Continuous-wave pumped frequency upconversions in an InSe-integrated microfiber.

We report the achievement of continuous-wave (CW)-pumped second-harmonic generation (SHG) and sum frequency generation (SFG) in a layered indium selenide (InSe)-integrated microfiber. As a result of the strong interaction between the InSe nanosheets and the evanescent field, the second-order nonlinear processes are greatly enhanced in the InSe-integrated microfiber pumped by a few milliwatt CW lasers. The experimental results reveal that the intensities of SHG and SFG are quadratic and linear dependencies with the incident pump power, respectively, which is consistent with theoretical predictions. Additionally, the SHG intensity is strongly polarization-dependent on the nonaxisymmetrical distribution of the InSe nanosheets around the microfiber, providing the possibility of the SHG-polarized manipulation. The proposed device has the potential to be integrable into all-fiber systems for nonlinear applications.

No client left behind: A meta-analysis of premature termination from psychotherapy in U.S. service members and veterans.

Dropout has been identified as a significant problem among military populations seeking psychotherapy (Goetter et al., 2015; Hoge et al., 2014), yet an overall estimate of its exact prevalence and predictors does not exist. The aims of the current meta-analysis were to estimate outpatient psychotherapy dropout rates for this population and evaluate potential moderators of this event. In total, 283 articles-comprising data from 719,465 U.S. service members and veterans-met all inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The average weighted dropout rate for all outpatient therapies was 25.6%, 95% CI [22.4%, 29.2%], and prediction interval [1.9%, 85.9%]. Furthermore, dropout was 27.0% for cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs), 25.3% for trauma treatments, 27.6% for the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), 28.9% for individual therapies, and 9.8% for intensive outpatient settings. Findings from metaregression analyses using mixed-effects models indicated that higher dropout was linked with the following after accounting for other moderators: younger age, CBTs, nonmanualized approaches, VA versus Department of Defense settings, individual versus group therapies, and weekly versus intensive outpatient formats. Dropout was not linked with other client, therapist, treatment, and research variables. Taken together, dropout estimates were obtained for a range of military populations and treatment characteristics, including theoretical orientation, presenting concern, setting, and therapy formats. These estimates may provide potential benchmarks for therapists, administrators, and policymakers serving military populations. Leveraging dropout prevention strategies with at-risk groups highlighted in this study may enhance mental health care outcomes for this high-need population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Prophylatic use of IV nalmefene to prevent epidural opioid-induced pruritus: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The incidence of pruritus from neuraxial opioids is about 60%. Pruritus causes discomfort and decreases the quality of recovery. This randomized double-blinded clinical trial was aimed to evaluate the prophylactic effects of a single dose IV nalmefene on the incidence and severity of epidural opioid-induced pruritus within 24 h after surgeries. DESIGN: A two-center, randomized, double blinded, controlled clinical trial. SETTING: The study was conducted from March 2022 to February 2023 at two tertiary care hospitals in China. PATIENTS: Patients aged between 18 and 80 years-old who underwent elective surgeries and received epidural analgesia intra- and post-operatively were screened for study enrollment. A total of 306 patients were enrolled, 302 patients underwent randomization and 296 patients were included in the final analysis. INTERVENTIONS: The nalmefene group was prophylactically given 0.5 µg/kg nalmefene intravenously while the control group was given the same volume of saline. MEASUREMENTS: The primary endpoint was the incidence of pruritus within 24 h after surgeries. The secondary endpoints included time of the first patient-reported pruritus, severity of pruritus after surgeries, severity of acute pain scores after surgeries and other anesthesia/analgesia related side effects. MAIN RESULTS: Pruritus occurred in 51 of the 147 (34.69%) patients in the control group and 35 of the 149 (23.49%) patients in the nalmefene group (odds ratio, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.96; P = 0.034) within 24 h postoperatively. Nalmefene group demonstrated delayed onset of pruritus, reduced severity of pruritus and decreased vomiting within 24 h after surgery. There were no significant differences in postoperative analgesia and the incidence of other anesthesia/analgesia associated side effects. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of 0.5 µg/kg nalmefene intravenously significantly reduced the incidence and severity of epidural-opioid induced pruritus within 24 h after surgery without affecting the efficacy of epidural analgesia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (www.chictr.org.cn) and the registration number is ChiCTR2100050463. Registered on August 27th, 2021.

A meta-analysis of the effects of role induction in psychotherapy.

Role induction is a pantheoretical method that can be used in the initial phase of psychotherapy to prepare patients for treatment. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the effects of role induction on treatment dropout, and immediate, mid-, and posttreatment outcomes for adult individual psychotherapy patients. A total of 17 studies were identified that met all inclusion criteria. Data from these studies indicate that role induction has a positive impact on reducing premature termination (k = 15, OR = 1.64, p = .03, I² = 56.39) and improving immediate within-session outcomes (k = 8, d = 0.64, p < .01, I² = 88.80) and posttreatment outcomes (k = 8, d = 0.33, p < .01, I² = 39.89). However, role induction did not show a significant impact on midtreatment outcomes (k = 5, d = 0.26, p = .30, I² = 71.03). Results from moderator analyses are also presented. Training implications and therapeutic practices based on this research are also discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Comparison of the effects of sufentanil-dominant anaesthesia/analgesia and epidural anaesthesia/analgesia on postoperative immunological alterations, stress responses and prognosis in open hepatectomy: a randomized trial.

