Novel mutation N588 residue in the NS1 protein of feline parvovirus greatly augments viral replication.

Feline parvovirus (FPV) infection is highly fatal in felines. NS1, which is a key nonstructural protein of FPV, can inhibit host innate immunity and promote viral replication, which is the main reason for the severe pathogenicity of FPV. However, the mechanism by which the NS1 protein disrupts host immunity and regulates viral replication is still unclear. Here, we identified an FPV M1 strain that is regulated by the NS1 protein and has more pronounced suppression of innate immunity, resulting in robust replication. We found that the neutralization titer of the FPV M1 strain was significantly lower than that of the other strains. Moreover, FPV M1 had powerful replication ability, and the FPV M1-NS1 protein had heightened efficacy in repressing interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression. Subsequently, we constructed an FPV reverse genetic system, which confirmed that the N588 residue of FPV M1-NS1 protein is a key amino acid that bolsters viral proliferation. Recombinant virus containing N588 also had stronger ability to inhibit ISGs, and lower ISGs levels promoted viral replication and reduced the neutralization titer of the positive control serum. Finally, we confirmed that the difference in viral replication was abolished in type I IFN receptor knockout cell lines. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the N588 residue of the NS1 protein is a critical amino acid that promotes viral proliferation by increasing the inhibition of ISGs expression. These insights provide a reference for studying the relationship between parvovirus-mediated inhibition of host innate immunity and viral replication while facilitating improved FPV vaccine production.IMPORTANCEFPV infection is a viral infectious disease with the highest mortality rate in felines. A universal feature of parvovirus is its ability to inhibit host innate immunity, and its ability to suppress innate immunity is mainly accomplished by the NS1 protein. In the present study, FPV was used as a viral model to explore the mechanism by which the NS1 protein inhibits innate immunity and regulates viral replication. Studies have shown that the FPV-NS1 protein containing the N588 residue strongly inhibits the expression of host ISGs, thereby increasing the viral proliferation titer. In addition, the presence of the N588 residue can increase the proliferation titer of the strain 5- to 10-fold without affecting its virulence and immunogenicity. In conclusion, our findings provide new insights and guidance for studying the mechanisms by which parvoviruses suppress innate immunity and for developing high-yielding FPV vaccines.

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (APE1) promotes stress granule formation via YBX1 phosphorylation in ovarian cancer.

APE1 is an essential gene involved in DNA damage repair, the redox regulation of transcriptional factors (TFs) and RNA processing. APE1 overexpression is common in cancers and correlates with poor patient survival. Stress granules (SGs) are phase-separated cytoplasmic assemblies that cells form in response to environmental stresses. Precise regulation of SGs is pivotal to cell survival, whereas their dysregulation is increasingly linked to diseases. Whether APE1 engages in modulating SG dynamics is worthy of investigation. In this study, we demonstrate that APE1 colocalizes with SGs and promotes their formation. Through phosphoproteome profiling, we discover that APE1 significantly alters the phosphorylation landscape of ovarian cancer cells, particularly the phosphoprofile of SG proteins. Notably, APE1 promotes the phosphorylation of Y-Box binding protein 1 (YBX1) at S174 and S176, leading to enhanced SG formation and cell survival. Moreover, expression of the phosphomutant YBX1 S174/176E mimicking hyperphosphorylation in APE1-knockdown cells recovered the impaired SG formation. These findings shed light on the functional importance of APE1 in SG regulation and highlight the importance of YBX1 phosphorylation in SG dynamics.

Gustative Roussy Immune Score is a Predictor for Major Pathological Response in Rectal Cancer: A Result from the Preoperative Intraarterial Chemoembolization Combined with Radiotherapy (PCAR) Study.

Despite the emergence of various treatment strategies for rectal cancer based on neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, there is currently a lack of reliable biomarkers to determine which patients will respond well to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Through collecting hematological and biochemical parameters data of patients prior to receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, we evaluated the predictive value of systemic inflammatory indices for pathological response and prognosis in rectal cancer patients. We found that baseline GRIm-Score was an independent predictor for MPR in rectal cancer patients. However, no association was observed between several commonly systemic inflammation indices and long-term outcome.

Nuclear m6 A reader YTHDC1 suppresses proximal alternative polyadenylation sites by interfering with the 3' processing machinery.

