Long-Term Triclocarban Exposure Induced Enterotoxicity by Triggering Intestinal AhR-Mediated Inflammation and Disrupting Microbial Community in Mice.

Exposure to triclocarban (TCC), a commonly used antibacterial agent, has been shown to induce significant intestine injuries and colonic inflammation in mice. However, the detailed mechanisms by which TCC exposure triggered enterotoxicity remain largely unclear. Herein, intestinal toxicity effects of long-term and chronic TCC exposure were investigated using a combination of histopathological assessments, metagenomics, targeted metabolomics, and biological assays. Mechanically, TCC exposure caused induction of intestinal aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and its transcriptional target cytochrome P4501A1 (Cyp1a1) leading to dysfunction of the gut barrier and disruption of the gut microbial community. A large number of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are released from the gut lumen into blood circulation owing to the markedly increased permeability and gut leakage. Consequently, toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and NF-κB signaling pathways were activated by high levels of LPS. Simultaneously, classic macrophage phenotypes were switched by TCC, shown with marked upregulation of macrophage M1 and downregulation of macrophage M2 that was accompanied by striking upregulation of proinflammatory factors such as Il-1ß, Il-6, Il-17, and Tnf-α in the intestinal lamina propria. These findings provide new evidence for the TCC-induced enterotoxicity.

In Situ N-Doped Graphene and Mo Nanoribbon Formation from Mo2 Ti2 C3 MXene Monolayers.

Since the advent of monolayered 2D transition metal carbide and nitrides (MXenes) in 2011, the number of different monolayer systems and the study thereof have been on the rise. Mo2 Ti2 C3 is one of the least studied MXenes and new insights to this material are of value to the field. Here, the stability of Mo2 Ti2 C3 under electron irradiation is investigated. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the structural and elemental changes in situ. It is found that Mo2 Ti2 C3 is reasonably stable for the first 2 min of irradiation. However, structural changes occur thereafter, which trigger increasingly rapid and significant rearrangement. This results in the formation of pores and two new nanomaterials, namely, N-doped graphene membranes and Mo nanoribbons. The study provides insight into the stability of Mo2 Ti2 C3 monolayers against electron irradiation, which will allow for reliable future study of the material using TEM. Furthermore, these findings will facilitate further research in the rapidly growing field of electron beam driven chemistry and engineering of nanomaterials.

Characterization by Suppression Subtractive Hybridization of Transcripts That Are Differentially Expressed in Leaves of Anthracnose-Resistant Ramie Cultivar.

For the purpose of screening putative anthracnose resistance-related genes of ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud), a cDNA library was constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization using anthracnose-resistant cultivar Huazhu no. 4. The cDNAs from Huazhu no. 4, which were infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, were used as the tester and cDNAs from uninfected Huazhu no. 4 as the driver. Sequencing analysis and homology searching showed that these clones represented 132 single genes, which were assigned to functional categories, including 14 putative cellular functions, according to categories established for Arabidopsis. These 132 genes included 35 disease resistance and stress tolerance-related genes including putative heat-shock protein 90, metallothionein, PR-1.2 protein, catalase gene, WRKY family genes, and proteinase inhibitor-like protein. Partial disease-related genes were further analyzed by reverse transcription PCR and RNA gel blot. These expressed sequence tags are the first anthracnose resistance-related expressed sequence tags reported in ramie.

Exploring the beneficial role of ROCK inhibitors in sepsis-induced cerebral and cognitive injury in rats.

Sepsis-induced cerebral injury is a systemic inflammatory response associated with high mortality rate and cognitive impairment. Rho/ROCK pathway activation is involved in initiating the inflammatory response and promoting cerebral dysfunction. The present study explored the beneficial effects of ROCK inhibitors in sepsis-induced cerebral injury and cognitive impairment in rats. The model of sepsis was established by employing cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). CLP significantly augmented cerebral injury assessed in terms of intensified activity of caspases-3 and decrease in BCL-2 in the brain along with the release of S100ß and NSE, and assessed on day 7. Significant increase in inflammatory biomarkers IL-1ß and TNF-α as well as increase in the protein levels of ROCK1 and ROCK2 was observed in the brain. A significant decrease in learning and memory ability was observed because of increased escape latency time on day 4 and significant decrease in time spent in the target quadrant on day 7 in CLP-subjected rats. Administration of nonselective ROCK inhibitor, fasudil (10 and 30 mg/kg), and selective ROCK1 inhibitor, Y27632 (10 and 30 mg/kg), attenuated the sepsis-induced increase in the S100ß and NSE, IL-1ß, TNF-α, BCL-2, caspase-3, ROCK1 and ROCK2 in septic rats and significantly memory and learning.The beneficial effects of Y27632 and fasudil were comparable suggesting the key role of ROCK1 in sepsis-induced deleterious effects. It may be concluded that sepsis may increase cerebral and cognitive injury through Rho-kinase/ROCK pathway in septic rats, and ROCK inhibitors may be potentially employed to overcome sepsis-induced deleterious effects in the brain.

[Analysis of the uncertainty of the easily oxidized substance of the injector by titration].

Determined the easily oxidized substance of the injector based on GB15810-2001, and analyzed the source of uncertainty of the process of titration symmetrically, and valued the uncertainty of the result of data analysis.

A proteomics sample preparation method for mature, recalcitrant leaves of perennial plants.

Sample preparation is key to the success of proteomics studies. In the present study, two sample preparation methods were tested for their suitability on the mature, recalcitrant leaves of six representative perennial plants (grape, plum, pear, peach, orange, and ramie). An improved sample preparation method was obtained: Tris and Triton X-100 were added together instead of CHAPS to the lysis buffer, and a 20% TCA-water solution and 100% precooled acetone were added after the protein extraction for the further purification of protein. This method effectively eliminates nonprotein impurities and obtains a clear two-dimensional gel electrophoresis array. The method facilitates the separation of high-molecular-weight proteins and increases the resolution of low-abundance proteins. This method provides a widely applicable and economically feasible technology for the proteomic study of the mature, recalcitrant leaves of perennial plants.