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1.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(13)2024 Jun 24.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39000023

RESUMEN

Chronic exposure to harmful pollutants, chemicals, and pathogens from the environment can lead to pathological changes in the epithelial barrier, which increase the risk of developing an allergy. During allergic inflammation, epithelial cells send proinflammatory signals to group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2s) and eosinophils, which require energy and resources to mediate their activation, cytokine/chemokine secretion, and mobilization of other cells. This review aims to provide an overview of the metabolic regulation in allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD), and allergic rhinitis (AR), highlighting its underlying mechanisms and phenotypes, and the potential metabolic regulatory roles of eosinophils and ILC2s. Eosinophils and ILC2s regulate allergic inflammation through lipid mediators, particularly cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and prostaglandins (PGs). Arachidonic acid (AA)-derived metabolites and Sphinosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are significant metabolic markers that indicate immune dysfunction and epithelial barrier dysfunction in allergy. Notably, eosinophils are promoters of allergic symptoms and exhibit greater metabolic plasticity compared to ILC2s, directly involved in promoting allergic symptoms. Our findings suggest that metabolomic analysis provides insights into the complex interactions between immune cells, epithelial cells, and environmental factors. Potential therapeutic targets have been highlighted to further understand the metabolic regulation of eosinophils and ILC2s in allergy. Future research in metabolomics can facilitate the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics for future application.


Asunto(s)
Hipersensibilidad , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad/metabolismo , Hipersensibilidad/inmunología , Animales , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Eosinófilos/inmunología , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata , Dermatitis Atópica/inmunología , Dermatitis Atópica/metabolismo , Dermatitis Atópica/patología , Linfocitos/metabolismo , Linfocitos/inmunología , Rinitis Alérgica/metabolismo , Rinitis Alérgica/inmunología
2.
Fish Physiol Biochem ; 47(5): 1395-1403, 2021 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34286404

RESUMEN

Improving carbohydrate utilization can contribute to sustainability of aquaculture. In order to explore the feedback mechanism of glucose homeostasis in fish, one control diet (25% carbohydrate and 40% protein), one relatively high carbohydrate diet named HG (42% carbohydrate and 40% protein), and one high dietary carbohydrate coupled with relatively low protein diet named HGP (42% carbohydrate and 25% protein) were fed to grass carp for 40 days. After the feeding trial, HG group impeded the food intake and growth performance of fish compared with the other two groups. Meanwhile, the serum glucose and insulin level were both significantly elevated under the condition of high carbohydrates intake when compared HG with control group. However, although no significant difference was observed in peripheral glucose or insulin between HG and HGP groups, fish fed with HGP diet increased growth performance and food intake compared with the HG group. Gene expression data indicated that fish selectively regulated the expressions of the cerebral anorexigenic genes (cart and pomc) to adapt to the HG and HGP intake. Therefore, the HGP diet with high carbohydrate and low protein was more suitable for grass carp feeding and growth when compared with the other two diets, possibly because the diet composition was closer to the natural food of this fish. In addition, the serum leptin level was highly consistent with changes in food intake and anorexigenic gene expressions when comparing the three experimental diets, indicating that leptin might be the key to mediate the feedback regulation of carbohydrates intake on food intake and appetite in fish.


Asunto(s)
Carpas , Insulinas , Animales , Apetito , Carbohidratos de la Dieta , Ingestión de Alimentos , Retroalimentación , Proteínas de Peces , Glucosa , Leptina
3.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26806058

RESUMEN

Most fish species possess duplicate leptin genes (LEP). Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) leptin A gene (sLEP-A) have been cloned in the previous study. In the present study, we cloned and characterized leptin B gene (sLEP-B) in mandarin fish, including a 471bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 158-amino acid protein. The three-dimensional (3D) structural model of sLEP-B protein showed a highly conserved of tertiary structure similar to that of other vertebrates. Genomic sequencing results indicated that sLEP-B possessed only one intron. This is the first report of the loss of an intron in LEP-B in Perciformes. The different distribution patterns of sLEPs suggest different physiological roles of these two genes. The presence of HNF3ß, a liver-enriched transcription factor, only in sLEP-A indicated abundant expression and metabolic function of sLEP-A in the liver. In an in vivo experiment, the expressions of brain sLEP-A and sLEP-B were observed to increase after a meal. During the short-term fasting, the expressions of sLEPs in mandarin fish brain were decreased significantly. A persistent and significant increase in hepatic sLEP-A expression supported a relationship between leptin and food intake in mandarin fish. These results suggest that sLEP-A plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis in this carnivorous fish, and sLEP-B is probably a specialized gene responsible for the central nervous system (CNS) control of energy regulation.