N6-methyladenosine (m6 A) and alternative polyadenylation (APA) are important regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes. Recently, it was found that m6 A is closely related to APA. However, the molecular mechanism of this new APA regulation remains elusive. Here, we show that YTHDC1, a nuclear m6 A reader, can suppress proximal APA sites and produce longer 3' UTR transcripts by binding to their upstream m6 A sites. YTHDC1 can directly interact with the 3' end processing factor FIP1L1 and interfere with its ability to recruit CPSF4. Binding to the m6 A sites can promote liquid-liquid phase separation of YTHDC1 and FIP1L1, which may play an important role in their interaction and APA regulation. Collectively, YTHDC1 as an m6 A "reader" links m6 A modification with pre-mRNA 3' end processing, providing a new mechanism for APA regulation.

Ivonescimab Plus Chemotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With EGFR Variant: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: For patients with non-small cell lung cancer whose disease progressed while receiving EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) therapy, particularly third-generation TKIs, optimal treatment options remain limited. Objective: To compare the efficacy of ivonescimab plus chemotherapy with chemotherapy alone for patients with relapsed advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) variant. Design, Setting, and Participants: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, phase 3 trial at 55 sites in China enrolled participants from January 2022 to November 2022; a total of 322 eligible patients were enrolled. Interventions: Participants received ivonescimab (n = 161) or placebo (n = 161) plus pemetrexed and carboplatin once every 3 weeks for 4 cycles, followed by maintenance therapy of ivonescimab plus pemetrexed or placebo plus pemetrexed. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was progression-free survival in the intention-to-treat population assessed by an independent radiographic review committee (IRRC) per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. The results of the first planned interim analysis are reported. Results: Among 322 enrolled patients in the ivonescimab and placebo groups, the median age was 59.6 vs 59.4 years and 52.2% vs 50.9% of patients were female. As of March 10, 2023, median follow-up time was 7.89 months. Median progression-free survival was 7.1 (95% CI, 5.9-8.7) months in the ivonescimab group vs 4.8 (95% CI, 4.2-5.6) months for placebo (difference, 2.3 months; hazard ratio [HR], 0.46 [95% CI, 0.34-0.62]; P < .001). The prespecified subgroup analysis showed progression-free survival benefit favoring patients receiving ivonescimab over placebo across almost all subgroups, including patients whose disease progressed while receiving third-generation EGFR-TKI therapy (HR, 0.48 [95% CI 0.35-0.66]) and those with brain metastases (HR, 0.40 [95% CI, 0.22-0.73]). The objective response rate was 50.6% (95% CI, 42.6%-58.6%) with ivonescimab and 35.4% (95% CI, 28.0%-43.3%) with placebo (difference, 15.6% [95% CI, 5.3%-26.0%]; P = .006). The median overall survival data were not mature; at data cutoff, 69 patients (21.4%) had died. Grade 3 or higher treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 99 patients (61.5%) in the ivonescimab group vs 79 patients (49.1%) in the placebo group, the most common of which were chemotherapy-related. Grade 3 or higher immune-related adverse events occurred in 10 patients (6.2%) in the ivonescimab group vs 4 (2.5%) in the placebo group. Grade 3 or higher vascular endothelial growth factor-related adverse events occurred in 5 patients (3.1%) in the ivonescimab group vs 4 (2.5%) in the placebo group. Conclusions: Ivonescimab plus chemotherapy significantly improved progression-free survival with tolerable safety profile in TKI-treated non-small cell lung cancer. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05184712.

A subset of VEGFR-TKIs activates AMPK in LKB1-mutant lung cancer.

The mutation of tumor suppressor gene liver kinase B1 (LKB1) has a prevalence of about 20% in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). LKB1-mutant lung cancer is characterized by enhanced aggressiveness and immune escape and is associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, it is urgent to develop effective therapeutic methods for LKB1-mutant NSCLC. Recently, apatinib, a VEGFR-TKI, was found to significantly improve the outcome of LKB1-mutant NSCLC, but the mechanism is not completely clear. In this study, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the crucial downstream kinase of LKB1 was excavated as the potential target of apatinib. Biochemical experiments verified that apatinib is a direct AMPK activator. Moreover, clinically available VEGFR-TKIs were found to regulate AMPK differently: Apatinib and anlotinib can directly activate AMPK, while axitinib and sunitinib can directly inhibit AMPK. Activation of AMPK by apatinib leads to the phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and inhibition of de novo fatty acid synthesis (FAsyn), which is upregulated in LKB1-null cancers. Moreover, the killing effect of apatinib was obviously enhanced under delipidated condition, and the combination of exogenous FA restriction with apatinib treatment can be a promising method for treating LKB1-mutant NSCLC. This study discovered AMPK as an important off-target of apatinib and elucidated different effects of this cluster of VEGFR-TKIs on AMPK. This finding can be the basis for the accurate and combined application of these drugs in clinic and highlights that the subset of VEGFR-TKIs including apatinib and anlotinib are potentially valuable in the treatment of LKB1-mutant NSCLC.

