Durable Nano-Flower Structured Foam Coupled with Electrically-Driven in Situ Aeration Enable High-Flux Oil/Water Emulsion Separation with Dynamic Antifouling Ability.

The conventional membranes used for separating oil/water emulsions are typically limited by the properties of the membrane materials and the impact of membrane fouling, making continuous long-term usage unachievable. In this study, a filtering electrode with synchronous self-cleaning functionality is devised, exhibiting notable antifouling ability and an extended operational lifespan, suitable for the continuous separation of oil/water emulsions. Compared with the original Ti foam, the in situ growth of NiTi-LDH (Layered double hydroxide) nano-flowers endows the modified Ti foam (NiTi-LDH/TF) with exceptional superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity. Driven by gravity, a rejection rate of over 99% is achieved for various emulsions containing oil content ranging from 1% to 50%, as well as oil/seawater emulsions. The flux recovery rate exceeds 90% after one hundred cycles and a 4-h filtration period. The enhanced separation performance is realized through the "gas bridge" effect during in situ aeration and electrochemical anodic oxidation. The internal aeration within the membrane pores contributes to the removal of oil foulants. This study underscores the potential of coupling foam metal filtration materials with electrochemical technology, providing a paradigm for the exploration of novel oil/water separation membranes.

Land use indirectly affects the cycling of multiple nutrients by altering the diazotrophic community in black soil.

BACKGROUND: Diazotrophic bacteria, as one of most important group of soil microorganisms, play critical roles in multiple ecosystem functions (i.e., multifunctionality). However, little information is available about the diazotrophic community in driving soil nutrient cycling and multifunctionality at different depths with distinct vegetation in the black soil region of northeastern China. To learn the interactions among land use, cycling of multiple nutrients and the diazotrophic community, we performed this study in grassland (GL), forested land and a cropland (CL) in soils at depths of 0-15 cm and 15-35 cm. RESULTS: The highest nifH gene abundances were found in the CL treatment, while the highest diazotrophic species richness and diversity were detected in the GL in both soil layers. The nifH gene abundance was directly/positively correlated with soil bulk density and negatively correlated with land use and soil depth. The index of multiple nutrient cycling was directly/negatively affected by soil depth and indirectly/positively affected by land use. Land use directly/negatively affected soil pH and thus indirectly affected the diazotrophic community composition and the nutrient cycling index. The diversity and community composition of the diazotrophs together accounted for 95% of the differences in the multiple nutrient cycling index. CONCLUSION: Soil diazotrophic communities undertake important roles in maintaining nutrient cycling and soil multifunctionality at depths of 0-15 cm and 15-35 cm layers with different land uses of the black soil region of China. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Long-term continuous cropping affects ecoenzymatic stoichiometry of microbial nutrient acquisition: a case study from a Chinese Mollisol.

BACKGROUND: Soil- and plant-produced extracellular enzymes drive nutrient cycling in soils and are assumed to regulate supply and demand for carbon (C) and nutrients within the soil. Thus, agriculture management decisions that alter the balance of plant and supplemental nutrients should directly alter extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs), and EEA stoichiometry in predictable ways. We used a 12-year experiment that varyied three major continuous grain crops (wheat, soybean, and maize), each crossed with mineral fertilizer (WCF, SCF and MCF, respectively) or not fertilized (WC, SC and MC, respectively, as controls). In response, we measured the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), EEAs and their stoichiometry to examine the changes to soil microbial nutrient demand under the continuous cropping of crops, which differed with respect to the input of plant litter and fertilizer. RESULTS: Fertilizer generally decreased soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity compared to non-fertilized soil. According to enzyme stoichiometry, microbial nutrient demand was generally C- and phosphorus (P)-limited, but not nitrogen (N)-limited. However, the degree of microbial resource limitation differed among the three crops. The enzymatic C:N ratio was significantly lower by 13.3% and 26.8%, whereas the enzymatic N:P ratio was significantly higher by 9.9% and 42.4%, in MCF than in WCF and SCF, respectively. The abundances of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and aerobic PLFAs were significantly higher in MCF than in WCF and SCF. CONCLUSION: These findings are crucial for characterizing enzymatic activities and their stoichiometries that drive microbial metabolism with respect to understanding soil nutrient cycles and environmental conditions and optimizing practices of agricultural management. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Impacts of land-use changes on the variability of microbiomes in soil profiles.

