The value of transthoracic echocardiography and chest X-ray in locating the tip of central venous catheter in dialysis patients: a comparative study with computed tomography imaging.

To determine the tip position of the central venous catheter (CVC) in patients with dialysis, the guidelines recommend that it be determined using chest radiography (CXR) after catheterization, without fluoroscopy. However, some researchers have proposed that transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) can replace CXR, but this has not been widely adopted. This study aimed to determine which of the two aforementioned methods is more suitable for locating the tip position of the CVC. This prospective study included 160 patients who underwent hemodialysis at our hospital from March 2021 to December 2022. After inserting the CVC through the internal jugular vein, we used transthoracic echocardiography and CXR to determine the tip of the CVC and compared the results with those of computed tomography (CT). In the comparison between TTE and CXR for locating the CVC tip, we obtained three main findings. (1) TTE was associated with fewer misdiagnosed cases than CXR. (2) TTE provided higher sensitivity (similar sensitivity in position 2), specificity, positive/negative predictive values, and accuracy than CXR. (3) When comparing the receiver operating characteristic curves of TTE and CXR, the area under the curve (95% confidence interval) for the former was larger. Additionally, we made anatomical discoveries: the "hyperechoic triangle" recognized by TTE was equivalent to the entrance of the superior vena cava into the right atrium shown by transesophageal transthoracic echocardiography. TTE is more suitable than CXR as the first examination for CVC tip localization, as it improves diagnostic accuracy and reduces X-ray radiation damage.

Dihydroartemisinin suppresses renal fibrosis in mice by inhibiting DNA-methyltransferase 1 and increasing Klotho.

Renal fibrosis is an unavoidable end result of all forms of progressive chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Discovery of efficacious drugs against renal fibrosis is in crucial need. In a preliminary study we found that a derivative of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin (DHA), exerted strong renoprotection, and reversed renal fibrosis in adenine-induced CKD mouse model. In this study we investigated the anti-fibrotic mechanisms of DHA, particularly its specific target in renal cells. Renal fibrosis was induced in mice by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or oral administration of adenine (80 mg · kg-1), the mice received DHA (30 mg · kg-1 · d-1, i.g.) for 14 or 21 days, respectively. We showed that DHA administration markedly attenuated the inflammation and fibrotic responses in the kidneys and significantly improved the renal function in both the renal fibrosis mouse models. In adenine-treated mice, DHA was more effective than 5-azacytidine against renal fibrosis. The anti-fibrotic effects of DHA were also observed in TGF-ß1-treated HK-2 cells. In order to determine the target protein of DHA, we conducted pull-down technology coupled with shotgun proteomics using a small-molecule probe based on the structure of DHA (biotin-DHA). As a results, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) was identified as the anti-fibrotic target of DHA in 3 different types of renal cell lines (HK-2, HEK293 and 3T3). We demonstrated that DHA directly bound to Asn 1529 and Thr 1528 of DNMT1 with a Kd value of 8.18 µM. In primary mouse renal tubular cells, we showed that DHA (10 µM) promoted DNMT1 degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. DHA-reduced DNMT1 expression effectively reversed Klotho promoter hypermethylation, which led to the reversal of Klotho protein loss in the kidney of UUO mice. This subsequently resulted in inhibition of the Wnt/ß-catenin and TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathways and consequently conferred renoprotection in the animals. Knockdown of Klotho abolished the renoprotective effect of DHA in UUO mice. Our study reveals a novel pharmacological activity for DHA, i.e., renoprotection. DHA exhibits this effect by targeting DNMT1 to reverse Klotho repression. This study provides an evidence for the possible clinical application of DHA in the treatment of renal fibrosis.

Enhanced multi-stress tolerance and glucose utilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by overexpression of the SNF1 gene and varied beta isoform of Snf1 dominates in stresses.