APE1 promotes non-homologous end joining by initiating DNA double-strand break formation and decreasing ubiquitination of artemis following oxidative genotoxic stress.

BACKGROUND: Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) imparts radio-resistance by repairing isolated lesions via the base excision repair (BER) pathway, but whether and how it is involved in the formation and/or repair of DSBs remains mostly unknown. METHODS: Immunoblotting, fluorescent immunostaining, and the Comet assay were used to investigate the effect of APE1 on temporal DSB formation. Chromatin extraction, 53BP1 foci and co-immunoprecipitation, and rescue assays were used to evaluate non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair and APE1 effects. Colony formation, micronuclei measurements, flow cytometry, and xenograft models were used to examine the effect of APE1 expression on survival and synergistic lethality. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect APE1 and Artemis expression in cervical tumor tissues. RESULTS: APE1 is upregulated in cervical tumor tissue compared to paired peri-tumor, and elevated APE1 expression is associated with radio-resistance. APE1 mediates resistance to oxidative genotoxic stress by activating NHEJ repair. APE1, via its endonuclease activity, initiates clustered lesion conversion to DSBs (within 1 h), promoting the activation of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a key kinase in the DNA damage response (DDR) and NHEJ pathway. APE1 then participates in NHEJ repair directly by interacting with DNA- PKcs. Additionally, APE1 promotes NHEJ activity by decreasing the ubiquitination and degradation of Artemis, a nuclease with a critical role in the NHEJ pathway. Overall, APE1 deficiency leads to DSB accumulation at a late phase following oxidative stress (after 24 h), which also triggers activation of Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), another key kinase of the DDR. Inhibition of ATM activity significantly promotes synergistic lethality with oxidative stress in APE1-deficient cells and tumors. CONCLUSION: APE1 promotes NHEJ repair by temporally regulating DBS formation and repair following oxidative stress. This knowledge provides new insights into the design of combinatorial therapies and indicates the timing of administration and maintenance of DDR inhibitors for overcoming radio-resistance.

DNA Methylation Status of HYAL1 in Malignant and Benign Thyroid Nodules.

Differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid nodules has been a challenge in clinical practice. Exploring a novel biomarker to determine the malignancy of thyroid nodules has important implications. We semi-quantitatively determined the DNA methylation levels of four CpG sites located at the gene body of HYAL1 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from 190 early-stage papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cases and 190 age- and gender-matched subjects with benign thyroid nodule (BTN). HYAL1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining in another cohort of 55 PTC and 55 matched BTN cases. Covariates-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for 10% increased methylation were calculated by binary logistic regression. A 165 bp amplicon covering four CpG sites at the second exon of HYAL1 gene was designed. After adjusted for all covariates, higher methylation level of HYAL1_CpG_3,4 in the FFPE tissue was associated with PTC (OR per 10% increased methylation=1.53, p=0.025), even with stage І PTC (OR per 10% increased methylation=1.58, p=0.021). Hypermethylation of HYAL1_CpG_3,4 had a significant association with early-stage PTC in the females (OR per 10% increased methylation=1.60, p=0.028) rather than in the males. Besides, we found the higher expression of HYAL1 protein in PTC than that in BTN patients (IHC score: 2.3 vs. 0.5, p=1.00E-06). Our study suggested altered methylation and expression of HYAL1 could be a novel and potential biomarker in distinguishing malignant and benign thyroid nodules.