BACKGROUND: The conversion of arable land to grassland and/or forested land is a common strategy of restoration because the development of plant communities can inhibit the erosion of soil, increase biodiversity and improve associated ecosystem services. The vertical profiles of microbial communities, however, have not been well characterized and their variability after land conversion is not well understood. We assessed the effects of the conversion of arable land (AL) to grassland (GL) and forested land (FL) on bacterial communities as old as 29 years in 0-200-cm profiles of a Chinese Mollisol. RESULTS: The soil in AL has been a stable ecosystem and changes in the assembly of soil microbiomes tended to be larger in the topsoil. The soil properties and microbial biodiversity of arable land were larger following revegetation and reforestation. The conversion caused a more complex coupling among microbes, and negative interactions and average connectivity were stronger in the 0-20-cm layers in GL and in the 20-60-cm layers in FL. The land use dramatically influenced the assembly of the microbial communities more in GL than AL and FL. The bacterial diversity was an important component of soil multinutrient cycling in the profiles and microbial functions were not as affected by changes in land use. CONCLUSION: The spatial variation of the microbiomes provided critical information on below-ground soil ecology and the ability of the soil to provide crucial ecosystem services. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

On-Surface Synthesis of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Benzothiazole Derivatives Studied by STM and XPS.

On-surface synthesis has gradually become a prevalent approach to constructing two-dimensional functional monolayers on various substrates. In the present work, the synthesis of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of benzothiazole derivatives was conducted at the liquid/solid interface for the first time. Two kinds of nanostructures were achieved on the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface via the condensation reaction between aromatic aldehyde derivatives and 2-aminothiophenol (ATP). The formation of thiazole-based self-assemblies was revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and further confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The successful synthesis of the benzothiazole derivatives not only extends the scope of on-surface reactions but also can be applied in designing multifunctional SAMs at the interface.

Interfacial assembly structures and nanotribological properties of saccharic acids.

Saccharides have been recognized as potential bio-lubricants because of their good hydration ability. However, the interfacial structures of saccharides and their derivatives are rarely studied and the molecular details of interaction mechanisms have not been well understood. In this paper, the supramolecular assembly structures of saccharic acids (including galactaric acid and lactobionic acid), mediated by hydrogen bonds O-HN and O-HO, were successfully constructed on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface by introducing pyridine modulators and were explicitly revealed by using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Furthermore, friction forces were measured in the saccharic acid/pyridine co-assembled system by atomic force microscopy (AFM), revealing a larger value than a pristine saccharic acid system, which could be attributed to the stronger tip-assembled molecule interactions that lead to the higher potential energy barrier needed to overcome. The effort on saccharide-related supramolecular self-assembly and nanotribological behavior could provide a novel and promising pathway to explore the interaction mechanisms underlying friction and reveal the structure-property relationship at the molecular level.

Surface Orientation and Temperature Effects on the Interaction of Silicon with Water: Molecular Dynamics Simulations Using ReaxFF Reactive Force Field.

In this work, we use ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interaction between water molecules and silicon surfaces with different orientations under ambient temperatures of 300 and 500 K. We studied the water adsorption and dissociation processes as well as the silicon oxidation process on the Si (100), (110), and (111) surfaces. The simulation results indicate that water can adsorb on the Si surfaces in the forms of molecular adsorption and dissociative adsorption, making the surfaces terminated by H2O, OH, and H species. The molecular adsorption of H2O dominates the (100) and (110) surfaces, whereas the dissociative adsorption dominates the (111) surface. Besides, the adsorbed hydroxyl oxygen can insert into the Si-Si bond of the substrate to make the surface oxidized, forming the Si-O-Si bonds. Our simulation results also indicate that the (100) surface is mostly terminated by H whereas (111) is mostly terminated by OH. The higher temperature causes more H2O to dissociate and also make all these surfaces more oxidized. Our results are consistent with most experiments. This study sheds lights on the wet oxidation process of Si and Si surface structure evolution in microelectromechanical systems as well as the Si chemical mechanical polishing process.