BACKGROUND: The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Snf1 complex is a member of the AMP-activated protein kinase family and plays an important role in response to environmental stress. The α catalytic subunit Snf1 regulates the activity of the protein kinase, while the ß regulatory subunits Sip1/Sip2/Gal83 specify substrate preferences and stress response capacities of Snf1. In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of SNF1 overexpression on the cell tolerance and glucose consumption of S. cerevisiae in high glucose, ethanol, and heat stresses and to explore the valid Snf1 form in the light of ß subunits in these stresses. RESULTS: The results suggest that overexpression of SNF1 is effective to improve cell resistance and glucose consumption of S. cerevisiae in high glucose, ethanol, and heat stresses, which might be related to the changed accumulation of fatty acids and amino acids and altered expression levels of genes involved in glucose transport and glycolysis. However, different form of ß regulatory subunits dominated in stresses with regard to cell tolerance and glucose utilization. The Sip1 isoform was more necessary to the growth and glucose consumption in ethanol stress. The glucose uptake largely depended on the Sip2 isoform in high sugar and ethanol stresses. The Gal83 isoform only contributed inferior effect on the growth in ethanol stress. Therefore, redundancy and synergistic effect of ß subunits might occur in high glucose, ethanol, and heat stresses, but each subunit showed specificity under various stresses. CONCLUSIONS: This study enriches the understanding of the function of Snf1 protein kinase and provides an insight to breed multi-stress tolerant yeast strains.

Computed Tomography-Guided Biopsy for Small (≤20 mm) Lung Nodules: A Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy for small lung nodules (SLNs) (≤20 mm) and to assess related complication rates. METHODS: We reviewed the Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases to identify all relevant studies published as of April 2020. Random effects modeling were then used to evaluate pooled data pertaining to technical success rates, diagnostic accuracy, pneumothorax rates, and rates of hemoptysis. The meta-analysis was conducted using Stata v12.0. RESULTS: In total, we identified 25 relevant studies for incorporation into this meta-analysis, incorporating 2922 total CT-guided lung biopsy. Pooled technical success rates, diagnostic accuracy, pneumothorax rates, and hemoptysis rates were 94% (95% confidential interval [CI], 0.91-0.98), 90% (95% CI, 0.88-0.93), 19% (95% CI:, 0.15-0.24), and 12% (95% CI, 0.08-0.15), respectively. We observed significant heterogeneity among these studies for all 4 of these parameters (I = 90.0%, 82.7%, 88.6%, and 88.4%, respectively). When we conducted a meta-regression analysis, we did not identify any variables that influenced diagnostic accuracy or technical success, pneumothorax, or hemoptysis rates. Publication bias risk analyses suggested that there was relatively little risk of publication bias pertaining to pneumothorax rates (P = 0.400) or hemoptysis rates (P = 0.377). In contrast, we detected a high risk of publication bias pertaining to reported technical success rates (P = 0.007) and diagnostic accuracy (P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: A CT-guided biopsy can be safely and effectively used to diagnose SLNs.

Noble metal alloy complex nanostructures: controllable synthesis and their electrochemical property.

Noble metal nanocrystals have been extensively utilized as promising catalysts for chemical transformations and energy conversion. One of their significant applications lies in electrode materials in fuel cells (FCs) due to their superior electrocatalytic performance towards the reactions both on anode and cathode. Nowadays, tremendous efforts have been devoted to improve the catalytic performance and minimize the usage of precious metals. Constructing multicomponent noble metal nanocrystals with complex structures provides the opportunity to reach this goal due to their highly tunable compositions and morphologies, leading to the modification of the related electrochemical properties. In this review, we first highlight the recent advances in the controllable synthesis of noble metal alloy complex nanostructures including nanoframes/nanocages, branched structures, concave/convex structures, core-shell structures and ultrathin structures. Then the effects of the well-defined nanocrystals on the modified and improved electrochemical properties are outlined. Finally, we make a conclusion with the points on the challenges and perspectives of the controllable synthesis of noble metal alloy complex nanostructures and their electrocatalytic performance.

Identification of cystatin SN as a novel biomarker for pancreatic cancer.