Rapid detection of EGFR mutation in CTCs based on a double spiral microfluidic chip and the real-time RPA method.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells shed from primary or metastatic tumors and spread into the peripheral bloodstream. Mutation detection in CTCs can reveal vital genetic information about the tumors and can be used for "liquid biopsy" to indicate cancer treatment and targeted medication. However, current methods to measure the mutations in CTCs are based on PCR or DNA sequencing which are cumbersome and time-consuming and require sophisticated equipment. These largely limited their applications especially in areas with poor healthcare infrastructure. Here we report a simple, convenient, and rapid method for mutation detection in CTCs, including an example of a deletion at exon 19 (Del19) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). CTCs in the peripheral blood of NSCLC patients were first sorted by a double spiral microfluidic chip with high sorting efficiency and purity. The sorted cells were then lysed by proteinase K, and the E19del mutation was detected via real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). Combining the advantages of microfluidic sorting and real-time RPA, an accurate mutation determination was realized within 2 h without professional operation or complex data interpretation. The method detected as few as 3 cells and 1% target variants under a strongly interfering background, thus, indicating its great potential in the non-invasive diagnosis of E19del mutation for NSCLC patients. The method can be further extended by redesigning the primers and probes to detect other deletion mutations, insertion mutations, and fusion genes. It is expected to be a universal molecular diagnostic tool for real-time assessment of relevant mutations and precise adjustments in the care of oncology patients.

APE1 controls DICER1 expression in NSCLC through miR-33a and miR-130b.

Increasing evidence suggests different, not completely understood roles of microRNA biogenesis in the development and progression of lung cancer. The overexpression of the DNA repair protein apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (APE1) is an important cause of poor chemotherapeutic response in lung cancer and its involvement in onco-miRNAs biogenesis has been recently described. Whether APE1 regulates miRNAs acting as prognostic biomarkers of lung cancer has not been investigated, yet. In this study, we analyzed miRNAs differential expression upon APE1 depletion in the A549 lung cancer cell line using high-throughput methods. We defined a signature of 13 miRNAs that strongly correlate with APE1 expression in human lung cancer: miR-1246, miR-4488, miR-24, miR-183, miR-660, miR-130b, miR-543, miR-200c, miR-376c, miR-218, miR-146a, miR-92b and miR-33a. Functional enrichment analysis of this signature revealed its biological relevance in cancer cell proliferation and survival. We validated DICER1 as a direct functional target of the APE1-regulated miRNA-33a-5p and miR-130b-3p. Importantly, IHC analyses of different human tumors confirmed a negative correlation existing between APE1 and Dicer1 protein levels. DICER1 downregulation represents a prognostic marker of cancer development but the mechanisms at the basis of this phenomenon are still completely unknown. Our findings, suggesting that APE1 modulates DICER1 expression via miR-33a and miR-130b, reveal new mechanistic insights on DICER1 regulation, which are of relevance in lung cancer chemoresistance and cancer invasiveness.

The "No-touch" technique improves the survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinomas treated by liver transplantation: A single-center prospective randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation (LT) is the best treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the surgical technique needs to be improved. The present study aimed to evaluate the "no-touch" technique in LT. METHODS: From January 2018 to December 2019, we performed a prospective randomized controlled trial on HCC patients who underwent LT. The patients were randomized into two groups: a no-touch technique LT group (NT group, n = 38) and a conventional LT technique group (CT group, n = 46). Operative outcomes and survival in the two groups were analyzed. RESULTS: The perioperative parameters were comparable between the two groups (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.732) or overall survival (OS) (P = 0.891). Of 36 patients who were beyond the Hangzhou criteria for LT, the DFS of the patients in the NT group was significantly longer than that in the CT group (median 402 vs. 126 days, P = 0.025). In 31 patients who had portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT), DFS and OS in the NT group were significantly better than those in the CT group (median DFS 420 vs. 167 days, P = 0.022; 2-year OS rate 93.8% vs. 66.7%, P = 0.043). In 14 patients who had diffuse-type HCCs, DFS and OS were significantly better in the NT group than those in the CT group (median DFS 141 vs. 56 days, P = 0.008; 2-year OS rate 75.0% vs. 33.3%, P = 0.034). Multivariate analysis showed that for patients with PVTT and diffuse-type HCCs, the no-touch technique was an independent favorable factor for OS (PVTT: HR = 0.018, 95% CI: 0.001-0.408, P = 0.012; diffuse-type HCCs: HR = 0.034, 95% CI: 0.002-0.634, P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: The no-touch technique improved the survival of patients with advanced HCC compared with the conventional technique. The no-touch technique may provide a new and effective LT technique for advanced HCCs.

Structural comparisons of host and African swine fever virus dUTPases reveal new clues for inhibitor development.