Change in soil organic carbon between 1981 and 2011 in croplands of Heilongjiang Province, northeast China.

BACKGROUND: Soil organic carbon (SOC) is fundamental for mitigating climate change as well as improving soil fertility. Databases of SOC obtained from soil surveys in 1981 and 2011 were used to assess SOC change (0-20 cm) in croplands of Heilongjiang Province in northeast China. Three counties (Lindian, Hailun and Baoqing) were selected as typical croplands representing major soil types and land use types in the region. RESULTS: The changes in SOC density (SOCD) between 1981 and 2001 were -6.6, -14.7 and 5.7 Mg C ha(-1) in Lindian, Hailun and Baoqing Counties respectively. The total SOC storage (SOCS) changes were estimated to be -11.3, -19.1 and 16.5% of those in 1981 in the respective counties. The results showed 22-550% increases in SOCS in rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddies in the three counties, but 28-33% decreases in dry cropland in Lindian and Hailun Counties. In addition, an increase of 11.4 Mg C ha(-1) in SOCD was observed in state-owned farms (P < 0.05), whereas no significant change was observed in family-owned farms. CONCLUSION: Soil C:N ratio and initial SOCD related to soil groups were important determinants of SOCD changes. Land use and residue returning greatly affected SOC changes in the study region. To increase the topsoil SOCD, the results suggest the conversion of dry croplands to rice paddies and returning of crop residue to soils.

Comparison of soil and foliar zinc application for enhancing grain zinc content of wheat when grown on potentially zinc-deficient calcareous soils.

BACKGROUND: The concentration of Zn and phytic acid in wheat grain has important implications for human health. We conducted field and greenhouse experiments to compare the efficacy of soil and foliar Zn fertilisation in improving grain Zn concentration and bioavailability in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain grown on potentially Zn-deficient calcareous soil. RESULTS: Results from the 2-year field experiment indicated that soil Zn application increased soil DTPA-Zn by an average of 174%, but had no significant effect on grain Zn concentration. In contrast, foliar Zn application increased grain Zn concentration by an average of 61%, and Zn bioavailability by an average of 36%. Soil DTPA-Zn concentrations varied depending on wheat cultivars. There were also significant differences in grain phytic acid concentration among the cultivars. A laboratory experiment indicated that Zn (from ZnSO4 ) had a low diffusion coefficient in this calcareous soil. CONCLUSION: Compared to soil Zn application, foliar Zn application is more effective in improving grain Zn content of wheat grown in potentially Zn-deficient calcareous soils.

An efficient solution based on the synergistic effects of nickel foam in NiFe-LDH nanosheets for oil/water separation.

Efficient oil-water separation has always been a research hotspot in the field of environmental studies. Employing a one-step hydrothermal approach, NiFe-layered double hydroxides (LDH) nanosheets were synthesized on nickel foam substrates. The resulting NiFe-LDH/NF membrane exhibited rejection rates exceeding 99% across six diverse oil-water mixtures, concurrently demonstrating a remarkable ultra-high flux of 1.4 × 106 L·m-2·h-1. This flux value significantly surpasses those documented in existing literature, maintaining stable performance over 1000 manual filtration cycles. These breakthroughs stem from the synergistic interplay among the three-dimensional channels of the nickel foam, the nanosheets, and the hydration layer. By leveraging the pore size of the foam to enhance the functionality of the hydration layer, the conventional trade-off between permeability and selectivity was transformed into a balanced force relationship between the hydration layer and the oil phase. The operational and failure mechanisms of the hydration layer were examined using the prepared NiFe-LDH/NF membrane, validating the correlation between oil phase viscosity and density with hydration layer rupture. Additionally, an extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory was employed to investigate changes in interaction energy, further reinforcing the study's findings. This research contributes novel insights and assistance to the comprehension and application of hydration layers in other membrane studies dedicated to oil-water separation.

