Effects of mineral oil spray additives on the distribution and dissipation kinetics of pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin in banana leaves, fruits, and soil.

Using LC-MS/MS, a rapid and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin residues in banana matrices (leaf and whole banana) and soil was established. The samples were extracted using acetonitrile and purified through C18 dispersive solid-phase extraction. The average recovery of the analytes in various matrices was in the range of 77.3%-103.9% with an RSD range of 0.9%-9.5%. The initial deposition amounts of pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin at 2 h in the banana leaves of the mineral oil group were 1.43 and 1.31 times in Guangxi, and 2.10 and 1.81 times in Hainan for the water group, whereas those in the soil of the water group were 3.45 and 3.03 times in Guangxi, and 2.14 and 3.48 times in Hainan for the mineral oil group. The half-lives in the leaves and soil of the mineral oil group were not remarkably different from those of the water group. The terminal residue of the analytes on the whole banana was <0.02 mg/kg at 14 days after application from the two sites. The results of this work may indicate and promote the safety of using pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin in banana production, especially with mineral oil spray adjuvants.

A nonsurgical and nonpharmacological care bundle for preventing upper urinary tract damage in patients with spinal cord injury and neurogenic bladder.

AIM: To establish a care bundle in spinal cord injury patients with neurogenic bladder to avoid upper urinary tract damage and to provide guidance for health care staff in use of nonsurgical and nonpharmacological adjunctive strategies to improve patients' clinical outcomes. BACKGROUND: Prevention of upper urinary tract damage is critical in the management of spinal cord injury patients with a neurogenic bladder, but there are no authoritative guidelines or high-quality randomized controlled trials. DESIGN: The study was conducted on the basis of Fulbrook and Mooney's seven-step method for care bundle development. DATA SOURCES: The databases PubMed, Embase, Science Citation Index, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the National Guideline Clearinghouse, the Cochrane Library, China Biology Medicine, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and China Dissertation Database were searched from the date of each database's inception to April 2017. REVIEW METHODS: We evaluated the literature according to the Joanna Briggs Institute evidence pre-ranking and grade recommendation system (2014 version). The results were examined using a self-designed data extraction. RESULTS: A three-element cluster including clean intermittent catheterization, bladder function training, and transcutaneous low-frequency pulsed electrical stimulation was formed. CONCLUSION: The development of this bundle can provide a scientific basis for effective prevention of neurogenic upper urinary tract damage in clinical practice.

Determination, risk assessment and processing factors for pyridaben in field-incurred kiwifruit samples.

Field trials in six agricultural sites were carried out to investigate the dissipation and residue levels of pyridaben in kiwifruit. Each sample was extracted with acetonitrile, purified with octadecylsilane and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method had good linearity (R2 > 0.99), accuracy (recoveries of 78.53-98.00%) and precision (relative standard deviation of 0.86-6.11%). The dissipation of pyrdaben in kiwifruit followed first-order kinetics with a half-life < 8 d, and terminal residues in kiwifruit were lower than 0.5 mg/kg after 14 d of application. Risk assessment indicated that both chronic and acute dietary intake risk values were far below 100%, suggesting that pyridaben residues in kiwifruit were relatively safe to humans. Moreover, the effects of traditional household processes on kiwifruit were investigated. The processing factors (PFs) indicated that peeling and peeling-juicing processes could remove pyridaben residues from kiwifruit, and the former was more effective than the latter (PF at 0.15 vs. 0.51). Nevertheless, drying kiwifruit with an oven increased the amount of pyridaben (PF at 1.05). These results could provide guidance for the safe and reasonable use of pyridaben in agriculture and may be helpful for the Chinese government to determine maximum residue limit of pyridaben in kiwifruit.

Monitoring residue levels and dietary risk assessment of pymetrozine for Chinese consumption of cauliflower.

The present study investigates the occurrence of pymetrozine residues in cauliflower samples obtained from six cauliflower-producing areas of China during fixed time periods in 2017 and estimates the dietary risk of pymetrozine in cauliflower. A liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to detect pymetrozine in cauliflower. The samples were extracted using 20 mL of acetonitrile and purified with dispersive solid-phase extraction using C18 as sorbent. The limit of quantification of pymetrozine was 0.008 mg/kg in cauliflower. The recoveries of the analyte were 82.04-95.18% with RSD <8.45%. The calibration curves for pymetrozine showed good linearities in the concentration range 0.004-2.0 mg/L with determination coefficients (R2 ) >0.999. Pymetrozine dissipated rapidly in cauliflower with a half-life of <4 days. The terminal residues of pymetrozine were <0.008-0.0881 mg/kg in cauliflower at 7, 10 and 14 days after spraying from six sites. The routine washing process removed about half amount of the pymetrozine in cauliflower; the reduction ratios were 51.0-52.8%. The dietary risk assessment indicated that pymetrozine did not exhibit obvious dietary health risks in cauliflower when good agricultural practices were implemented.

