Orange Light-Driven C(sp2)-C(sp3) Cross-Coupling via Spin-Forbidden Ir(III) Metallaphotoredox Catalysis.

We report the development and characterization of a library of Ir(III) photocatalysts capable of undergoing spin-forbidden excitation (SFE) under orange light irradiation (595 nm). These catalysts were successfully applied to the construction of synthetically valuable C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds inaccessible with existing methods of low-energy light-driven dual nickel/photoredox catalysis, demonstrating the synthetic utility of this photocatalyst family. The photocatalysts are capable of accessing both oxidatively and reductively activated coupling partners, illustrated through deaminative arylation and potassium alkyl trifluoroborate cross-coupling reactions with aryl halides. We demonstrate diverse substrate scopes of both cross-coupling paradigms under mild conditions in the first example of low-energy light-driven C(sp2)-C(sp3) metallaphotoredox coupling.

Rapid response nursing triage outcomes for COVID-19: factors associated with patient's participation in triage recommendations.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is an ongoing global health crisis with prevention and treatment recommendations rapidly changing. Rapid response telephone triage and advice services are critical in providing timely care during pandemics. Understanding patient participation with triage recommendations and factors associated with patient participation can assist in developing sensitive and timely interventions for receiving the treatment to prevent adverse health effects of COVID-19. METHODS: This cohort study aimed to assess patient participation (percentage of patients who followed nursing triage suggestions from the COVID hotline) and identify factors associated with patient participation in four quarterly electronic health records from March 2020 to March 2021 (Phase 1: 14 March 2020-6 June 2020; Phase 2: 17 June 2020-16 September 2020; Phase 3: 17 September 2020-16 December 2020; Phase 4: 17 December 2020-16 March 2021). All callers who provided their symptoms (including asymptomatic with exposure to COVID) and received nursing triage were included in the study. Factors associated with patient participation were identified using multivariable logistic regression analyses, including demographic variables, comorbidity variables, health behaviors, and COVID-19-related symptoms. RESULTS: The aggregated data included 9849 encounters/calls from 9021 unique participants. Results indicated: (1) 72.5% of patient participation rate; (2) participants advised to seek emergency department care had the lowest patient participation rate (43.4%); (3) patient participation was associated with older age, a lower comorbidity index, a lack of unexplained muscle aches, and respiratory symptoms. The absence of respiratory symptoms was the only factor significantly associated with patient participation in all four phases (OR = 0.75, 0.60, 0.64, 0.52, respectively). Older age was associated with higher patient participation in three out of four phases (OR = 1.01-1.02), and a lower Charlson comorbidity index was associated with higher patient participation in phase 3 and phase 4 (OR = 0.83, 0.88). CONCLUSION: Public participation in nursing triage during the COVID pandemic requires attention. This study supports using a nurse-led telehealth intervention and reveals crucial factors associated with patient participation. It highlighted the importance of timely follow-up in high-risk groups and the benefit of a telehealth intervention led by nurses serving as healthcare navigators during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Factors influencing the demands for home and community-based care services among older adults living alone in China.

The number of older adults living alone in China is rising sharply. This study aimed to explore the demand for home and community-based care services (HCBS) and related influencing factors of older adults living alone. The data were extracted from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Guided by the Andersen model, binary logistic regressions were used to analyze the influencing factors of HCBS demand from the aspect of predisposing, enabling and need variables. Results show that there were significant differences between urban and rural areas for provision of HCBS. HCBS demand of older adults living alone was influenced by distinct factors including age, residence, income source, economic status, availability of services, loneliness, physical function and number of chronic diseases. Implications for HCBS developments are discussed.

Behavior Characteristics and Risk for Metabolic Syndrome Among Women in Rural Communities in China.