All-Solution-Processed Electronics with Sub-Microscale Resolution and Nanoscale Fidelity Fabricated Via a Humidity-Controlled, Surface Energy-Directed Assembly Process.

Solution-based processes have received considerable attention in the fabrication of electronics and sensors owing to their merits of being low-cost, vacuum-free, and simple in equipment. However, the current solution-based processes either lack patterning capability or have low resolution (tens of micrometers) and low pattern fidelity in terms of line edge roughness (LER, several micrometers). Here, we present a surface energy-directed assembly (SEDA) process to fabricate metal oxide patterns with up to 2 orders of magnitude improvement in resolution (800 nm) and LER (16 nm). Experiment results show that high pattern fidelity can be achieved only at low relative humidities of below 30%. The reason for this phenomenon lies in negligible water condensation on the solution droplet. Employing the SEDA process, all-solution-processed metal oxide thin film transistors (TFTs) are fabricated by using indium oxide as channel layers, indium tin oxide as source/drain electrodes and gate electrodes, and aluminum oxide as gate dielectrics. TFT-based logic gate circuits, including NOT, NOR, NAND, and AND are fabricated as well, demonstrating the applicability of the SEDA process in fabricating large area functional electronics.

Endpoint Detection Based on Optical Method in Chemical Mechanical Polishing.

Endpoint detection is an important technology in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), which is used to capture the material interface and compensate the variations of consumables and incoming wafer thickness. This paper aimed to apply optical detection in metal CMP. An in situ optical measurement system was developed for a 12-inch CMP tool. Kinematic analysis of the scanning trajectory of the laser device indicated the relative position relationship between the device and the wafer. Average optical data within the wafer described the material removal of metal CMP. Furthermore, optical data and location described the non-uniformity of the entire wafer surface. In this research, the polishing condition and the residual of the wafer edge are characterized by optical trace. Pauta Criterion is used to discriminate the inflexion point of the material interface. The results reveal that the interface capture is accurate and effective.

Prediction of Pad Wear Profile and Simulation of Its Influence on Wafer Polishing.

As feature sizes decrease, an investigation of pad unevenness caused by pad conditioning and its influence on chemical mechanical polishing is necessary. We set up a kinematic model to predict the pad wear profile caused by only diamond disk conditioning and verify it. This model shows the influences of different kinematic parameters. To keep the pad surface planar during polishing or only conditioning, we can change the sweep mode and range of the conditioner arm. The kinematic model is suitable for the prediction of the pad wear profile without considering the influence of mechanical parameters. Furthermore, based on the pad wear profile obtained from a real industrial process, we set up a static model to preliminarily investigate the influence of pad unevenness on the pad-wafer contact stress. The pad-wafer contact status in this static model can be approximated as an instantaneous state in a dynamic model. The model shows that the existence of a retaining ring helps to improve the wafer edge profile, and that pad unevenness can cause stress concentration and increase the difficulty in multi-zone pressure control of the polishing head.

Effects of the construction of fertile and cultivated soil layer on soil fertility and maize yield in Albic soil.

