SIRT5 exacerbates eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis by promoting polarization of M2 macrophage.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies implied that local M2 polarization of macrophage promoted mucosal edema and exacerbated TH2 type inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). However, the specific pathogenic role of M2 macrophages and the intrinsic regulators in the development of CRS remains elusive. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the regulatory role of SIRT5 in the polarization of M2 macrophages and its potential contribution to the development of CRSwNP. METHODS: Real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to examine the expression levels of SIRT5 and markers of M2 macrophages in sinonasal mucosa samples obtained from both CRS and control groups. Wild-type and Sirt5-knockout mice were used to establish a nasal polyp model with TH2 inflammation and to investigate the effects of SIRT5 in macrophage on disease development. Furthermore, in vitro experiments were conducted to elucidate the regulatory role of SIRT5 in polarization of M2 macrophages. RESULTS: Clinical investigations showed that SIRT5 was highly expressed and positively correlated with M2 macrophage markers in eosinophilic polyps. The expression of SIRT5 in M2 macrophages was found to contribute to the development of the disease, which was impaired in Sirt5-deficient mice. Mechanistically, SIRT5 was shown to enhance the alternative polarization of macrophages by promoting glutaminolysis. CONCLUSIONS: SIRT5 plays a crucial role in promoting the development of CRSwNP by supporting alternative polarization of macrophages, thus providing a potential target for CRSwNP interventions.

Profiling of the chemical space on the phenyl group of substituted benzothiazole RIPK3 inhibitors.

Necroptosis is confirmed as a precisely programmed cell death that is activated in caspase-deficient conditions. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3 and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) are the key regulators involved in the signaling pathway. However, accumulating evidence suggests that RIPK1 also works in apoptosis and inflammation pathways independent of necroptosis. Differently, RIPK3 signals necroptosis independent of RIPK1. Thus, identification of specific RIPK3 inhibitors is of great importance for the drug development associated with necroptosis. The benzothiazole carboxamide is a privileged scaffold as RIPK3 inhibitors developed by our group recently. In this study, we work on the phenyl group in-between of benzothiazole and carboxamide to profile the chemical space. Finally, a chlorinated derivative XY-1-127 was found to specifically inhibit necroptosis rather than apoptosis with an EC50 value of 676.8 nM and target RIPK3 with a Kd of 420 nM rather than RIPK1 (Kd = 4300 nM). It was also confirmed to block the formation of necrosome by inhibiting RIPK3 phosphorylation at 1 µM in necroptosis cells. This work discovers the chemical space insights on the phenyl group of the substituted benzothiazole RIPK3 inhibitors and provides a new lead compound for further development.

Multidisciplinary Team in Severe Infectious Complications Caused by Pharyngeal Foreign Body.

BACKGROUND: Pharyngeal foreign body is not only a common emergency in people's daily life, but also a common simple disease in otorhinolaryngology. However, the disease is easy to be ignored due to its common occurrence, which may lead to a series of serious complications including sepsis and local abscess. CASE PRESENTATION: In this case, a patient with sepsis, piriform fistula, deep neck abscess, and mediastinal abscess caused by a fishbone was reported. After reviewing the international literature on severe infectious complications caused by foreign bodies in pharynx, the authors emphasize the important role of multidisciplinary team in dealing with complex complications. RESULT: The whole process of patient from onset to recovery was summarized in a timeline. During hospitalization, the value of leukocyte counts and C-reactive protein in routine blood test was record dynamically. The electronic laryngoscopy, neck computed tomography and chest computed tomography were used to judge treatment efficacy. After about 2 months of hospitalization, the patient was recovered without sequelae. No adverse reactions were found during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: The incorrect method of removing foreign body after mis-swallowing may develop serious complications. Therefore, It is important to strengthen medical preaching for general population of correct treatments after foreign body ingestion. In addition, the case reminds clinicians to pay more attention to patients' medical history and details of all medical examinations, which may provide significant clues for making the correct diagnosis and treatment quickly.

Retropharyngeal Abscess in an Adult With Pneumonia During COVID-19 Outbreak.

BACKGROUND: Retropharyngeal abscesses are rarely reported in adults and occur mostly in patients with immunocompromised or as a foreign body complication. Admittedly, the treatment of retropharyngeal abscesses frequently involves surgical drainage to achieve the best results. However, when retropharyngeal abscesses occurred in a highly suspected patient with COVID-19, the managements and treatments should be caution to prevent the spread of the virus. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: On February 13, a 40-year-old male with retropharyngeal abscesses turned to our department complaining dyspnea and dysphagia. In addition, his chest CT scan shows a suspected COVID-19 infection, thus making out Multiple Disciplinary Team determine to perform percutaneous drainage and catheterization through left anterior cervical approach under the guidance of B-ultrasound. Finally, the patient recovered and was discharged from the hospital on February 27 after 14 days of isolation. There was no recurrence after half a year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: By presenting this case, we aim at raising awareness of different surgical drainage methods and summarizing our experience in the management of retropharyngeal abscesses during the outbreak of COVID-19.