BACKGROUND: Rapid economic growth and lifestyle changes in China have resulted in increased metabolic syndrome (MetS) rates. Few investigators have examined sex-specific risk factors and the role of menopause, stress, and sleep on MetS among women in China. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to identify the risk factors for MetS among women in rural China. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was used, and participants were recruited from rural areas in China. Female participants older than 18 years were eligible to participate. Participants had their weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, and fasting blood measured at study sites. They also completed validated questionnaires regarding sociodemographic information and MetS-related health behaviors. RESULTS: A total of 646 women were included in this study. The overall prevalence of MetS was 26.2%. The MetS group had a greater number of overweight/obese women than the non-MetS group did. For premenopausal women, a higher income, being overweight/obese, and eating salty/marinated food increased their risk for MetS (odds ratio [OR], 2.56, 4.55, and 3.1, respectively). For postmenopausal women, a low level of education (OR, 0.44) and being overweight/obese (OR, 4.98) increased their risk of MetS. CONCLUSION: Almost half of the women in this study were overweight/obese, and many of them did not meet the national recommendations for a healthy lifestyle, increasing their risk for MetS. Developing cultural and behavioral interventions tailored for overweight/obese women is critical in reducing MetS.

SCD: A Stacked Carton Dataset for Detection and Segmentation.

Carton detection is an important technique in the automatic logistics system and can be applied to many applications such as the stacking and unstacking of cartons and the unloading of cartons in the containers. However, there is no public large-scale carton dataset for the research community to train and evaluate the carton detection models up to now, which hinders the development of carton detection. In this article, we present a large-scale carton dataset named Stacked Carton Dataset (SCD) with the goal of advancing the state-of-the-art in carton detection. Images were collected from the Internet and several warehouses, and objects were labeled for precise localization using instance mask annotation. There were a total of 250,000 instance masks from 16,136 images. Naturally, a suite of benchmarks was established with several popular detectors and instance segmentation models. In addition, we designed a carton detector based on RetinaNet by embedding our proposed Offset Prediction between the Classification and Localization module (OPCL) and the Boundary Guided Supervision module (BGS). OPCL alleviates the imbalance problem between classification and localization quality, which boosts AP by 3.1∼4.7% on SCD at the model level, while BGS guides the detector to pay more attention to the boundary information of cartons and decouple repeated carton textures at the task level. To demonstrate the generalization of OPCL for other datasets, we conducted extensive experiments on MS COCO and PASCAL VOC. The improvements in AP on MS COCO and PASCAL VOC were 1.8∼2.2% and 3.4∼4.3%, respectively.

Antiracist symptom science: A call to action and path forward.

Nurse scientists recognize the experience of racism as a driving force behind health. However, symptom science, a pillar of nursing, has rarely considered contributions of racism. Our objective is to describe findings within symptom science research related to racial disparities and/or experiences of racism and to promote antiracist symptom science within nursing research. In this manuscript, we use an antiracist lens to review a predominant symptom science theory and literature in three areas of symptom science research-oncology, mental health, and perinatal health. Finally, we make recommendations for increasing antiracist research in symptom science by altering (a) research questions, (b) recruitment methods, (c) study design, (d) data analysis, and (e) dissemination of findings. Traditionally, symptom science focuses on individual level factors rather than broader contexts driving symptom experience and management. We urge symptom science researchers to embrace antiracism by designing research with the specific intent of dismantling racism at multiple levels.

Fine-Scale Population Estimation by 3D Reconstruction of Urban Residential Buildings.

Fine-scale population estimation is essential in emergency response and epidemiological applications as well as urban planning and management. However, representing populations in heterogeneous urban regions with a finer resolution is a challenge. This study aims to obtain fine-scale population distribution based on 3D reconstruction of urban residential buildings with morphological operations using optical high-resolution (HR) images from the Chinese No. 3 Resources Satellite (ZY-3). Specifically, the research area was first divided into three categories when dasymetric mapping was taken into consideration. The results demonstrate that the morphological building index (MBI) yielded better results than built-up presence index (PanTex) in building detection, and the morphological shadow index (MSI) outperformed color invariant indices (CIIT) in shadow extraction and height retrieval. Building extraction and height retrieval were then combined to reconstruct 3D models and to estimate population. Final results show that this approach is effective in fine-scale population estimation, with a mean relative error of 16.46% and an overall Relative Total Absolute Error (RATE) of 0.158. This study gives significant insights into fine-scale population estimation in complicated urban landscapes, when detailed 3D information of buildings is unavailable.