We examined the effects of fertile soil layer construction technology on soil fertility and maize yield with a 3-year field experiment in Albic soil in Fujin, Heilongjiang Province. There were five treatments, including conventional tillage (T15, without organic matter return) and fertile soil layer construction methods [deep tillage (0-35 cm) with straw return, T35+S; deep tillage with organic manure, T35+M; deep tillage with straw and organic manure return, T35+S+M; deep tillage with straw, organic manure return and chemical fertilizer, T35+S+M+F]. The results showed that: 1) compared with the T15 treatment, maize yield was significantly increased by 15.4%-50.9% under fertile layer construction treatments. 2) There was no significant difference of soil pH among all treatments in the first two years, but fertile soil layer construction treatments significantly increased soil pH of topsoil (0-15 cm soil layer) in the third year. The pH of subsoil (15-35 cm soil layer) significantly increased under T35+S+M+F, T35+S+M, and T35+M treatments, while no significant difference was observed for T35+S treatment, compared with T15 treatment. 3) The fertile soil layer construction treatments could improve the nutrient contents of the topsoil and subsoil layer, especially in the subsoil layer, with the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available potassium being increased by 3.2%-46.6%, 9.1%-51.8%, 17.5%-130.1%, 4.4%-62.8%, 22.2%-68.7% under the subsoil layer, respectively. The fertility richness indices were increased in the subsoil layer, and nutrient contents of the subsoil layer were close to those of topsoil layer, indicating that 0-35 cm fertile soil layer had been constructed. 4) Soil organic matter contents in the 0-35 cm layer were increased by 8.8%-23.2% and 13.2%-30.1% in the second and third years of fertile soil layer construction, respectively. Soil organic carbon storage was also gradually increased under fertile soil layer construction treatments. 5) The carbon conversion rate of organic matter was 9.3%-20.9% under T35+S treatment, and 10.6%-24.6% under T35+M, T35+S+M, and T35+S+M+F treatments. The carbon sequestration rate was 815.7-3066.4 kg·hm-2·a-1 in fertile soil layer construction treatments. The carbon sequestration rate of T35+S treatment increased with experimental periods, and soil carbon content under T35+M, T35+S+M and T35+S+M+F treatments reached saturation point in the experimental second year. Construction of fertile soil layers could improve the fertility of topsoil and subsoil and maize yield. In term of economic benefits, combination application of maize straw, organic material and chemical fertilizer within 0-35 cm soil, cooperating with conservation tillage, is recommended for the Albic soil fertility improvement.

Fabrication of Flexible and Transparent Metal Mesh Electrodes Using Surface Energy-Directed Assembly Process for Touch Screen Panels and Heaters.

Transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) are indispensable components of various optoelectronic devices such as displays, touch screen panels, solar cells, and smart windows. To date, the fabrication processes for metal mesh-based TCEs are either costly or having limited resolution and throughput. Here, a two-step surface energy-directed assembly (SEDA) process to efficiently fabricate high resolution silver meshes is introduced. The two-step SEDA process turns from assembly on a functionalized substrate with hydrophilic mesh patterns into assembly on a functionalized substrate with stripe patterns. During the SEDA process, a three-phase contact line pins on the hydrophilic pattern regions while recedes on the hydrophobic non-pattern regions, ensuring that the assembly process can be achieved with excellent selectivity. The necessity of using the two-step SEDA process rather than a one-step SEDA process is demonstrated by both experimental results and theoretical analysis. Utilizing the two-step SEDA process, silver meshes with a line width down to 2 µm are assembled on both rigid and flexible substrates. The thickness of the silver meshes can be tuned by varying the withdraw speed and the assembly times. The assembled silver meshes exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties (sheet resistance of 1.79 Ω/□, optical transmittance of ≈92%, and a FoM value of 2465) as well as excellent mechanical stability. The applications of the assembled silver meshes in touch screen panels and thermal heaters are demonstrated, implying the potential of using the two-step SEDA process for the fabrication of TCEs for optoelectronic applications.

Tribochemistry and superlubricity induced by hydrogen ions.

Friction behavior of aqueous solution at macroscale is quite different from that at nanoscale. At macroscale, tribochemistry usually occurs between lubricant and friction surfaces in the running-in process due to a high contact pressure, and most such processes can lead to friction reduction. In the present work, we reported that the hydrogen ions in aqueous solution played an important role in tribochemistry in running-in process (friction reducing process), which could result in the friction coefficient reducing from 0.4 to 0.04 between Si(3)N(4) and glass surfaces at macroscale. It is found that the running-in process and low friction state are closely dependent on the concentration of hydrogen ions in the contact region between the two friction surfaces. The lubrication mechanism is attributed to tribochemical reaction occurring between hydrogen ions and surfaces in the running-in process, which forms an electrical double layer and hydration layer to lower friction force. Finally, the running-in process of H(3)PO(4) (pH = 1.5) was investigated, which could realize superlubricity with an ultralow friction coefficient of about 0.004.