Background: Both in vitro and in animal studies have shown immunosuppressive effects of opioids which might provoke tumour growth and metastasis, while no definite results were shown in previous clinical studies. To find out the effects between general anaesthesia combined with sufentanil target-controlled infusion (SGA) and general anaesthesia combined with epidural anaesthesia (EGA) on immunological alterations, stress responses and prognosis in patients undergoing open hepatectomy, a prospective, non-inferiority, randomized-controlled study was performed. Methods: Patients with liver neoplasms undergoing open hepatectomy were randomly assigned to either SGA (n=81) or EGA (n=81) group. The primary outcome was the ratio of interferon (IFN)-γ/interleukin (IL)-4 at 24 h after surgery (T3). The secondary outcomes included immune-related cytokines, circulating immune cells, stress-related cytokines, cortisol and blood glucose, visual analogue scale scores. Plasma was sampled at five-time points [baseline/before surgery (T0), 5 min after portal block release (T1), 1 h after surgery (T2), T3, and on a postoperative day (POD)5 (T4)]. Cancer-related outcomes, including recurrence, metastasis and survival, were followed up at 3 months and 1 year after surgery. Results: The IFN-γ/IL-4 ratios were comparable between both groups at T3 {median [interquartile range (IQR)]: 20.78 (12.73-29.18) vs. 19.52 (13.98-29.29), P=0.607}. At T3, the proportions of circulating T cells were decreased, while those of B and natural killer cells were increased. The plasma level of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α at T2 was significantly higher in the SGA group [median (IQR): 7.45 (6.20-9.80) vs. 5.95 (4.95-7.45) pg/mL, P<0.001]. Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia was less effective than epidural analgesia on POD0 and POD2. For hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-related outcomes, no significant differences were found in either short- or long-term follow-ups. Conclusions: Although the levels of TNF-α were higher in the SGA group, the tumour-related immunological alterations and follow-ups showed no difference between groups. SGA appears not to be inferior to EGA regarding tumour-related immunity and prognosis. Intravenous opioid use appears not to be inferior to epidural anaesthesia, and can be used safely in HCC patients without worsening patients' prognosis. Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (No. ChiCTR2000035299).

Developing a prediction model for estimating adrenocorticotropic hormone changes in patients undergoing scheduled open hepatectomy.

Background: Currently, there is no gold standard for monitoring patients' intraoperative stress levels under general anesthesia, while excessive stress may affect their postoperative outcomes. This prospective cohort study developed a prediction model using patients' hemodynamic parameters to predict the change in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations, one of the stress hormones, under surgical stimuli to evaluate intraoperative stress levels. Methods: A total of 205 patients undergoing scheduled open hepatectomy were enrolled in this study to investigate the correlations between ACTH levels and hemodynamic parameters. The ACTH concentration was assessed before surgery (baseline) and 10 minutes after skin incision. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were obtained at baseline and again at 1-minute intervals for 10 minutes after the skin incision. A logistic regression model was built to predict intraoperative stress level based on ACTH fluctuations, using the bootstrapped sampling approach. The model was validated using the internal sample. Results: Three essential variables were used in the prediction model, including two significant variables, namely, baseline ACTH and mean arterial pressure (MAP), and one variable that was close to achieving significance, that is, HR. This model was able to detect 74.9% of patients with predefined unacceptable ACTH changes. The model had an average of area under the curve (AUC) of 0.723 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.657-0.791]. Conclusions: The model developed herein may be a potential practical method for predicting intraoperative stress levels. This prediction model may be a preliminary step to building a real-time stress model based on routine monitoring during general anesthesia, needing further validations in an external sample.

A model-based validation study of postoperative complications with considerations on operative timing.

BACKGROUND: Surgery is a highly technical procedure relying on high mental acuity and manual dexterity. The possibility that surgical outcomes and post-operative complications could be subject to influence by fatigue and/or circadian rhythms in surgeons has been investigated with inconsistent results. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study to assess the significance of operative timing on classifying surgical complications using an interpretable machine learning approach. We trained various linear, generative as well as tree models on the surgical record data collected from a university-affiliated, tertiary teaching hospital in China by performing parameter tuning using grid search cross-validation for optimizing the F1 score. RESULTS: The results indicated that XGBoost was the best-performing model overall and its feature importance was shown to provide insight into possible timing-related associations with postoperative complications. We observed that the duration of surgery acted as the strongest indicator, and while surgery initiated at night (between 9 pm and 7 am) also ranked higher on the feature importance scale, it bore less significance than other factors such as the patient's age, gender, and type of surgery performed. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that surgical records could be used to demonstrate that operative timing might affect the occurrence of postoperative complications, but only in a relatively mild way while potentially entangling with multiple factors.