Cystatin SN (cystatin 1, CST1) is a member of the cystatin superfamily that inhibits the proteolytic activity of cysteine proteases. CST1 is a tumor biomarker that provides useful information for the diagnosis of esophageal, gastric, and colorectal carcinomas. However, the significance of CST1 in pancreatic cancer is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess whether CST1 is a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of malignant pancreatic neoplasms. Microarray analysis of mRNA extracted from pancreatic cancer and pancreatic normal tissues was performed. Bioinformatics revealed that CST1 was one of the highest expressed genes on the array in pancreatic cancer, compared with normal tissue. In addition, the upregulation of CST1 in pancreatic cancer and several pancreatic cancer cell lines was confirmed using real-time PCR (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. Next, CST1 knockdown using siRNA reduced the expression of the proliferation-related proteins p-AKT and PCNA significantly, as well as colony formation and xenograft development in vitro. Consistent with this, CST1 mRNA overexpression was correlated closely with malignancy-associated proteins such as PCNA, cyclin D1, cyclin A2, and cyclin E in pancreatic cancer cell lines. In conclusion, our data suggest that CST1 might contribute to the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells and could be a potential biomarker for the early detection of pancreatic cancer.

A tandem reaction of benzyne with functionalized benzylidenephthalan to afford phenanthro[10,1-bc]furan.

A tandem reaction of benzyne with functionalized benzylidenephthalan for the synthesis of a variety of phenanthro[10,1-bc]furans has been achieved for the first time in moderate to good yields. The reaction mechanism involves a Diels­Alder reaction and an intermolecular nucleophilic addition reaction as the key steps.

Physiotherapy for patients with depression: Recent research progress.

Depression, a common mental illness, seriously affects the health of individuals and has deleterious effects on society. The prevention and treatment of depression has drawn the attention of many researchers and has become an important social issue. The treatment strategies for depression include drugs, psychotherapy, and physiotherapy. Drug therapy is ineffective in some patients and psychotherapy has treatment limitations. As a reliable adjuvant therapy, physiotherapy compensates for the shortcomings of drug and psychotherapy and effectively reduces the disease recurrence rate. Physiotherapy is more scientific and rigorous, its methods are diverse, and to a certain extent, provides more choices for the treatment of depression. Physiotherapy can relieve symptoms in many ways, such as by improving the levels of neurobiochemical molecules, inhibiting the inflammatory response, regulating the neuroendocrine system, and increasing neuroplasticity. Physiotherapy has biological effects similar to those of antidepressants and may produce a superimposed impact when combined with other treatments. This article summarizes the findings on the use of physiotherapy to treat patients with depression over the past five years. It also discusses several methods of physiotherapy for treating depression from the aspects of clinical effect, mechanism of action, and disadvantages, thereby serving as a reference for the in-depth development of physiotherapy research.

Schisandrin A alleviates renal fibrosis by inhibiting PKCß and oxidative stress.

BACKGROUND: Renal fibrosis is a common pathway that drives the advancement of numerous kidney maladies towards end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Suppressing renal fibrosis holds paramount clinical importance in forestalling or retarding the transition of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) to renal failure. Schisandrin A (Sch A) possesses renoprotective effect in acute kidney injury (AKI), but its effects on renal fibrosis and underlying mechanism(s) have not been studied. STUDY DESIGN: Serum biochemical analysis, histological staining, and expression levels of related proteins were used to assess the effect of PKCß knockdown on renal fibrosis progression. Untargeted metabolomics was used to assess the effect of PKCß knockdown on serum metabolites. Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO) model and TGF-ß induced HK-2 cells and NIH-3T3 cells were used to evaluate the effect of Schisandrin A (Sch A) on renal fibrosis. PKCß overexpressed NIH-3T3 cells were used to verify the possible mechanism of Sch A. RESULTS: PKCß was upregulated in the UUO model. Knockdown of PKCß mitigated the progression of renal fibrosis by ameliorating perturbations in serum metabolites and curbing oxidative stress. Sch A alleviated renal fibrosis by downregulating the expression of PKCß in kidney. Treatment with Sch A significantly attenuated the upregulated proteins levels of FN, COL-I, PKCß, Vimentin and α-SMA in UUO mice. Moreover, Sch A exhibited a beneficial impact on markers associated with oxidative stress, including MDA, SOD, and GSH-Px. Overexpression of PKCß was found to counteract the renoprotective efficacy of Sch A in vitro. CONCLUSION: Sch A alleviates renal fibrosis by inhibiting PKCß and attenuating oxidative stress.

