and variably expressing tumors. CONCLUSION: Her-2/neu overexpression detected by immunohistochemistry does not appear to be a poor prognostic factor in patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Also, there is significant variability in the level of Her-2/neu expression across tumor sections in individual patients, which can potentially lead to considerable misclassification. Hence, we believe that, pending further studies, Her-2/neu may not be an appropriate target for therapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

HER-2/neu overexpression detected by immunohistochemistry in soft tissue sarcomas.

Sarcomas currently represent 1% of adult malignancies and 15% of pediatric malignancies. To determine the prevalence of HER-2/neu overexpression by the histologic type and to identify a possible predictive role in patients with sarcoma, we performed a retrospective study on subjects with a biopsy-proven diagnosis of a soft tissue sarcoma. HER-2/neu overexpression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) performed on paraffin-embedded specimens. An IHC score of 2+ or greater was considered positive for overexpression. Two hundred seventy-three patients with soft tissue sarcoma were identified (164 females, 109 males) with a mean age of 56 (range: 1-93). The most common tumors identified were malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) (18.3%), dermatofibrosarcoma (DFS) (16.1%), leiomyosarcoma (13.2%) and carcinosarcomas (CS) (7.3%). Of the 273 specimens, 29 (10.6%) revealed HER-2/neu overexpression. CS, MFH, and DFS specimens showed the highest incidence of HER-2/neu overexpression (40%, 26%, and 18.2%, respectively). The incidence of HER-2/neu overexpression was found to be significantly higher in patients with a survival of less than 8 months (p = 0.035). This demonstrates that HER-2/neu overexpression is preferentially seen in certain soft tissue sarcomas, and when present is associated with a poorer prognosis in patients with sarcoma. Further studies would delineate whether HER-2/neu overexpression renders sarcomas chemoresistant and thus adversely affects outcome. In addition, there may be a role for Herceptin (trastuzumab) alone, or in combination with conventional therapy, in patients with CS, MHF, and DFS.

Long-term survival of patients with advanced/recurrent carcinoma of cervix and vagina after neoadjuvant treatment with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin with or without the addition of molgramostim, and review of the literature.

A randomized phase III study was conducted to assess the addition of molgramostim (GM-CSF) to the combination of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) in terms of response rate, progression-free survival, and survival in women with advanced, recurrent, or metastatic carcinoma of the cervix or vagina. Patients received four 4-week cycles of methotrexate 30 mg/m2 IV days 1, 15, 22; vinblastine 3 mg/m2 IV days 2, 15, 22; doxorubicin 30 mg/m2 IV day 2; and cisplatin 70 mg/m2 IV day 2 with or without GM-CSF 5 microg/kg every 12 hours subcutaneously days 3 to 12. They were then reevaluated for operability. Those who were not surgical candidates were offered additional chemotherapy until progression or toxicity. Those who were surgical candidates were offered surgical resection of remaining tumor followed by involved-field external beam irradiation to sites of no prior irradiation and intraoperative irradiation to sites of prior external beam irradiation. This trial closed after 36 eligible patients were entered because of poor accrual. Although more than 40% of patients on each arm received fewer than four cycles of MVAC, the clinical response rate was 78% (95% CI: 52-94%) and 50% (95% CI: 26-74%) for MVAC and MVAC + GM-CSF, respectively; the median time to progression was 10.2 and 11.8 months, respectively; and median survival was 13.8 and 16.0 months, respectively. Toxicity was substantial, with more than 40% experiencing grade III to IV leukopenia, and nearly 40% experiencing grade III to IV stomatitis. MVAC with or without GM-CSF support achieves high response rates in patients with advanced, recurrent, or metastatic cervical carcinoma despite dose reductions and deletions. Its progression-free survival and overall survival rates appear promising. These results need to be confirmed within a large randomized phase III clinical trial.

Predictive value of clinical features at initial presentation in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a series of 308 cases.

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in both men and women with a mortality incidence ratio of 0.99. In an effort to describe the role of clinical features at initial presentation, we conducted a retrospective observational study in patients with a biopsy-proven diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Between 1986 and 2001, 308 patients (160 males, 148 females) were diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The mean age at diagnosis was 70.1 yr (range: 34-96 yr). The mean survival was 7.6 mo (range: 0-97 mo). Statistical analysis was performed using log-rank tests and analysis of variance. As expected, age at diagnosis was a significant factor affecting survival, with older patients doing relatively poorly (p < 0.05). Patients with a good performance status performed significantly better than those with a poor performance status (p < 0.01). In addition, the presence of the tumor in the head of the pancreas was a predictor for improved survival (p < 0.01). Although smoking increased the chances of detection at an earlier age, neither diabetes mellitus nor a positive smoking history had a statistically significant effect on the survival. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a disease of the elderly associated with a poorer outcome. Knowledge of possible clinical predictors of survival may lead to better patient counseling regarding prognosis.