Genetic Association of Allergic Rhinitis with Sleep and Neuropsychological Disorders: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

BACKGROUND: The genetic association of allergic rhinitis (AR) with other physiological systems throughout the human body remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this Mendelian randomization (MR) study was to explore the association of this respiratory disorder with multiple common sleep and neuropsychological disorders at the genetic level. METHODS: Summary data for total AR and pollen AR were collected from the most updated FinnGen genome-wide association studies involving more than 340 000 European subjects. Summary data for 12 sleep and neuropsychological disorders (including snoring) were included from UK Biobank studies involving 63 392 to 462 933 European subjects. Three MR methods, including inverse-variance weighting (IVW), weighted median and MR-Egger, were used to determine the relationships between the exposures and outcomes. Several sensitivity analyses, including Cochran's Q, MR-Egger intercept, MR-PRESSO, "leave-one-out" test and funnel plot, were used to detect heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy. RESULTS: IVW revealed that total and pollen AR were associated with an increased risk of snoring (odds ratio (OR) = 1.011, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.004∼1.019, P = .003; OR = 1.006, 95% CI = 1.001∼1.011, P = .014). Two other MR methods supported the results from the IVW analysis. No heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy was confirmed by sensitivity analyses. In addition, IVW did not reveal any association between AR and other included disorders. CONCLUSION: AR (specifically AR caused by pollen) might be an independent risk factor for snoring at the genetic level, which should be verified in the future.

Immune-related adverse events and their effects on survival outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has become the standard of care for non-small cell lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature to determine whether the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) following the use of ICIs predicts different clinical outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Relevant studies from the time of database creation to July 20, 2023, were systematically searched to explore the differences in clinical outcomes in patients with advanced NSCLC with or without irAEs. The outcome indicators included the occurrence of irAEs, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 22 reported the effect on OS, and 19 reported the effect on PFS. The results showed that for patients with NSCLC, the occurrence of irAEs after receiving immunotherapy showed a statistically significant benefit over the absence of irAEs for OS (HR=0.55,95% CI=0.46-0.65) and PFS (HR=0.55 95% CI=0.48-0.64), but severe irAEs (grades 3-5) were associated with worse OS (HR=1.05, 95% CI=0.87-1.27). Compared with gastrointestinal, lung, and hepatitis, irAEs of the skin and endocrine system tend to predict better OS and PFS. Conclusion: The occurrence of irAEs, especially mild and early irAEs, indicates better OS and PFS in patients with NSCLC treated with ICIs, irrespective of patient characteristics, type of ICIs, and irAEs. However, Grade 3 or higher toxicities resulted in worse OS. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023409444.

Molecular and circuit mechanisms underlying avoidance of rapid cooling stimuli in C. elegans.

The mechanisms by which animals respond to rapid changes in temperature are largely unknown. Here, we found that polymodal ASH sensory neurons mediate rapid cooling-evoked avoidance behavior within the physiological temperature range in C. elegans. ASH employs multiple parallel circuits that consist of stimulatory circuits (AIZ, RIA, AVA) and disinhibitory circuits (AIB, RIM) to respond to rapid cooling. In the stimulatory circuit, AIZ, which is activated by ASH, releases glutamate to act on both GLR-3 and GLR-6 receptors in RIA neurons to promote reversal, and ASH also directly or indirectly stimulates AVA to promote reversal. In the disinhibitory circuit, AIB is stimulated by ASH through the GLR-1 receptor, releasing glutamate to act on AVR-14 to suppress RIM activity. RIM, an inter/motor neuron, inhibits rapid cooling-evoked reversal, and the loop activities thus equally stimulate reversal. Our findings elucidate the molecular and circuit mechanisms underlying the acute temperature stimuli-evoked avoidance behavior.

Experimental broadband absorption enhancement in silicon nanohole structures with optimized complex unit cells.

We design silicon membranes with nanohole structures with optimized complex unit cells that maximize broadband absorption. We fabricate the optimized design and measure the optical absorption. We demonstrate an experimental broadband absorption about 3.5 times higher than an equally-thick thin film.

Design and optical characterization of high-Q guided-resonance modes in the slot-graphite photonic crystal lattice.

