Assessment of the toxicogenic effects and cell death potential of the ester (Z)-methyl 4-((1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-4-oxobut-2-anoate in combination with cisplatin, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin.

Despite rapid advances in both the early detection and treatment of cancer, the mortality from this disease remains high, which justifies the development of new products that are more selective and effective and have fewer side effects. Accordingly, a novel ester was synthesized that contains two pharmacophores with important biological activities: (I) 4-aminoantipyrine, which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and (II) the pharmacophore 1,4-dioxo-butenyl, which has cytotoxic activity. When administered alone, this compound is non-genotoxic, and it does not cause an increasing in splenic phagocytosis. Nevertheless, it can induce cell death. When administered in combination with commercial chemotherapeutic agents, such as doxorubicin, cisplatin, and cyclophosphamide, the ester shows antigenotoxic activity and decreases phagocytosis and reduces the potential to cause cell death. These results indicate that the compound should not be used in combination with chemotherapeutic agents that exert their effect through DNA damage, an important feature of antitumor drugs.

In vivo chemotherapeutic insight of a novel isocoumarin (3-hexyl-5,7-dimethoxy-isochromen-1-one): Genotoxicity, cell death induction, leukometry and phagocytic evaluation.

Chemotherapy is one of the major approaches for the treatment of cancer. Therefore, the development of new chemotherapy drugs is an important aspect of medicinal chemistry. Chemotherapeutic agents include isocoumarins, which are privileged structures with potential antitumoral activity. Herein, a new 3-substituted isocoumarin was synthesized from 2-iodo-3,5-dimethoxy-benzoic acid and oct-1-yne in a cross-coupling Sonogashira reaction followed by a copper iodide-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization as key step using MeOH/Et3N as the solvent system. The present study also evaluated the leukometry, phagocytic activity, genotoxic potential and cell death induction of three different doses (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) of this newly synthesized isocoumarin, alone and in combination with the commercial chemotherapeutic agents cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) and cisplatin (6 mg/kg) in male Swiss mice. The results suggest that the isocoumarin has genotoxicity and causes cell death. Noteworthy, this new compound can increase splenic phagocytosis and lymphocyte frequency, which are related to immunomodulatory activity. When combined with either cyclophosphamide or cisplatin, chemopreventive activity led to a reduction in the effects of both chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus, the new isocoumarin is not a candidate for chemotherapeutic adjuvant in treatments using cyclophosphamide or cisplatin. Nevertheless, the compound itself is an important prototype for the development of new antitumor drugs.

Cardanol: toxicogenetic assessment and its effects when combined with cyclophosphamide.

Cardanol is an effective antioxidant and is a compound with antimutagenic and antitumoral activity. Here, we evaluated the genotoxic and mutagenic potential of saturated side chain cardanol and its effects in combination with cyclophosphamide in preventing DNA damage, apoptosis, and immunomodulation. Swiss mice were treated with cardanol (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg). The results showed that cardanol is an effective chemopreventive compound, with damage reduction percentages that ranged from 18.9 to 31.76% in the comet assay and from 45 to 97% in the micronucleus assay. Moreover, cardanol has the ability to reduce the frequency of apoptosis induced by cyclophosphamide. The compound did not show immunomodulatory activity. A final interpretation of the data showed that, despite its chemoprotective capacity, cardanol has a tendency to induce DNA damage. Hence, caution is needed if this compound is used as a chemopreventive agent. Also, this compound is likely not suitable as an adjuvant in chemotherapy treatments that use cyclophosphamide.