Controversies in the management of brain metastases.

The multidisciplinary management of brain metastases has generated substantial controversy as treatment has diversified in recent years. Debate about the type, role, and timing of different diagnostic and therapeutic strategies has promoted rigorous scientific research into efficacy. However, much still remains unanswered in the treatment of this difficult disease process. This manuscript seeks to highlight some of the controversies identified in previous sections of this supplement, including prognosis, pathology, radiation and surgical treatment, neuroimaging, and the biochemical underpinnings of brain metastases. By recognizing what is yet unanswered, we hope to identify areas in which further research may yield promising results.

Phase III comparison of depomedroxyprogesterone acetate to venlafaxine for managing hot flashes: North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial N99C7.

PURPOSE: Vasomotor hot flashes are a common problem in menopausal women. Given concerns regarding estrogen and/or combined hormonal therapy, other treatment options are desired. Prior trials have confirmed that progestational agents and newer antidepressants effectively reduce hot flashes. This current trial compared a single intramuscular dose of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), depot preparation, versus daily oral venlafaxine as treatment for hot flashes. METHODS: Women with bothersome hot flashes were entered onto this trial, were randomly assigned to treatment, and then had a baseline week where hot flash scores were recorded without treatment. They were then treated and observed for 6 weeks; daily diaries were used to measure hot flash frequencies and severities. There were 109 patients per each arm randomly assigned to receive MPA 400 mg intramuscularly for a single dose versus venlafaxine 37.5 mg per day for a week, then 75 mg per day. RESULTS: During the sixth week after random assignment, hot flash scores were reduced by 55% in the venlafaxine arm versus 79% in the MPA arm (P < .0001). In an intention-to-treat analysis, 46% of venlafaxine patients (50 of 109) compared with 74% of the MPA patients (81 of 109) had a decrease in hot flashes by more than 50% from baseline (P < .0001). Less toxicity was reported in the MPA arm. CONCLUSION: A single MPA dose seems to be well tolerated and more effectively reduces hot flashes than does venlafaxine.

Flutamide in men with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomized, placebo-controlled chemoprevention trial.

High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) has been identified as a premalignant change in the prostate that indicates increased risk of the subsequent development of prostate adenocarcinoma. Prior studies have suggested that androgen deprivation therapy causes a regression of HGPIN. We therefore conducted a chemoprevention trial assessing the efficacy of flutamide in reducing the rate of prostate adenocarcinoma development in men with HGPIN. Men with biopsyproven HGPIN but no evidence of prostate adenocarcinoma were randomized in a double-blind manner to either flutamide 250 mg/d or a placebo. Treatment was continued for 1 year. Repeat biopsies were obtained at 12 and 24 months. Quality of life and toxicities related to treatment were also measured. Sixty patients were randomized and began therapy with either flutamide or placebo. At 1 year, 14% of men receiving flutamide and 10% of men receiving placebo had developed prostate adenocarcinoma. Flutamide-associated toxicities were mild to moderate in severity. Quality-of-life measures did not show any differences between the 2 groups. This study showed no evidence of benefit from flutamide as a chemoprevention agent in men with HGPIN.

Evaluation of shark cartilage in patients with advanced cancer: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group trial.

BACKGROUND: Shark cartilage has been a popular complementary or alternative medicine intervention. The basis for this popularity is the claim that sharks rarely get cancer because of the high proportion of cartilage in the shark's body. However, early studies were equivocal. Therefore, a clinical trial was conducted to look at the impact of shark cartilage in patients with advanced cancer. The primary goal of this trial was to determine whether a shark cartilage product improved overall survival for patients with advanced cancer who were getting standard care. Secondary research goals were to evaluate toxicities, tolerability, and quality of life associated with this shark cartilage product. METHODS: The study was a two-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial. Patients with incurable breast or colorectal carcinoma had to have good performance status and organ function. Patients could be receiving chemotherapy. Patients were all to receive standard care and then to be randomly selected to receive either a shark cartilage product or an identical-appearing and smelling placebo 3 to 4 times each day. RESULTS: Data on a total of 83 evaluable patients were analyzed. There was no difference in overall survival between patients receiving standard care plus a shark cartilage product versus standard care plus placebo. Likewise, there was no suggestion of improvement in quality of life for patients receiving the shark cartilage, compared with those receiving placebo. CONCLUSION: This trial was unable to demonstrate any suggestion of efficacy for this shark cartilage product in patients with advanced cancer.