A new photonic crystal structure is generated by using a regular graphite lattice as the base and adding a slot in the center of each unit cell to enhance field confinement. The theoretical Q factor in an ideal structure is over 4 × 10(5). The structure was fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator wafer and optically characterized by transmission spectroscopy. The resonance wavelength and quality factor were measured as a function of slot height. The measured trends show good agreement with simulation.

Toward optimized light utilization in nanowire arrays using scalable nanosphere lithography and selected area growth.

Vertically aligned, catalyst-free semiconducting nanowires hold great potential for photovoltaic applications, in which achieving scalable synthesis and optimized optical absorption simultaneously is critical. Here, we report combining nanosphere lithography (NSL) and selected area metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (SA-MOCVD) for the first time for scalable synthesis of vertically aligned gallium arsenide nanowire arrays, and surprisingly, we show that such nanowire arrays with patterning defects due to NSL can be as good as highly ordered nanowire arrays in terms of optical absorption and reflection. Wafer-scale patterning for nanowire synthesis was done using a polystyrene nanosphere template as a mask. Nanowires grown from substrates patterned by NSL show similar structural features to those patterned using electron beam lithography (EBL). Reflection of photons from the NSL-patterned nanowire array was used as a measure of the effect of defects present in the structure. Experimentally, we show that GaAs nanowires as short as 130 nm show reflection of <10% over the visible range of the solar spectrum. Our results indicate that a highly ordered nanowire structure is not necessary: despite the "defects" present in NSL-patterned nanowire arrays, their optical performance is similar to "defect-free" structures patterned by more costly, time-consuming EBL methods. Our scalable approach for synthesis of vertical semiconducting nanowires can have application in high-throughput and low-cost optoelectronic devices, including solar cells.

Comparative Effectiveness of Olive Oil and Breast Milk on Nipple Soreness in Breastfeeding Mothers.

Background: Breastfeeding has health benefits for both mothers and children. Nipple problems may result in the child being weaned prematurely before the recommended 6 months minimum period of exclusive breastfeeding. Purposes of the Study: The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of topically applying olive oil and breast milk in treating nipple pain and soreness in breastfeeding mothers during the early postpartum period. Methods: A quasi-randomized controlled trial was conducted in a maternity ward of a medical center in northern Taiwan. Eighty breastfeeding mothers were recruited, and randomly assigned to the olive oil or breast milk group. Visual analogue pain scale (intensity of nipple pain) and nipple soreness scores were collected at 24, 48, and 72 hours after delivery. Differences in postintervention outcomes between groups were examined using the Generalized Estimating Equation model. Results: The results indicated that both olive oil and breast milk groups reported a significant increase in the intensity of nipple pain and nipple soreness at 24, 48, and 72 hours after delivery. However, differences in the outcome measurements between olive oil and breast milk groups were statistically insignificant at p-value >0.05. Conclusion: This study found that olive oil had similar effects on nipple pain and soreness to breast milk. In addition, most breastfeeding mothers provided positive feedback on using olive oil. Olive oil can be a safe, accessible, and alternative choice for breastfeeding mothers in treating nipple pain and soreness, especially early in the breastfeeding period. The Clinical Trail Registration Number: NCT03568370.

How do patients and staff in an opioid agonist treatment service view smoking cessation medications and e-cigarettes?

INTRODUCTION: Tobacco use and related mortality is common in people receiving opioid agonist treatment (OAT). Smoking cessation medications are available and e-cigarettes are increasingly recommended for high risk populations. This study explores experience, knowledge and attitudes around smoking cessation medications (nicotine replacement therapy [NRT], bupropion and varenicline) and e-cigarettes in patients and clinicians in two public Australian OAT clinics. METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys of patients and clinicians and a randomly sampled retrospective medical record review. Patients were recruited through an advertisement in the clinic, and clinicians through advertisement at an educational session. RESULTS: Ninety-one patients and 10 clinicians completed the surveys. Most patients had at least one quit attempt and 43% were currently trying to quit. There were high levels of exposure to NRT, lower levels with varenicline and very limited exposure to bupropion. Patients considered e-cigarettes most helpful, but were more likely to consider using NRT. Few patients reported smoking cessation interventions from their clinicians. Most clinicians identified high tobacco use prevalence, considered this problematic, but reported low rates of smoking cessation intervention. NRT was the preferred medication. E-cigarettes were not considered helpful. Sixty-six percent of the 140 records reviewed documented patients as smokers. Tobacco cessation medication was rarely discussed or provided. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Patients report high rates of tobacco cessation planning, but low rates of intervention. Experience of varenicline and bupropion is limited. E-cigarettes were preferred over varenicline and bupropion. Improving patient's and clinician's knowledge of tobacco cessation medications could improve smoking cessation interventions and uptake of approved medications.