NLRP3 inflammasome activation promotes the development of allergic rhinitis via epithelium pyroptosis.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a worldwide highly prevalent nasal inflammatory disease with elusive mechanisms about the regulation of innate immune response. The roles and mechanisms of NLRP3, a typical inflammasome, in AR development remain unclear. Here we investigate the roles of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the development and progression of AR and try to uncover its potential mechanisms underlying. Wildtype and NLRP3 knockout mice were applied to construct the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AR model. Caspase-1 specific inhibitor Belnacasan and inflammasome activator ATP were used for adjuvant stimulation of AR-model mice respectively. We found that the production of IL-1ß and the activation of inflammasome were increased in both patients and mice with AR. NLRP3 deficiency markedly suppressed AR progression with reduced inflammatory response and epithelium pyroptosis in mice with AR. Furthermore, Caspase-1 inhibitor treatment in vivo ameliorated the development and progression of AR with favorable outcomes. Mechanistically, inflammation augments and nasal mucosa injury during AR were partially due to ASC-specks accumulation and subsequent cell pyroptosis. Our study reveals the previously unknown roles of NLRP3 inflammasome in promoting the development and progression of AR via enhancing inflammatory response and epithelium pyroptosis and thus provides a potential clue for allergic disease interventions.

Association between alpha-synuclein (SNCA) rs11931074 variability and susceptibility to Parkinson's disease: an updated meta-analysis of 41,811 patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common forms of neurodegenerative disorders, and its etiology remains unclear. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of alpha-synuclein (SNCA) have been found to be significantly associated with PD risk. In particular, the variant rs11931074 was found in one meta-analysis to appear to play a role in the occurrence of PD. This finding has been questioned in subsequent studies, however. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between PD risk and rs11931074 polymorphism. METHODS: We performed a systematic online search, including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), aiming to identify case-control studies looking at the role of rs11931074 in PD. We performed calculations of pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) to assess the associations, and subgroup meta-analyses to verify differences between various ethnicities of different study populations. RESULTS: A total of 13 studies involving 13,403 cases and 28,408 controls met the inclusion criteria after assessment by two reviewers. Overall, there exists significant associations between SNCA rs11931074 polymorphism and the risk of PD under five genetic models (allele contrast model: T vs. G, OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.12-1.45, P = 0.0001; homozygote model: TG vs. GG, OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.17-2.05, P = 0.002; heterozygote model (TT vs. GG, OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.05-1.42, P = 0.009; dominant model: TG+TT vs. GG: OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.05-1.50, P = 0.01 and recessive model: TT vs. TG+GG: OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.18-1.68, P = 0.0002). When ethnicities were stratified, significant associations were found in the allelic, homozygote, and recessive models for Asians, and in the allelic model for Caucasians. CONCLUSION: SNCA rs11931074 polymorphism is found to be associated with PD risk and this risk appears to be influenced by genetic status and ethnicity.

Construction of an irreversible allergic rhinitis-induced olfactory loss mouse model.

Clinical data show that part of patients with sinonasal diseases suffered from olfactory dysfunction, especially with allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, the mechanisms responsible for AR-induced olfactory loss are still largely unknown. Because of the difficulty to obtain human olfactory mucosa, an AR-induced olfactory loss animal model needs to be constructed to clarify the mechanism. The AR mouse model was induced by intraperitoneal sensitizing with ovalbumin (OVA) followed by intranasal challenge lasted from 1 to 12 weeks. For groups with recovery, mice were housed for another 4-week long without any treatment after the last intranasal challenge. Olfactory function, olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) density and leukocytes infiltration were examined at different time points. Olfactory loss occurs immediately after 1-week intranasal challenge and deteriorates almost to anosmia after 8th week, and after that olfactory loss become irreversible. Nasal inflammation induces significant infiltration of leukocytes into olfactory epithelium (OE), which negatively correlated with the density of ORNs and mouse olfaction in a time dependent manner. The neutrophilic subtype dominates in number amongst the total infiltrated leukocytes, indicating its pivotal role in nasal inflammation-induced olfactory dysfunction. In this study, we constructed a persistent AR-induced olfactory loss mouse model, losing the ability to recover from dysfunction if the disease duration more than eight weeks, which implies that timely treatments are necessary. Meanwhile, this mouse model could provide an easy and reliable system to clarify the mechanisms of AR-induced irreversible olfactory dysfunction.

A cross-sectional study on predictors of patients' tinnitus severity.