African swine fever, caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is among the most significant swine diseases. There are currently no effective treatments against ASFV. ASFV contains a gene encoding a dUTPase (E165R), which is required for viral replication in swine macrophages, making it an attractive target for inhibitor development. However, the full structural details of the ASFV dUTPase and those of the comparable swine enzyme are not available, limiting further insights. Herein, we determine the crystal structures of ASFV dUTPase and swine dUTPase in both their ligand-free and ligand-bound forms. We observe that the swine enzyme employs a classical dUTPase architecture made up of three-subunit active sites, whereas the ASFV enzyme employs a novel two-subunit active site. We then performed a comparative analysis of all dUTPase structures uploaded in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), which showed classical and non-classical types were mainly determined by the C-terminal ß-strand orientation, and the difference was mainly related to the four amino acids behind motif IV. Thus, our study not only explains the reason for the structural diversity of dUTPase but also reveals how to predict dUTPase type, which may have implications for the dUTPase family. Finally, we tested two dUTPase inhibitors developed for the Plasmodium falciparum dUTPase against the swine and ASFV enzymes. One of these compounds inhibited the ASFV dUTPase at low micromolar concentrations (Kd = 15.6 µM) and with some selectivity (∼2x) over swine dUTPase. In conclusion, our study expands our understanding of the dUTPase family and may aid in the development of specific ASFV inhibitors.

Establishment of Full-Length cDNA Clones and an Efficient Oral Infection Model for Feline Coronavirus in Cats.

Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is the etiologic agent of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and causes fatal disease in cats of almost all ages. Currently, there are no clinically approved drugs or effective vaccines for FIP. Furthermore, the pathogenesis of FIP is still not fully understood. There is an urgent need for an effective infection model of feline infectious peritonitis induced by FIPV. Here, we constructed a field type I FIPV full-length cDNA clone, pBAC-QS, corresponding to the isolated FIPV QS. By replacing the FIPV QS spike gene with the commercially available type II FIPV 79-1146 (79-1146_CA) spike gene, we established and rescued a recombinant virus, designated rQS-79. Moreover, we constructed 79-1146_CA infectious full-length cDNA pBAC-79-1146_CA, corresponding to recombinant feline coronavirus (FCoV) 79-1146_CA (r79-1146_CA). In animal experiments with 1- to 2-year-old adult cats orally infected with the recombinant virus, rQS-79 induced typical FIP signs and 100% mortality. In contrast to cats infected with rQS-79, cats infected with 79-1146_CA did not show obvious signs. Furthermore, by rechallenging rQS-79 in surviving cats previously infected with 79-1146_CA, we found that there was no protection against rQS-79 with different titers of neutralizing antibodies. However, high titers of neutralizing antibodies may help prolong the cat survival time. Overall, we report the first reverse genetics of virulent recombinant FCoV (causing 100% mortality in adult cats) and attenuated FCoV (causing no mortality in adult cats), which will be powerful tools to study pathogenesis, antiviral drugs, and vaccines for FCoV. IMPORTANCE Tissue- or cell culture-adapted feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) usually loses pathogenicity. To develop a highly virulent FIPV, we constructed a field isolate type I FIPV full-length clone with the spike gene replaced by the 79-1146 spike gene, corresponding to a virus named rQS-79, which induces high mortality in adult cats. rQS-79 represents the first described reverse genetics system for highly pathogenic FCoV. By further constructing the cell culture-adapted FCoV 79-1146_CA, we obtained infectious clones of virulent and attenuated FCoV. By in vitro and in vivo experiments, we established a model that can serve to study the pathogenic mechanisms of FIPV. Importantly, the wild-type FIPV replicase skeleton of serotype I will greatly facilitate the screening of antiviral drugs, both in vivo and in vitro.

Placental trophoblast-specific overexpression of chemerin induces preeclampsia-like symptoms.