The application effects of personalized nursing on the perioperative period of hepatobiliary surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Nursing during the perioperative period of hepatobiliary surgery is essential in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients. Personalized nursing gives full consideration to the personal characteristics of patients and encourages patients to participate in making decisions. However, compared to traditional nursing, there is insufficient evidence of the effectiveness of personalized nursing. This review sought to evaluate the effects of personalized nursing during the perioperative period of hepatobiliary surgery. METHODS: A meta-analysis was conducted of articles published from 2010 to 2021. To identify the relevant electronic publications, the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang databases were searched for articles comparing the clinical efficacy of personalized nursing with that of traditional nursing. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to calculate the aggregated effect index. RESULTS: Of the 286 records retrieved from the search of the databases, 12 studies, comprising 1,039 patients, met the screening criteria. The meta-analysis showed that personalized nursing improved patients' levels of satisfaction with nursing (OR =6.871; 95% CI: 3.708-12.734), and decreased the incidence of adverse reactions significantly (OR =0.234; 95% CI: 0.153-0.357). Compared to traditional nursing, personalized nursing reduced patients' average hospitalization time, the time it took to get out of bed for the first time after surgery, the time it took to first eat after surgery, and the time it took to first exhaust after surgery. Additionally, patients who received personalized nursing had significantly reduced Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) scores and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) scores than patients who received traditional nursing. DISCUSSION: The application of personalized nursing to patients undergoing hepatobiliary surgery during the perioperative period improved patients' level of satisfaction with nursing, effectively reduced the incidence of adverse reactions, accelerated the recovery of hepatobiliary function after surgery, and relieved anxiety and depression; thus, personalized nursing is worthy of clinical application.

Degradation of a Novel Pesticide Antiviral Agent Vanisulfane in Aqueous Solution: Kinetics, Identification of Photolysis Products, and Pathway.

Hydrolysis degradation kinetics of vanisulfane in water was investigated in detail under exogenous substances conditions. The experimental results indicated that the degradation rate of vanisulfane in aqueous solution increases with the increase of concentration of Cu2+. The degradation of vanisulfane did not change significantly in Ni2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, and Fe3+ aqueous solutions. Surfactants have no significant effect on the degradation of vanisulfane, and the degradation rate of vanisulfane increases with increasing concentration of fulvic acid. In addition, the photolysis products were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Five photolysis products were identified, and the degradation reaction pathway and the mechanism of vanisulfane were proposed, which mainly involved cleavage of thioether, back into aldehyde, cleavage of ether bond, demethylation, and intramolecular dehydration processes. This research on vanisulfane can be helpful for its security evaluation and increased understanding of vanisulfane in water environments.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the New Sulfone Bactericide 2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-5-(Methylsulfonyl)-1,3,4-Oxadiazole and Identification of Its Degradation Pathways in Paddy Water.

Rapid and simple methods for the determination of Jiahuangxianjunzuo (JHXJZ) in paddy water, brown rice, soil and rice straw was developed and validated. This method involved the use of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detector. The most important factor was chromatographic conditions, as identified through an orthogonal experimental design. This method showed good recoveries and precisions, thereby indicating its suitability for monitoring of JHXJZ residues in paddy water, brown rice, soil and rice straw. Furthermore, hydrolysis experiment was conducted in the laboratory under pH = 7 buffer solutions, and its degradation product was identified as 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-methoxy-1,3,4-oxadiazole by high-resolution mass spectrometry. JHXJZ has a major degradation pathway in the water which the OH- nucleophilic attack the C5 of 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring. Then it leaves mesyl to form intermediate 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ol and the intermediate combined with methanol formed the degradation product 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-methoxy-1,3,4-oxadiazole by the loss of one H2O.The degradation pathways of JHXJZ under the present indoor simulation conditions were proposed.

Enantioselective Degradation and Chiral Stability of Glufosinate in Soil and Water Samples and Formation of 3-Methylphosphinicopropionic Acid and N-Acetyl-glufosinate Metabolites.

Two enantiomers of glufosinate were separated under reverse-phase conditions on a chiral crown stationary phase (CROWNPAK CR(+)). An efficient and reliable chiral analytical method was developed to determine the glufosinate enantiomers and two metabolites in soil and water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). The linearities of the matrix-matched calibration curves in five water and four soil samples were good with a correlation coefficient R2 > 0.998, and the mean recoveries were 85.2-100.4%, with relative standard deviations of 1.0-7.1%. l-Glufosinate was degraded faster than d-glufosinate in four nonsterile natural soil and two nonsterile natural water samples. The degradation half-lives of the enantiomers ranged from 3.4 to 33.0 days in the soil samples, but glufosinate was stable in the five water samples, less than 22% of the applied substance degraded at the end of the experiment (100 days). Degradation in sterile soil was not enantioselective. The two enantiomers were configurationally stable in the four soil and five water samples. In most cases of glufosinate degradation in soils, the percentage of 3-methylphosphinicopropionic in relation to the parent was higher than that of N-acetyl-glufosinate. l-Glufosinate was preferentially degraded in the four soils, and formation of 3-methylphosphinicopropionic acid and N-acetyl-glufosinate was enantiomer dependent.

Deposition amount and dissipation kinetics of difenoconazole and propiconazole applied on banana with two commercial spray adjuvants.

A rapid and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of difenoconazole and propiconazole residues in banana matrices was established using GC-MS/MS. The average recovery rates of difenoconazole and propiconazole from various matrices ranged from 76.7% to 94.9%. The relative standard deviation was between 0.9% and 7.4%. The effect of adding organosilicon and mineral oil adjuvants after being applied to the residues of difenoconazole and propiconazole in banana leaves was examined. The initial deposition amount 2 hours after the adjuvant treatment with organosilicon and mineral oil was 1.22-2.13 times higher than that after water treatment. After adding the two spray adjuvants, the residues of the two pesticides at 2 hours on three samples followed the order leaves > soil > fruit. The degradation half-lives of the two pesticides were in the range of 1.91-7.30 days for all the three treatments in two typical banana-growing areas in China. The degradation half-lives of the two pesticides in the water treatment group and the mineral oil treatment group were similar. However, organosilicon could apparently increase the half-life of difenoconazole on banana leaves. The final levels of difenoconazole and propiconazole residues on whole banana fruits were ≤0.1 mg kg-1 (MRL) 14 days after application. The results of this work may aid the safe use of difenoconazole and propiconazole in banana production, especially when used with organosilicon and mineral oil adjuvants.