Objective: To identify factors that influence the severity of tinnitus via a hierarchical multiple linear regression model. Methods: The study was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis. The study included 331 patients experiencing tinnitus as their primary concern, who visited Shanghai Changzheng Hospital of the Navy Medical University between 2019 and 2021. Data on general health status and disease characteristics were collected from all patients. With their consent, participants underwent audiological evaluatons and completed questionnaires to analyze the characteristics of their tinnitus and the factors influencing its severity. Results: The correlation analysis showed a positive relationship between tinnitus frequency, tinnitus loudness, SAS scores, and PSQI scores with THI scores (P < 0.05) among nine examined variables (gender, handedness, employment status, age, BMI, tinnitus frequency, tinnitus loudness, SAS scores, and PSQI scores). The variables that were extracted from the multiple regression were; for the constant; ß = -51.797, t = -4.484, P < 0.001, variable is significant; for the tinnitus loudness; ß = 0.161, t = 2.604, P < 0.05, variable is significant; for the tinnitus frequency; ß = 0.000, t = 1.269, P = 0.206, variable is not significant; for the SAS scores; ß = 1.310, t = 7.685, P < 0.001, variable is significant; for the PSQI scores; ß = 1.680, t = 5.433, P < 0.001, variable is significant. Therefore, the most accurate model for predicting severity in tinnitus patients is a linear combination of the constant, tinnitus loudness, SAS scores, and PSQI scores, Y(Tinnitus severity) = ß 0 + ß 1 (Tinnitus loudness) + ß 2 (SAS scores) + ß 3 (PSQI scores). ß 0, ß 1, ß 2, and ß 3 are -51.797, 0.161, 1.310 and 1.680, respectively. Conclusion: Tinnitus severity is positively associated with loudness, anxiety levels, and sleep quality. To effectively manage tinnitus in patients, it is essential to promptly identify and address these accompanying factors and related symptoms.

A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effects of Topical Tranexamic Acid versus Topical Vasoconstrictors on the Management of Epistaxis.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of topical tranexamic acid (TXA) versus topical vasoconstrictors in the management of epistaxis via a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards were followed for the meta-analysis. We systematically searched Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, and PubMed for randomized controlled trials (from inception to August 2022; no language restrictions), comparing the effect of topical TXA and topical vasoconstrictors on the treatment of epistaxis. The Q test was used to evaluate heterogeneity, and funnel plots were utilized to identify bias. For the meta-analysis, the fixedeffects model was employed, and the t-test was utilized to determine significance. RESULTS: Of 1012 identified studies, 5 were found to be eligible for our analysis. In total, 598 patients were included; 297 of them received TXA and 301 received vasoconstrictors. Hemostasis was more likely to be achieved at the first re-assessment in patients treated with TXA. Subgroup analysis indicated patients treated with TXA to have less likelihood of bleeding recurrence, compared to patients treated with vasoconstrictors. The detected time interval of rebleeding was 10 min, between 24 h to 72 h, and after 7 days, respectively, and the differences were significant between the two groups of patients treated with TXA and vasoconstrictors. CONCLUSION: Topical TXA was associated with better post-treatment hemorrhagic arrest rates compared to topical vasoconstrictors in the management of epistaxis.

Cisplatin attenuates taste cell homeostasis and induces inflammatory activation in the circumvallate papilla.

Rationale: Gustation is important to several biological functions in mammals. However, chemotherapy drugs often harm taste perception in cancer patients, while the underlying mechanism is still unclear for most drugs and there is no effective way to restore taste function. This study investigated the effects of cisplatin on the taste cell homeostasis and gustatory function. Methods: We used both mice and taste organoid models to study the effect of cisplatin on taste buds. Gustometer assay, gustatory nerve recording, RNA-Sequencing, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the cisplatin-induced alteration in taste behavior and function, transcriptome, apoptosis, cell proliferation and taste cell generation. Results: Cisplatin inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in the circumvallate papilla, leading to significant impairment in taste function and receptor cell generation. The transcriptional profile of genes associated with cell cycle, metabolic process and inflammatory response was significantly altered after cisplatin treatment. Cisplatin inhibited growth, promoted apoptosis, and deferred taste receptor cell differentiation in taste organoids. LY411575, a γ-secretase inhibitor, reduced the number of apoptotic cells and increased the number of proliferative cells and taste receptor cells, potentially suggesting as a taste tissue protective agent against chemotherapy. LY411575 treatment could offset the increased number of Pax1+ or Pycr1+ cells induced by cisplatin in the circumvallate papilla and taste organoids. Conclusion: This study highlights the inhibitory effects of cisplatin on taste cell homeostasis and function, identifies critical genes and biological processes regulated by chemotherapy, and proposes potential therapeutic targets and strategy for taste dysfunction in cancer patients.