Biological activities of 1,4-naphthoquinones derivatives against T. cruzi and L. amazonensis

SUMMARY Introduction: Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis are neglected diseases caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi and kentoplastid parasites Leishmania spp. Parasitic diseases cause great impact on social and economic, affecting millions of people in the world and represent a major global health problem. In the search for new alternatives for the treatment of Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, strategies have been used to discover new active molecules, because there is an urgent need for the development of new drugs. In this scenario, 1,4-naphthoquinones have shown notable activity in the context of neglected diseases. Aim: To synthesis of 1,4-naphthoquinones derivatives and evaluated these compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes, Leishmania promastigotes (Leishmania amazonensis) and cytotoxicity to LLCMK2 cells. Results: Nine 1,4-naphthoquinones derivatives were synthesized using 2-Bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone (1), 1,4-Naphthoquinone (5) and 2-Hydroxi-1,4-naphthoqui-none (9) as starting material. Derivative 6a exhibited excellent trypanocidal activity, IC50 of 0.25 ± 0.02 µM, superior potency compared with the reference drug Benznidazol. Besides, these compounds displayed low activity against promastigote from L. amazonensis. Conclusion: The results indicate that compound 6a may have potential for agent against Chagas disease.

Introducción: La enfermedad de Chagas y la leishmaniasis son enfermedades desatendidas causadas por los parásitos Trypanosoma cruzi y kentoplastid Leishmania spp. Las enfermedades parasitarias tienen un gran impacto social y económico, afectan a millones de personas en el mundo y representan un importante problema de salud mundial. En la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas para el tratamiento de la leishmaniasis y la enfermedad de Chagas, se han utilizado estrategias para descubrir nuevas moléculas activas, porque existe una necesidad urgente de desarrollo de nuevos fármacos. En este escenario, las 1,4-naftoquinonas han mostrado una notable actividad en el contexto de enfermedades desatendidas. Objetivo: Sintetizar derivados de 1,4-naftoquinonas y evaluación de estos compuestos frente a epimastigotes de Trypanosoma cruzi, promastigotes de Leishmania (Leishmania amazonensis) y citotoxicidad a células LLCMK2. Resultados: Se sintetizaron nueve derivados de 1,4-naftoquinonas usando 2-bromo-1,4-naftoquinona (1), 1,4-naftoquinona (5) y 2-hidroxi-1,4-naftoquinona (9) como material de partida. El derivado 6a exhibió una excelente actividad tripanocida, CI50 de 0,25 ± 0,02 µM, potencia superior en comparación con el fármaco de referencia Benznidazol. Además, estos compuestos mostraron una baja actividad contra el promastigote de L. amazonensis. Conclusión: Los resultados indican que el compuesto 6a puede tener potencial como agente contra la enfermedad de Chagas.

Introdução: A doença de Chagas e a leishmaniose são doenças negligenciadas causadas pelos parasitas Trypanosoma cruzi e kentoplastídeos Leishmania spp. As doenças parasitárias causam grande impacto social e econômico, afetando milhões de pessoas no mundo e representam um dos maiores problemas de saúde global. Na busca por novas alternativas para o tratamento da Leishmaniose e da doença de Chagas, estratégias têm sido utilizadas para descobrir novas moléculas ativas, porque há urgência no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos. Nesse cenário, as 1,4-nafto-quinonas têm mostrado notável atividade no contexto das doenças negligenciadas. Objetivos: Sintetizar derivados de 1,4-naftoquinonas e avaliar esses compostos contra epimastigotas de Trypanosoma cruzi, promastigotas de Leishmania (Leishmania amazonensis) e citotoxicidade para células LLCMK2. Resultados: Nove derivados de 1,4-naftoquinonas foram sintetizados usando 2-Bromo-1,4-naftoquinona (1), 1,4-Naftoquinona (5) e 2-Hidroxi-1,4-naftoquinona (9) como material de partida. O derivado 6a exibiu excelente atividade tripanocida, IC50 de 0,25 ± 0,02 µM, potência superior em comparação com o medicamento de referência Benzonidazol. Além disso, esses compostos apresentaram baixa atividade contra a forma promasti-gota de L. amazonensis. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que o composto 6a pode ter potencial para agente contra a doença de Chagas.