Asunto(s)
Ayuno , Peces/genética , Leptina/genética , Periodo Posprandial , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , ADN Complementario , Leptina/química , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido
4.
Fish Physiol Biochem ; 42(6): 1557-1569, 2016 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27216495

RESUMEN

This study aimed to evaluate the fat deposition pattern and lipid metabolic strategies of grass carp in response to dietary lipid levels. Five isonitrogenous diets (260 g kg-1 crude protein) containing five dietary lipid levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 g kg-1) were fed to quadruplicate groups of 15 fish with initial weight 200 g, for 8 weeks. The best growth performance and feed utilization was observed in fish fed with lipid level at 40 g kg-1. MFI and adipose tissue lipid content increased with increasing dietary lipid level up to 40 g kg-1, and higher lipid level in diet made no sense. Fish adapted to high lipid intake through integrated regulating mechanisms in several related tissues to maintain lipid homeostasis. In the present study, grass carp firstly increased PPARγ and CPT1 expressions in adipose tissue to elevate adipocyte differentiation and lipolysis to adapt to high lipid intake above 40 g kg-1. In liver, fish elevated hepatic lipid uptake but depressed biosynthesis of hepatic FAs, resulted in no difference in HSI and liver lipid content among the groups. Only in muscle, fish showed a significant fat deposition when the lipid intake above 40 g kg-1. The excess lipid, derived from enhanced serum TC and TG contents, was more likely to induce deposition in muscle rather than lipid uptake by adipose tissue in grass carp fed with high dietary lipid, indicating the muscle of grass carp might be the main responding organ to high lipid intake.


Asunto(s)
Carpas/metabolismo , Grasas de la Dieta/farmacología , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animales , Carpas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ingestión de Alimentos , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Hígado/metabolismo , Músculos/metabolismo
5.
BMC Genomics ; 16: 15, 2015 Jan 22.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25608568

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Although feeding behavior and food habit are ecologically and economically important properties, little is known about formation and evolution of herbivory. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is an ecologically appealing model of vertebrate herbivore, widely cultivated in the world as edible fish or as biological control agents for aquatic weeds. Grass carp exhibits food habit transition from carnivory to herbivory during development. However, currently little is known about the genes regulating the unique food habit transition and the formation of herbivory, and how they could achieve higher growth rates on plant materials, which have a relatively poor nutritional quality. RESULTS: We showed that grass carp fed with duckweed (modeling fish after food habit transition) had significantly higher relative length of gut than fish before food habit transition or those fed with chironomid larvae (fish without transition). Using transcriptome sequencing, we identified 10,184 differentially expressed genes between grass carp before and after transition in brain, liver and gut. By eliminating genes potentially involved in development (via comparing fish with or without food habit transition), we identified changes in expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, appetite control, circadian rhythm, and digestion and metabolism between fish before and after food habit transition. Up-regulation of GHRb, Egfr, Fgf, Fgfbp1, Insra, Irs2, Jak, STAT, PKC, PI3K expression in fish fed with duckweed, consistent with faster gut growth, could promote the food habit transition. Grass carp after food habit transition had increased appetite signal in brain. Altered expressions of Per, Cry, Clock, Bmal2, Pdp, Dec and Fbxl3 might reset circadian phase of fish after food habit transition. Expression of genes involved in digestion and metabolism were significantly different between fish before and after the transition. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the food habit transition from carnivory to herbivory in grass carp might be due to enhanced gut growth, increased appetite, resetting of circadian phase and enhanced digestion and metabolism. We also found extensive alternative splicing and novel transcript accompanying food habit transition. These differences together might account for the food habit transition and the formation of herbivory in grass carp.


Asunto(s)
Carpas/genética , Conducta Alimentaria , Transcriptoma , Empalme Alternativo , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Carnivoría , Carpas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Carpas/metabolismo , Mapeo Cromosómico , Ritmo Circadiano/genética , Genoma , Herbivoria/genética , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Larva/genética , Larva/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN
6.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25737031