Preoperative assessment clinics and case cancellations: a prospective study from a large medical center in China.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative assessment clinics have great benefits in reducing surgical cancellations, saving hospital resources and improving patient satisfaction. However, previous studies did not focus on patients with comorbidities. With advancements in medicine and aging population, the number of elderly patients with multiple comorbidities is increasing. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of a preoperative assessment clinic for patients with multiple comorbidities. METHODS: This prospective, observational study enrolled patients with multiple comorbidities from Nov 1, 2019 to Oct 31, 2020 in a tertiary teaching hospital in China. Patients either visited the preoperative assessment clinic before admission or received an anesthesia consultation after admission. The impact of clinic visits on operating room cancellations, length of hospital stay before surgery, length of hospital stay after surgery, major postoperative complications, incidence of postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admission, readmission to any hospital within 30 days after surgeries and total in-hospital costs were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 326 eligible cases were included. Eighty-seven of 108 cases who visited the clinic before admission were scheduled for selective surgeries. In all, 218 patients received an anesthesia consultation after admission. The cancellation rate in the inpatient group was 7.80%, while no surgeries were cancelled in preclinic group (P=0.016). A preoperative assessment clinic visit statistically decreased the length of in-hospital stays before surgery from 93.02 to 76.11 h (P=0.010). After propensity score matching, significant differences in operating room cancellations (0 vs. 6.48%; P=0.015) and length of stay before surgery (76.11 vs. 92.22 h; P=0.038) persisted between two groups. No significant differences between the two groups were found in terms of prognosis, including major postoperative complications, incidence of postoperative ICU admissions, and readmissions to any hospital within 30 days (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with comorbidities undergoing major surgeries, a preoperative assessment clinic visit was more efficient than an anesthesia consultation after admission. These findings may provide impetus for the opening of preoperative assessment clinics for critical patients in China.

Postoperative sufentanil intravenous patient-controlled analgesia within the first 24 hours: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) is recommended for postoperative systemic analgesia by the American Pain Society. As there is no efficacy advantage and a higher probability of adverse events, routine basal infusion of opioids is not recommended for opioid-naïve adults. However, the opioids referred to in postoperative pain management guidelines were mainly morphine. Nowadays, sufentanil is widely used in postoperative acute pain management. In this retrospective study, we evaluated and compared the analgesic effect, PCA use, as well as adverse events among different basal infusions with sufentanil-based postoperative PCA. METHODS: The data of 322 eligible postoperative patients who received sufentanil-based IV-PCA from January 2018 to December 2019 were collected in this study. According to the settings of background infusions, patients were allocated to 3 groups: 2, 1, or 0.5 mL/hour. The primary endpoint was PCA attempts and successful delivery. We also evaluated the occurrence of adverse events associated with sufentanil-based PCA and the intensity of postoperative pain using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). RESULTS: PCA attempts, successful deliveries, total volume of PCA and patient NRS scores were significantly different between the 3 groups (P<0.05). Through pairwise comparison, there was only a statistical difference between the 2 mL/hour and the 0.5 mL/hour group in PCA attempts, successful deliveries, and total volumes of PCA. There were no statistical differences in adverse events between groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We found that a smaller background infusion with sufentanil required more bolus infusions and a higher total volume of PCA within 24 hours after surgery. However, NRS scores were higher in the smaller background infusion group. Our results highlight the need for further studies to optimize doses for sufentanil IV-PCA basal infusions, which will also provide useful information to enhance the quality of pain control in the future.

Erratum to Transperitoneal versus extraperitoneal robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy on postoperative hepatic and renal function.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.21037/gs-20-533.].

Transperitoneal versus extraperitoneal robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy on postoperative hepatic and renal function.

Background: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the effect of two approaches of robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP). The first approach was pneumoperitoneum via transperitoneal (TP-RALP), and the second approach was extraperitoneal (EP-RALP) on visceral function. We aimed to provide clinical evidence for the perioperative safety with RALP and to help the surgical team choose an appropriate approach for those with hepatic or renal insufficiency. Methods: One hundred and fifty-seven eligible prostate cancer patients from 2015 to 2019 were included in this study. The postoperative related laboratory tests were compared between transperitoneal and extraperitoneal. The primary endpoint was hepatic and renal function. We also evaluate the intraoperative amount of bleeding, the length of postoperative hospital stays, the occurrence of postoperative complications (lymphatic leakage, bleeding, and infection), and the prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Results: Postoperative total bilirubin and bound bilirubin in both groups were significantly increased, while total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, and uric acid were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The total protein, albumin, and globulin are significantly higher in the EP-RALP group than in the TP-RALP group (P<0.05) postoperatively. There are no statistical differences in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and creatinine clearance (CCR) between these two groups, postoperatively. Conclusions: RALP had a significant effect on hepatic function after both TP-RALP and EP-RALP approaches, while the latter showed a lesser extent. Our results suggested that pneumoperitoneal pathways have significant effects on protein consumption. Thus, we should require a more cautious choice of surgical approaches when it comes to patients with impaired hepatic function or under risk of hepatic malfunction.