Maternal circulating levels of the adipokine chemerin are elevated in preeclampsia, but its origin and contribution to preeclampsia remain unknown. We therefore studied (1) placental chemerin expression and release in human pregnancy, and (2) the consequences of chemerin overexpression via lentivirus-mediated trophoblast-specific gene manipulation in both mice and immortalized human trophoblasts. Placental chemerin expression and release were increased in women with preeclampsia, and their circulating chemerin levels correlated positively with the soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1)/placental growth factor (PlGF) ratio, a well-known biomarker of preeclampsia severity. Placental trophoblast chemerin overexpression in mice induced a preeclampsia-like syndrome, involving hypertension, proteinuria, and endotheliosis, combined with diminished trophoblast invasion, a disorganized labyrinth layer, and up-regulation of sFlt-1 and the inflammation markers nuclear factor-κB (NFκB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-1ß. It also led to embryo resorption, while maternal serum chemerin levels correlated negatively with fetal weight in mice. Chemerin overexpression in human trophoblasts up-regulated sFlt-1, reduced vascular endothelial factor-A, and inhibited migration and invasion, as well as tube formation during co-culture with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) antagonist α-NETA prevented the latter phenomenon, although it did not reverse the chemerin-induced down-regulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. In conclusion, up-regulation of placental chemerin synthesis disturbs normal placental development via its CMKLR1 receptor, thereby contributing to fetal growth restriction/resorption and the development of preeclampsia. Chemerin might be a novel biomarker of preeclampsia, and inhibition of the chemerin/CMKLR1 pathway is a promising novel therapeutic strategy to treat preeclampsia.

The structural basis of African swine fever virus core shell protein p15 binding to DNA.

African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, hemorrhagic, and highly contagious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). The mortality rate of acute infection up to 100% have posed an unprecedented challenge of the swine industry. Currently no commercial antiviral drug is available for the control and treatment of ASFV. The structural resolution of ASFV virions reveals the details of ASFV morphogenesis, providing a new perspective for the research and promotion of the development of ASFV vaccines. Although the architecture of ASFV have been solved via cryo-EM, the structural details of four of the five viral layers remain unclear (except the outer capsid). In this study, we resolved the crystal structure of the ASFV core shell protein p15. The secondary structural elements of a protomer include four α-helix structures and six antiparallel ß-strands. Further analysis revealed that ASFV p15 forms disulfide-linked trimers between the Cys9 from one protomer and Cys30 from other protomer. Additionally, the nucleic acid-binding property was characterized by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Two critical amino acid Lys10 and Lys39 have been identified which is essential to the nucleic acid-binding affinity of ASFV p15. Together, these findings may provide new insight into antiviral drug development.

FYB methylation in peripheral blood as a potential marker for the early-stage lung cancer: a case-control study in Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in China. Exploring novel biomarkers for the early detection of LC is important. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We quantified DNA methylation levels of three CpG sites of FYB gene in peripheral blood in 163 early-stage LC cases (88.3% at stage I) and 187 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Covariates-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for -10% methylation were calculated by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: With multiple testing corrections, hypomethylation of FYB_CpG_4 was significantly associated with LC (OR = 2.04, p = 4.50E-04) even with LC at stage I (OR = 1.41, p = 0.003) without obvious bias between genders, but it mainly affected the subjects older than 55 years (OR = 2.04, p = 0.015). Hypomethylation of FYB_CpG_2 was also associated with LC, but only for the males (OR = 1.76, p = 0.018). FYB_CpG_3 methylation had no association with LC, but interestingly its methylation level in the males was only half of that in the females. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: We proposed a novel association between blood-based abnormal FYB methylation and very early-stage LC. The age- and gender-related DNA methylation patterns also revealed the diversity and precision of epigenetic regulations.

Next generation sequencing targeted detection of somatic mutations in patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mutations in mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix (MAA). SNV was detected in 15 patients with MAA, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and reactome pathway analyses were performed. Tumor mutational burden (TMB), mutant-allele tumor heterogeneity (MATH), microsatellite instability (MSI) was analysis. Finally, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing of the samples was detected. The results showed that TP53 (27 %) and KRAS (20 %) were the highest mutation frequency in the sample, mainly occur in p53 pathway and RTK-RAS pathway. GO analysis reveals mutated genes are closely related to the regulation of GTPase activity, regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction and other BP, related to the CC and MF. Analysis of KEGG pathways indicated that the top canonical pathways associated with SNV was Wnt signaling pathway. Reactome pathway analysis further revealed that the mutant genes were closely related to muscle contraction. Only one patient had moderate TMB level and one patient with high MSI. In conclusion, the most common mutated genes and the signaling pathways closely related to MAA development were detected in this study, which will contribute to the development of immunotherapy for patients with MAA.

Simultaneous Determination and Health Risk Assessment of Four High Detection Rate Pesticide Residues in Pu'er Tea from Yunnan, China.