Gut Bacteroides ovatus ameliorates renal fibrosis by promoting the production of HDCA through upregulation of Clostridium scindens.

Renal fibrosis, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis are all linked to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here we show that Bacteroides ovatus protects against renal fibrosis. Mechanistically, B. ovatus enhances intestinal hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) levels by upregulating a strain of intestinal bacteria, Clostridium scindens, that has the capacity for direct HDCA production in mice. HDCA significantly promoted GLP-1 secretion by upregulating the expression of TGR5 and downregulating the expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in the gut. Activation of renal GLP-1R attenuates renal fibrosis while delaying the subsequent development of CKD. In addition, HDCA can also protect against renal fibrosis by directly upregulating renal TGR5. The natural product neohesperidin (NHP) was found to exert its anti-renal fibrotic effects by promoting the growth of B. ovatus. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into the therapeutic potential of B. ovatus, C. scindens, and HDCA in treating CKD.

Comparison of the FeO(2+) and FeS(2+) complexes in the cyanide and isocyanide ligand environment for methane hydroxylation.

A general comparison of fundamental distinctions between the FeO(2+) and FeS(2+) complexes in an identical cyanide or isocyanide ligand environment for methane hydroxylation has been probed computationally in this work in a series of hypothetical [Fe(IV)(X)(CN)5](3-), [Fe(IV)(X)(NC)5](3-), (X = O, S) complexes. We have detailed an analysis of the geometric and electronic structures using density functional theory calculations. In addition, their σ- and π-mechanisms in C-H bond activation process have been described with the aid of the schematic molecular orbital diagram. From our theoretical results, it is shown that (a) the iron(IV)-sulfido complex apparently is able to hydroxylate C-H bond of methane as good as the iron(IV)-oxo species, (b) the O-CN, S-CN complexes have an inherent preference for the low-spin state, while for the case of O-NC and S-NC in which S = 1 and S = 2 states are relatively close in energy, (c) each of the d block electron orbital plays an important role, which is not just spectator electron, and (d) in comparison to the cyanide and isocyanide ligand environment, we can see that the FeS(2+) species prefer the cyanide ligand environment, while the FeO(2+) species favor the isocyanide ligand environment. In addition, a remarkably good correlation of the σ-/π-mechanism for hydrogen abstraction from methane with the gap between the Fe-dz2 (α) and C-H (α) pair as well as the Fe-dxz/yz (ß) and C-H (ß) pair has been found.

Prevalent characteristics of human papillomavirus infection in 29,508 women in Jinshan District, Shanghai.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence characteristics of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in 29,508 female cases in Jinshan District, Shanghai. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The current research represents a retrospective study that included 29,508 women who received cervical screening in the Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital from 2010 to 2020. The overall prevalence, distribution types, age-specific prevalence and annual trends were analysed. RESULTS: The overall HPV infection rate among the patients was 21.97%. They were primarily high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infections (20.30%) and single HPV infections (15.91%). A general decline in HPV and HR-HPV prevalence was observed with time from 33.52% to 25.45% in 2011 to 21.47% and 20.18% in 2020. The most common HPV genotypes were HPV52, HPV16, HPV58, HPV51, HPV53 and HPV68. The infection rates of HPV genotypes, including HPV6, HPV11, HPV16, HPV18, HPV31, HPV33, HPV35, HPV39, HPV42, HPV43, HPV66 and HPV68, showed overall declines across different years. The age-specific prevalence of total HPV and HR-HPV infections formed an approximate U-shaped curve with two peaks, one in the ≥55 age group (29.75%, 28.43%) and the other in the <25 age group (22.93%, 20.85%). Both total HPV and HR-HPV infection rates decreased to their lowest in the 25-34-year age groups. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HPV infections showed a downward tendency with time. Single HPV genotype infections and HR-HPV infections were predominantly detected. The after prevalent characteristics of HPV can help to guide HPV vaccinations and cervical cancer screenings: 1) non-HPV16/HPV18 H R-HPV genotypes were prevalent; 2) non-vaccine-covered HPV53, HPV51 and HPV68 were also prevalent; 3) women above the age of 55 years had the highest HPV and HR-HPV infection rates.