In vivo chemotherapeutic insight of a novel isocoumarin (3-hexyl-5,7-dimethoxy-isochromen-1-one): Genotoxicity, cell death induction, leukometry and phagocytic evaluation

Abstract Chemotherapy is one of the major approaches for the treatment of cancer. Therefore, the development of new chemotherapy drugs is an important aspect of medicinal chemistry. Chemotherapeutic agents include isocoumarins, which are privileged structures with potential antitumoral activity. Herein, a new 3-substituted isocoumarin was synthesized from 2-iodo-3,5-dimethoxy-benzoic acid and oct-1-yne in a cross-coupling Sonogashira reaction followed by a copper iodide-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization as key step using MeOH/Et3N as the solvent system. The present study also evaluated the leukometry, phagocytic activity, genotoxic potential and cell death induction of three different doses (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) of this newly synthesized isocoumarin, alone and in combination with the commercial chemotherapeutic agents cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) and cisplatin (6 mg/kg) in male Swiss mice. The results suggest that the isocoumarin has genotoxicity and causes cell death. Noteworthy, this new compound can increase splenic phagocytosis and lymphocyte frequency, which are related to immunomodulatory activity. When combined with either cyclophosphamide or cisplatin, chemopreventive activity led to a reduction in the effects of both chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus, the new isocoumarin is not a candidate for chemotherapeutic adjuvant in treatments using cyclophosphamide or cisplatin. Nevertheless, the compound itself is an important prototype for the development of new antitumor drugs.

Chemical identification of Tagetes minuta Linnaeus (Asteraceae) essential oil and its acaricidal effect on ticks / Caracterização química e efeito acaricida do óleo essencial de Tagetes minuta Linnaeus (Asteraceae) em carrapatos

The control of tick species that affect animal production is vital for the economic welfare of the cattle industry. This study focused on testing the acaricidal activity of the essential oil from the leaves and stems of Tagetes minuta against several Brazilian tick species, including Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Amblyomma cajennense and Argas miniatus. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by chromatography and spectroscopy analyses, which revealed the presence of monoterpenes. The adult immersion test (AIT) and the larval packet test (LPT) were used to evaluate the efficacy of T. minuta essential oil in tick management at concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40%. The results demonstrated that the T. minuta essential oil had over 95% efficacy against four species of ticks at a concentration of 20%. These results suggest that the essential oil of T. minuta could be used as an environmentally friendly acaricide.(AU)

O controle de carrapatos que causa impacto na produção de bovinos possui importância econômica para a cadeia produtiva. Neste trabalho objetivou-se testar a atividade acaricida do óleo essencial das folhas e caules de Tagetes minuta contra várias espécies de carrapatos brasileiros, incluindo Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Amblyomma cajennense e Argas miniatus. A composição química do óleo foi determinada por GC-MS e análises de espectroscopia de RMN, que revelaram a presença de monoterpenos. Na avaliação destas substâncias no controle do carrapato foram empregados os testes de imersão de adulto (TIA) e o de pacote de larvas (TPL) para o extrato de óleo de T. minuta nas concentrações de 2,5%; 5%; 10%; 20% e 40%. Os resultados do TPL e TIA demonstraram que o óleo essencial na concentração de 20% de T. minuta apresenta eficácia superior a 95% nas quatro espécies de carrapato. Estes resultados sugerem que o óleo essencial de T. minuta pode ser usado como um acaricida eficaz e com baixo impacto ambiental.(AU)

Biotransformation of a cage-like diels-alder adduct and derivatives by Mucor ramosissimus samutsevitsch / Biotransformação de um aduto de diels-alder cage-like e derivados por Mucor ramosissimus samutsevitsch

The present study aimed to evaluate the ability for biotransformation of the Diels-Alder adduct tricyclo[6.2.1.0(2,7)]undeca-4,9-dien-3,6-dione (1) and two synthetic derivatives by the saprobe fungus Mucor ramosissimus Samutsevitsch. Products from oxidation, isomerization and, regioselective and enantioselective reduction were achieved.

Neste trabalho avaliou-se a capacidade de biotransformação do aduto de Diels-Alder triciclo[6.2.1.0(2-7)]undeca-4,9-dien-3,6-diona (1) e dois derivados sintéticos pelo fungo sapróbio Mucor ramosissimus Samutsevitsch. Produtos de oxidação, isomerização e redução regiosseletiva e enantiosseletiva foram obtidos.