Four pesticides with a high detection rate in Pu'er tea have been determined by a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) method with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and combined ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole linear ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS). MWCNs have been compared with other common purification materials, and found to be superior. The matrix effect was systematically studied, and the results show that the MWCNs can quickly and effectively reduce matrix interference values, which were in the range from -17.8 to 13.8. The coefficients (R2) were greater than 0.99, with the limit of quantification ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 µg/kg, and the recovery rate ranging from 74.8% to 105.0%, while the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 3.9% to 6.6%. A total of 300 samples, taken from three areas in which Yunnan Pu'er tea was most commonly produced, tested for four pesticides. The results show that the detection rate of tolfenpyrad in Pu'er tea was 35.7%, which is higher than other pesticides, and the lowest was indoxacarb, with 5.2%. The residual concentrations of chlorpyrifos, triazophos, tolfenpyrad and indoxacarb ranged from 1.10 to 5.28, 0.014 to 0.103, 1.02 to 51.8, and 1.07 to 4.89 mg/kg, respectively. By comparing with China's pesticide residue limits in tea (GB 2763-2021), the over standard rates of chlorpyrifos, tolfenpyrad, and indoxacarb were 4.35%, 0.87% and 0%, respectively. The risk assessment result obtained with the hazard quotient (HQ) method shows that the HQ of the four pesticides was far less than one, indicating that the risk is considered acceptable for the four pesticides in Pu'er tea. The largest HQ was found for tolfenpyrad, 0.0135, and the smallest was found for indoxacarb, 0.000757, but more attention should be paid to tolfenpyrad in daily diets in the future, because its detection rate, and residual and residual median were all relatively high.

High NOV/CCN3 expression during high-fat diet pregnancy in mice affects GLUT3 expression and the mTOR pathway.

We investigated the expression levels of nephroblastoma overexpressed [NOV or CCN3 (cellular communication network factor 3)] in the serum and placenta of pregnant women and of pregnant mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and its effect on placental glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) expression, to examine its role in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). NOV/CCN3 expression was increased in the mouse serum during pregnancy. At gestational day 18, NOV/CCN3 protein expression was increased in the serum and placenta of the HFD mice compared with that of mice fed a normal diet. Compared with non-GDM patients, the patients with GDM had significantly increased serum NOV/CCN3 protein expression and placental NOV/CCN3 mRNA expression. Therefore, we hypothesized that NOV/CCN3 signaling may be involved in the pathogenesis of GDM. We administered NOV/CCN3 recombinant protein via intraperitoneal injections to pregnant mice fed HFD or normal diet. NOV/CCN3 overexpression led to glucose intolerance. Combined with the HFD, NOV/CCN3 exacerbated glucose intolerance and caused insulin resistance. NOV/CCN3 upregulates GLUT3 expression and affects the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in the GDM environment in vivo and in vitro. In summary, our results demonstrate, for the first time, the molecular mechanism of NOV/CCN3 signaling in maternal metabolism to regulate glucose balance during pregnancy. NOV/CCN3 may be a potential target for detecting and treating GDM.NEW & NOTEWORTHY NOV/CCN3 regulates glucose homeostasis in mice during pregnancy. NOV/CCN3 upregulates GLUT3 expression and affects the mTOR pathway in the GDM environment in vivo and in vitro.

Lysine 164 is critical for SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 inhibition of host gene expression.

The emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused social and economic disruption worldwide, infecting over 9.0 million people and killing over 469 000 by 24 June 2020. Unfortunately, no vaccine or antiviral drug that completely eliminates the transmissible disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been developed to date. Given that coronavirus nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) is a good target for attenuated vaccines, it is of great significance to explore the detailed characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 nsp1. Here, we first confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 nsp1 had a conserved function similar to that of SARS-CoV nsp1 in inhibiting host-protein synthesis and showed greater inhibition efficiency, as revealed by ribopuromycylation and Renilla luciferase (Rluc) reporter assays. Specifically, bioinformatics and biochemical experiments showed that by interacting with 40S ribosomal subunit, the lysine located at amino acid 164 (K164) was the key residue that enabled SARS-CoV-2 nsp1 to suppress host gene expression. Furthermore, as an inhibitor of host-protein expression, SARS-CoV-2 nsp1 contributed to cell-cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase, which might provide a favourable environment for virus production. Taken together, this research uncovered the detailed mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 nsp1 K164 inhibited host gene expression, laying the foundation for the development of attenuated vaccines based on nsp1 modification.