Nanohollow Titanium Oxide Structures on Ti/FTO Glass Formed by Step-Bias Anodic Oxidation for Photoelectrochemical Enhancement.

In this study, a new anodic oxidation with a step-bias increment is proposed to evaluate oxidized titanium (Ti) nanostructures on transparent fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) on glass. The optimal Ti thickness was determined to be 130 nm. Compared to the use of a conventional constant bias of 25 V, a bias ranging from 5 V to 20 V with a step size of 5 V for 3 min per period can be used to prepare a titanium oxide (TiOx) layer with nanohollows that shows a large increase in current of 142% under UV illumination provided by a 365 nm LED at a power of 83 mW. Based on AFM and SEM, the TiOx grains formed in the step-bias anodic oxidation were found to lead to nanohollow generation. Results obtained from EDS mapping, HR-TEM and XPS all verified the TiOx composition and supported nanohollow formation. The nanohollows formed in a thin TiOx layer can lead to a high surface roughness and photon absorbance for photocurrent generation. With this step-bias anodic oxidation methodology, TiOx with nanohollows can be obtained easily without any extra cost for realizing a high current under photoelectrochemical measurements that shows potential for electrochemical-based sensing applications.

The gut microbe Bacteroides fragilis ameliorates renal fibrosis in mice.

Renal fibrosis is an inevitable outcome of various manifestations of progressive chronic kidney diseases (CKD). The need for efficacious treatment regimen against renal fibrosis can therefore not be overemphasized. Here we show a novel protective role of Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) in renal fibrosis in mice. We demonstrate decreased abundance of B. fragilis in the feces of CKD patients and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice. Oral administration of live B. fragilis attenuates renal fibrosis in UUO and adenine mice models. Increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels are decreased after B. fragilis administration. Results of metabolomics and proteomics studies show decreased level of 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), a substrate of SGLT2, which increases after B. fragilis administration via enhancement of renal SGLT2 expression. 1,5-AG is an agonist of TGR5 that attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. Madecassoside, a natural product found via in vitro screening promotes B. fragilis growth and remarkably ameliorates renal fibrosis. Our findings reveal the ameliorative role of B. fragilis in renal fibrosis via decreasing LPS and increasing 1,5-AG levels.

The Additive Effectiveness of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Glottic Closure and Subjective Voice Outcomes of Patients With Benign Lesion After Hyaluronic Acid Laryngoplasty.

OBJECTIVES: For patients with glottic insufficiency disease, injection laryngoplasty is a rapid and efficient management option that complements voice therapy. Some studies have indicated that respiratory muscle training may also show promise in patients with voice disorders. However, the effect of respiratory muscle training in patients with glottic insufficiency was reported to be limited, and whether it provides additional benefit after standard management requires further evaluation. We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of inspiratory muscle training on glottis closure and patient-reported voice quality in glottic insufficiency patients who had been treated with hyaluronic acid injection. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. METHODS: We included 46 patients with glottic insufficiency who had undergone hyaluronic acid injection. Twenty of them had undergone inspiratory muscle training during three months. We measured patients' changes in glottic status according to the normalized glottal gap area and bowing index, as well as voice quality of life according to the voice handicap index 10 and the voice outcome survey, before and after training. RESULTS: Patients who underwent inspiratory muscle training had higher odds of experiencing better improvement in all scores. The range of odds ratios ranged from 2.5 to 6.3 for changes in scores, and from 3.8 to 22.2 for changes in score percentages. Of note, the effect of training on percentage changes in the normalized glottal gap area score was significant (P= 0.0127) after adjustment for the duration of vocal disease, body mass index and BMI, and history of gastroesophageal reflux disease. CONCLUSIONS: Inspiratory muscle training can improve the glottal gap after injection laryngoplasty, and may be applied in clinical practice.