RESUMEN

Ghrelin and obestatin are two gastrointestinal peptides obtained by post-translational processing of a common precursor, preproghrelin. The effect of obestatin on food intake is still controversial. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ghrelin and obestatin on food intake in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Fish received intraperitoneal (IP) injection of saline, ghrelin (100 ng g(-1)BW), obestatin-like (25 ng g(-1)BW) and ghrelin in combination with obestatin-like. Ghrelin stimulation of food intake varied considerably among individual fish with 70.8% eliciting a robust response. In these high-responders, food intake was significantly increased by IP ghrelin within 2 h. Co-administration of ghrelin and obestatin-like resulted in a decrease in food intake, indicating that obestatin was able to antagonize the effect of ghrelin. However, IP obestatin-like alone could not regulate food intake in grass carp. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that IP ghrelin peptide led to a significant increase in mRNA abundance of NPY, Y8a and Y8b genes compared to saline injected fish, while in combination with obestatin-like peptide decreased ghrelin-induced gene expressions of these three genes. IP sole obestatin-like peptide did not modify the expression levels of NPY, Y8a, Y8b, CART and POMC compared to the control group. Therefore, IP administration of obestatin-like peptide, partially blocking the ghrelin-induced appetite, investigated the possible involvement of obestatin as a mediator of the ghrelin stimulatory action on food intake, at least in "high-responders" grass carp.


Asunto(s)
Apetito , Carpas/fisiología , Ghrelina/administración & dosificación , Animales
7.
Nat Commun ; 15(1): 4881, 2024 Jun 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38849358

RESUMEN

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays critical roles in regulating mRNA metabolism. However, comprehensive m6A methylomes in different plant tissues with single-base precision have yet to be reported. Here, we present transcriptome-wide m6A maps at single-base resolution in different tissues of rice and Arabidopsis using m6A-SAC-seq. Our analysis uncovers a total of 205,691 m6A sites distributed across 22,574 genes in rice, and 188,282 m6A sites across 19,984 genes in Arabidopsis. The evolutionarily conserved m6A sites in rice and Arabidopsis ortholog gene pairs are involved in controlling tissue development, photosynthesis and stress response. We observe an overall mRNA stabilization effect by 3' UTR m6A sites in certain plant tissues. Like in mammals, a positive correlation between the m6A level and the length of internal exons is also observed in plant mRNA, except for the last exon. Our data suggest an active m6A deposition process occurring near the stop codon in plant mRNA. In addition, the MTA-installed plant mRNA m6A sites correlate with both translation promotion and translation suppression, depicting a more complicated regulatory picture. Our results therefore provide in-depth resources for relating single-base resolution m6A sites with functions in plants and uncover a suppression-activation model controlling m6A biogenesis across species.


Asunto(s)
Adenosina , Arabidopsis , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Oryza , ARN Mensajero , Oryza/genética , Oryza/crecimiento & desarrollo , Oryza/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Adenosina/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genética , Transcriptoma/genética , ARN de Planta/genética , ARN de Planta/metabolismo , Regiones no Traducidas 3'/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Estabilidad del ARN/genética , Exones/genética , Codón de Terminación/genética
8.
Rice (N Y) ; 14(1): 75, 2021 Aug 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34383135

RESUMEN

Alternative splicing is a widespread phenomenon, which generates multiple isoforms of the gene product. Reproductive development is the key process for crop production. Although numerous forms of alternative splicing have been identified in model plants, large-scale study of alternative splicing dynamics during reproductive development in rice has not been conducted. Here, we investigated alternative splicing of reproductive development of young panicles (YP), unfertilized florets (UF) and fertilized florets (F) in rice using direct RNA sequencing, small RNA sequencing, and degradome sequencing. We identified a total of 35,317 alternative splicing (AS) events, among which 67.2% splicing events were identified as novel alternative splicing events. Intron retention (IR) was the most abundant alternative splicing subtype. Splicing factors that differentially expressed and alternatively spliced could result in global alternative splicing. Global analysis of miRNAs-targets prediction revealed that alternative spliced transcripts affected miRNAs' targets during development. Degradome sequencing detected only 6.8% of the differentially alternative splicing transcripts, suggesting a productive transcripts generation during development. In addition, alternative splicing isoforms of Co-like, a transcription factor, interacted with Casein kinase 1-like protein HD1 (CKI) examined in luciferase assay, which could modulate normal male-floral organs development and flowering time. These results reveal that alternative splicing is intensely associated with developmental stages, and a high complexity of gene regulation.

9.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32754117

RESUMEN

Although studies have determined that epigenetics plays an essential role in regulating metabolism in mammals, research on nutrition-related DNA methylation remains to be lacking in teleosts. In the present study, we provided a hepatic whole-genome DNA methylation analysis in grass carp fed with moderate- or excessive-carbohydrate-level diet. Although a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet significantly changed the mRNA expression levels of metabolic genes, it did not affect the global genomic DNA methylation levels in grass carp liver. However, compared with the control group, 3,972 genes were hyper-methylated and 2,904 genes were hypo-methylated in the promoter region. Meanwhile, 10,711 genes were hyper-methylated and 6,764 genes were hypo-methylated in the gene body region in the HC group. These differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were enriched in multiple pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, insulin pathway, lipid metabolism, and adipocytokine signaling pathway. In addition, the variations in DNA methylation significantly regulated the transcription levels of key genes of metabolism, which could affect the glucose concentrations and the lipid deposition of grass carp. Furthermore, we compared the DNA methylation alterations of genes in glucose metabolism and obesity pathways of grass carp with those of mammalian models in different nutritional states. The results showed that most of the DMGs in grass carp were also regulated by DNA methylation in mammals when the nutritional state changed. The findings revealed more differentially methylated regions and candidate genes for glucose metabolism and broken species boundaries.