Effect of obesity, lipids and adipokines on allergic rhinitis risk: a Mendelian randomization study.

OBJECTIVES: Observational studies suggested that obesity may promote the development of allergic rhinitis. The aim of this study was to explore the association of obesity, lipids and adipokines with this allergic disease at the genetic level using Mendelian randomization strategies. METHODS: Summary data for three obesity indicators (such as body mass index), eight lipid indicators (such as triglycerides) and six adipokines (such as interleukin-6 and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein) were collected, and suitable instrumental variables were extracted from these summary data according to the three main assumptions of Mendelian randomization. Three Mendelian randomization methods (such as inverse variance weighted) were used to detect the casual effect of the above indicators on allergic rhinitis risk. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy. RESULTS: After Bonferroni correction, the inverse variance weighted reported that elevated levels of interleukin-6 and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein were nominally associated with the decreased risk of allergic rhinitis (OR = 0.870, 95% CI 0.765-0.990, p = 0.035; OR = 0.732, 95% CI 0.551-0.973, p = 0.032). The other Mendelian randomization methods supported these results. Obesity, lipids and other adipokines were not related to this allergic disease. Sensitivity analyses found no heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy in the study. CONCLUSION: The study provided some interesting, but not sufficient, evidence to suggest that interleukin-6 and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein might play a protective role in the development of allergic rhinitis at the genetic level. These findings should be validated by more research. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: This was a Mendelian randomized study with a level of evidence second only to clinical randomized trials, and higher than cohort and case-control studies.

The Prevalence and Severity of School Bullying among Left-Behind Children: A Meta-Analysis.

The involvement of left-behind children (LBC) in school bullying has raised concern in China. However, the susceptibility of LBC to engage in bullying is controversial, and comprehensive, representative studies covering the entire country are lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of school bullying among LBC. The Chinese National Knowledge Network, WanFang, VIP, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and EBSCO databases were searched for literature on being left-behind and bullying before April 2022. The effect size was measured by odds ratio (ORs), standard mean difference (SMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI). Random-effects or fixed-effects models were selected for meta-analysis, and subgroup analysis was used to explore the sources of heterogeneity. The meta-analysis included 25 studies of school bullying among LBC and non-LBC (NLBC). The prevalence of bullying perpetration and victimization among LBC were 18.58% (95% CI [3.72%, 33.44%], p < .05) and 40.62% (95% CI [25.47%, 55.78%], p < .05), respectively. Compared with NLBC, the risk of bullying perpetration and victimization among LBC increased 1.97 times (OR = 1.97, 95% CI [1.77, 2.20], p < .05) and 2.17 times (OR = 2.17, 95% CI [1.43, 3.29], p < .05), respectively. The severity of bullying experienced by LBC was higher than that of NLBC (SMD = 0.49, 95% CI [0.20, 0.79], p < .05). The prevalence and severity of school bullying were higher in LBC than in NLBC, and left-behindness was positively associated with school bullying. LBC are a crucial population to protect when developing bullying interventions.

Smartphone-Based Cancer and Obesity Prevention Education Program for Chinese Women (SCOPE): A Pilot RCT.