Theoretical study on the reaction mechanism of NH2(-) with O2 (a1Δg).

A detailed theoretical study of the potential energy surface of poorly understood ion-molecule reaction of NH(2)(-) and O(2) (a(1)Δ(g)) is explored at the density functional theory B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p), ab initio of QCISD/6-311++G(d,p) and CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df, 2pd) (single-point) theoretical levels for the first time. It is shown that there are six total possible products from P(1) to P(6) on the singlet potential energy surface. Among these, the charge-transfer product P(1) (NH(2) + O(2)(-)) is the most favorable product with predominant abundances, whereas P(4) (NO(-) + H(2)O) and P(2) (HNO + OH(-)) may be the second and third feasible products followed by the almost neglectable P(3) (NO(2)(-) + H(2)), while P(5) (c-NO(2)(-) + H(2)) and P(6) (ONO(-) + H(2)) will not be observed due to their either high barriers or being secondary products. The present theoretical study points out that besides P(1) (NH(2) + O(2)(-)) and P(2) (HNO + OH(-)), P(4) (NO(-) + H(2)O) should be also observed, which is different from the previous experiment study by Anthony Midey et al. in 2008. In addition, almost all of the reaction pathways to products are exothermic and the reaction rate should be very fast since the reaction barriers are very low except for P(5) (c-NO(2)(-) + H(2)) which is in agreement with the measured total reaction rate constant k = 9.0 × 10(-10) cm(3)s(-1) at 300 K in the experiment study. It is expected that the present theoretical study may be helpful for the understanding of the reaction mechanism related to NHX(-), NX(2)(-), PHX(-), and PX(2)(-) (X = H, F, and Cl).

[Effect of bilirubin on expression of toll-like receptor 4 in cord blood monocytes].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of different concentrations of bilirubin on expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in cord blood monocytes (CBMC). METHODS: Under the sterile condition, umbilical vein blood samples were obtained from normal full-term newborns, and the monocytes were in vitro separated by the method of gelatin/plasma coated flasks. The monocytes were preincubated with various concentrations (0-307.8 µmol/L) of bilirubin dissolved in bovine albumin solution for 1 hr. Bilirubin-treated CBMC were further cultured with LPS (1 µg/mL) to induce cellular activation for 24 hrs, and then the CBMC were collected. The expression of TLR4 in monocytes was measured by indirect immunofluorescence method. RESULTS: Bilirubin at the concentrations of 102.6, 153.9, 220.6 and 307.8 µmol/L inhibited the expression of TLR4 of CBMC. The inhibition effect increased with the increasing concentration of bilirubin. CONCLUSIONS: Bilirubin can inhibit the TLR4 expression of CBNC in a dose-dependent manner.

Study of the changes in immune indexes, pathogenic characteristics and related risk factors in children with viral diarrhea.

BACKGROUND: Infectious diarrhea is a serious hazard to children under 5 years old. The causative microorganisms are mostly viruses and bacteria, with different treatment required for each. Currently, early clinical differential diagnosis is difficult with the available testing methods. Therefore, new and more sensitive indicators of viral infection reflect the early stage of infection are needed. METHODS: We collected blood samples and fresh fecal samples from 100 children diagnosed with viral diarrhea who were treated in the outpatient clinic at Changzhou Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University from January 2018 to December 2020. The levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and enterovirus were measured and compared with those in a matched healthy control group. Patients' demographic and risk factor data were collected by interviewing parents. RESULTS: The mean levels of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, ESR, and CRP in the viral diarrhea group were higher than those in the healthy control group. Except for IL-6, the differences in inflammatory factors between groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). Human rotavirus (HRV) infection was the highest. Children's hand-washing habits, weekly disinfection of toys, and vaccination were protective factors for viral diarrhea, and indoor flies were an important risk factor (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The serum levels of markers were significantly increased in the children with viral diarrhea. HRV was the main pathogen, and mixed infections existed. Infection control requires hand washing, regular disinfection of toys, vaccination and preventing indoor flies.