Asunto(s)
Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Carpas/metabolismo , Metilación de ADN , Hiperglucemia/metabolismo , Animales , Carbohidratos/administración & dosificación , Epigénesis Genética , Proteínas de Peces/genética , Proteínas de Peces/metabolismo , Hiperglucemia/genética , Redes y Vías Metabólicas
10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32922360

RESUMEN

Leptin affects food intake regulation and energy homeostasis in mammals, as opposed to mammals who have a single leptin gene, fish have duplicated leptin gene paralogues. Until now, most functional studies on fish focused on the first reported paralogue without much explanation on specific gene paralogue. This study successfully expressed two homologous recombinant mandarin fish leptin genes (LepA and LepB) for the first time. To explore the differential roles of these two gene paralogues involved in food intake and energy homeostasis, mandarin fish were treated with homologous recombinant LepA and LepB proteins by acute IP administration. The results showed that LepB inhibited the food intake of mandarin fish after acute IP administration through modifying the expressions of hypothalamic orexigenic genes, while LepA had no significant effect on its food intake. In addition, LepB administration decreased the hepatic glycogen level through regulating the gene expressions of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase in mandarin fish until 4 d, while LepA did not change the hepatic glycogen level as it failed to change the expressions of these regulatory genes. Moreover, LepA and LepB downregulated the expressions of key gluconeogenic genes (phosphofructokinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase), indicating both mandarin fish leptins could regulate the rate of glucose production. However, these two gene paralogues presented secondary effects on lipid metabolism as they only enhanced the triglyceride level by modifying the gene expressions of adipose triglyceride lipase or acetyl CoA carboxylase just for 1 d after IP. Therefore, LepB played an important role in food intake and glucose homeostasis regulation, while LepA showed a limited role in gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism.


Asunto(s)
Ingestión de Alimentos , Proteínas de Peces/genética , Peces/genética , Gluconeogénesis , Leptina/genética , Hígado/metabolismo , Animales , Proteínas de Peces/metabolismo , Peces/metabolismo , Leptina/metabolismo , Isoformas de Proteínas
12.
Trends Plant Sci ; 26(8): 871-872, 2021 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34090799

Asunto(s)
NAD , Caperuzas de ARN
13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26772721

RESUMEN

Insulin receptors have been demonstrated to be involved in embryogenesis, food intake regulation and glucose metabolism in several fish, while more researchis needed for further understanding. In this study, the complete coding sequence (CDS) of insulin receptor a (insra) gene and insulin receptor b (insrb) gene in grass carp were obtained, the CDS were 4068 bp and 4514 bp in length, encoding 1355 aa protein and 1351 aa protein. Both of insra and insrb in grass carp showed high amino acid identities with other fish. Insra and insrb genes were widely expressed in all tested tissues with an overlapping but distinct expressions. The high levels of insra mRNA were distributed in hindgut and heart tissues. The insrb gene showed the highest expression levels in liver and hindgut. We also proved that two forms of grass carp insulin receptors participate in the regulation of blood glucose and might act differently. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that different isoforms of fish insulin receptors are derived from two distinct genes, which was inconsistent with the generation of mammalian insulin receptors. Synteny analyses of insulin receptor genes showed that genes surrounding the insulin receptor genes were conserved in fish. Arhgef18, PEX11G, humanC19orf45 genes were highly conserved among mammal species. However, no conserved synteny was observed among fish, mammals, avians and amphibians.


Asunto(s)
Carpas/fisiología , Proteínas de Peces/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Hígado/metabolismo , Tracto Gastrointestinal Inferior/metabolismo , Miocardio/metabolismo , Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Acuicultura , Glucemia/análisis , Carpas/sangre , China , Dieta/veterinaria , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Proteínas de Peces/química , Proteínas de Peces/genética , Especificidad de Órganos , Filogenia , Isoformas de Proteínas/química , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Distribución Aleatoria , Receptor de Insulina/química , Receptor de Insulina/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Sintenía
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