Breast cancer prevalence has increased globally, with 12.2% of breast cancer cases identified in China. Obesity and unhealthy lifestyles are major risk factors for breast cancer. We conducted a randomized control trial to assess the feasibility and evaluate the preliminary effect of the Smartphone-Based Cancer and Obesity Prevention Education (SCOPE) program among adult biological women with a waist circumference greater than 80 cm. The SCOPE program includes tailored and culturally appropriate educational information for obesity and breast cancer prevention delivered by the research team via WeChat. The control group received non-tailored general health information via WeChat. A total of 102 women (52 intervention, 50 control) participated, and 87 (85%) completed 6-month follow-up assessments. For the primary study outcome at 6 months, women using SCOPE significantly reduced waist circumference (Cohen's d = -0.39, p < 0.001). For secondary outcomes at 6 months, women using SCOPE significantly reduced BMI (d = -0.18, p = 0.001) and increased breast cancer-related knowledge (d = 0.48, p = 0.001) and attitude (d = 1.39, p < 0.01). No significant findings were found regarding diet self-efficacy, physical self-efficacy, or breast cancer screening barriers. The results suggest the intervention has great potential to promote the health and wellness of women.

Comparison of neoadjuvant immunotherapy versus routine neoadjuvant therapy for patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The neoadjuvant use of immune checkpoint inhibitor combined with chemotherapy (nICT) or chemoradiotherapy (nICRT) in locally advanced esophageal cancer (EC) is currently an area of active ongoing research. Therefore, we carried out a comprehensive meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of the new strategy with routine neoadjuvant strategy, which included neoadjuvant chemotherapy (nCT) and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). Patients and methods: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase (via OVID), ISI Web of Science database and Cochrane Library were included. And, all of them were searched for eligible studies between January, 2000 and February, 2023. The pathological complete response (pCR) and major pathological response (MPR) were primary outcome of our study. The second outcome of interest was R0 resection rate. Odds ratio (OR) and associated 95% CI were used as the effect indicators comparing the safety and efficiency of the neoadjuvant immunotherapy with the routine neoadjuvant therapy. Fixed-effect model (Inverse Variance) or random-effect model (Mantel-Haenszel method) was performed depending on the statistically heterogeneity. Results: There were eight trials with 652 patients were included in our meta-analysis. The estimated pCR rate was higher in the neoadjuvant immunotherapy group (OR =1.86; 95% CI, 1.25-2.75; I2 = 32.8%, P=0.166). The different results were found in the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) subgroups, the estimated OR was 2.35 (95%CI, 1.00-2.72; I2 = 30.9%, P=0.215) in the EAC subgroup, and 2.35 (95% CI, 1.20-4.54; I2 = 45.3%, P=0.161) in the ESCC subgroup, respectively. The neoadjuvant immunotherapy also showed the advantage in the MPR rates (OR =2.66; 95% CI, 1.69-4.19; I2 = 24.3%, P=0.252). There was no obvious difference between the neoadjuvant immunotherapy and routine neoadjuvant therapy with respect to surgical resection rate, R0 resection rate, surgical delay rate; while more treatment-related adverse events were observed for the neoadjuvant immunotherapy for pneumonitis/pneumonia (OR=3.46, 95% CI, 1.31-9.16; I2 = 67.3%, P=0.005) and thyroid dysfunction (OR=4.69, 95% CI, 1.53-14.36; I2 = 56.5%, P=0.032). Conclusion: The pooled correlations indicated that the neoadjuvant immunotherapy (both nICT and nICRT) could significantly increase the rates of pCR and MPR, compared with routine neoadjuvant therapy (both nCT and nCRT) in the treatment of locally advanced EC. The neoadjuvant immunotherapy and routine neoadjuvant therapy were with acceptable toxicity. However, randomized studies with larger groups of patients need to performed to confirm these results. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42020155802.

Effect of aperiodicity on the broadband reflection of silicon nanorod structures for photovoltaics.

We carry out a systematic numerical study of the effects of aperiodicity on silicon nanorod anti-reflection structures. We use the scattering matrix method to calculate the average reflection loss over the solar spectrum for periodic and aperiodic arrangements of nanorods. We find that aperiodicity can either improve or deteriorate the anti-reflection performance, depending on the nanorod diameter. We use a guided random-walk algorithm to design optimal aperiodic structures that exhibit lower reflection loss than both optimal periodic and random aperiodic structures.