An integrated actuating and sensing system for light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) and light-actuated AC electroosmosis (LACE) operation.

To develop a lab on a chip (LOC) integrated with both sensor and actuator functions, a novel two-in-one system based on optical-driven manipulation and sensing in a microfluidics setup based on a hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) layer on an indium tin oxide/glass is first realized. A high-intensity discharge xenon lamp functioned as the light source, a chopper functioned as the modulated illumination for a certain frequency, and a self-designed optical path projected on the digital micromirror device controlled by the digital light processing module was established as the illumination input signal with the ability of dynamic movement of projected patterns. For light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) operation, alternating current (AC)-modulated illumination with a frequency of 800 Hz can be generated by the rotation speed of the chopper for photocurrent vs bias voltage characterization. The pH sensitivity, drift coefficient, and hysteresis width of the Si3N4 LAPS are 52.8 mV/pH, -3.2 mV/h, and 10.5 mV, respectively, which are comparable to the results from the conventional setup. With an identical two-in-one system, direct current illumination without chopper rotation and an AC bias voltage can be provided to an a-Si:H chip with a manipulation speed of 20 µm/s for magnetic beads with a diameter of 1 µm. The collection of magnetic beads by this light-actuated AC electroosmosis (LACE) operation at a frequency of 10 kHz can be easily realized. A fully customized design of an illumination path with less decay can be suggested to obtain a high efficiency of manipulation and a high signal-to-noise ratio of sensing. With this proposed setup, a potential LOC system based on LACE and LAPS is verified with the integration of a sensor and an actuator in a microfluidics setup for future point-of-care testing applications.

Sodium butyrate protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury partially via the GPR43/ ß-arrestin-2/NF-κB network.

BACKGROUND: Butyrate acts as a regulator in multiple inflammatory organ injuries. However, the role of butyrate in acute liver injury has not yet been fully explored. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between butyrate and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver injury and the signaling pathways involved. METHODS: LPS-induced acute liver injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5 mg/kg) in G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43)-knockout (KO) and wild-type female C57BL/6 mice. Sodium butyrate (500mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min prior to LPS exposure. Liver injury was detected by serum markers, tissue morphology, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). Pro-inflammatory-factor levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cell models were first treated with sodium butyrate (4 µmol/mL), followed by LPS (1 µg/mL) half an hour later in GPR43 small interfering RNA (siRNA)-transfected or control RAW264.7 cells. Cell-inflammation status was evaluated through detecting pro-inflammatory-factor expression by RT-PCR and also through checking toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB (TLR4/NF-κB)-element levels including TLR4, TRAF6, IKKß, IкBα, phospho-IкBα, p65, and phospho-p65 by Western blot. The interaction between GPR43 and ß-arrestin-2 was tested by co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: Sodium butyrate reversed the LPS-induced tissue-morphology changes and high levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, myeloperoxidase, TUNEL, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. The ameliorating effect of sodium butyrate was weakened in GPR43-KO mice and GPR43 siRNA RAW264.7 cells, compared with those of GPR43-positive controls. Sodium butyrate downregulated some elements of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, including phospho-IκBα and phospho-p65, in RAW264.7 cells. Increased interactions between GPR43 and ß-arrestin-2, and between ß-arrestin-2 and IкBα were observed. CONCLUSION: Sodium butyrate significantly attenuated LPS-induced liver injury by reducing the inflammatory response partially via the GPR43/ß-arrestin-2/NF-κB signaling pathway.