An Investigation on the Total Thickness Variation Control and Optimization in the Wafer Backside Grinding Process.

The wafer backside grinding process has been a crucial technology to realize multi-layer stacking and chip performance improvement in the three dimension integrated circuits (3D IC) manufacturing. The total thickness variation (TTV) control is the bottleneck in the advanced process. However, the quantitative analysis theory model and adjustment strategy for TTV control are not currently available. This paper developed a comprehensive simulation model based on the optimized grinding tool configuration, and several typical TTV shapes were obtained. The relationship between the TTV feature components and the spindle posture was established. The linear superposition effect of TTV feature components and a new formation mechanism of TTV shape were revealed. It illustrated that the couple variation between the two TTV feature components could not be eliminated completely. To achieve the desired wafer thickness uniformity through a concise spindle posture adjustment operation, an effective strategy for TTV control was proposed. The experiments on TTV optimization were carried out, through which the developed model and TTV control strategy were verified to play a significant role in wafer thickness uniformity improvement. This work revealed a new insight into the fine control method to the TTV optimization, and provided a guidance for high-end grinding tool and advanced thinning process development.

Preparation, characterization and formation mechanism of thermoplastic polyurethane nanostructures using solution wetting template.

Template wetting with polymer solutions has not been well understood up to now, and the formation mechanism of polymer nanostructures with this method is still to be revealed. In the present work, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanostructures were prepared by wetting cylindrical nanopores in an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane with TPU solution in dimethylformamide (DMF) followed by solvent evaporation. Both tubular structures and solid structures were simultaneously observed at four different concentrations of TPU solutions (i.e., 5, 7, 10, and 15 wt%) by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Furthermore, a transition from a tubular structure to a solid structure was also found at a higher concentration of TPU solution (15 wt%). It is speculated that the top part of the single nanostructure is tubular, and the lower part is solid. A "capillary wetting-evaporation-deposition" mechanism is given to explain such a phenomenon. According to this mechanism, the higher polymer concentration, the larger amount of solution, and the smaller pore size are believed to be beneficial for the formation of solid structures.

Impacts of phosphorus and zinc levels on phosphorus and zinc nutrition and phytic acid concentration in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

BACKGROUND: Zinc (Zn) and phytic acid content in grain crops are directly related to their nutritional quality and therefore human health. To investigate the nutritional influences of phosphorus (P) and Zn levels on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), plants were grown hydroponically to maturity in chelator-buffered solutions. RESULTS: Appropriate amounts of P, coupled with sufficient Zn, increased P and Zn concentrations in wheat grain. The Zn supply decreased both phytic acid and the molar ratios of phytic acid to Zn in wheat grain with respect to the Zn(0) treatment. Furthermore, proportions of Zn and P content in the grain relative to that of the whole plant were improved. With increasing P, the proportion of Zn and P content in the grain relative to the whole plant decreased. P and Zn acted antagonistically in roots. Excess P inhibited Zn uptake in roots, while Zn decreased the transfer of P from roots to shoots. For P that had been transported to the shoots, supplemental Zn facilitated its transfer to the grain. CONCLUSION: Excess P decreased the distribution of Zn in grain, while Zn enhanced the uptake of Zn and P in grain, The combined application of Zn fertilizer with the extensive use of P fertilizer can effectively increase the P and Zn concentration and Zn bioavailability of wheat grain, and hence Zn nutritional quality.

Combined effect of iron and zinc on micronutrient levels in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

A nutrient solution experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of Fe and Zn supply on Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations in wheat plants. The experiment used a factorial combination of two Fe levels (0 and 5 mg l(-1)) and three Zn levels (0, 0.1 and 10 mg I(-1)). The supply of Fe (5 mg l(-1)) and Zn (0.1 mg l(-1)) increased plant dry weight and leaf chlorophyll content compared to the Fe or Zn deficient (0 mg 11) treatments. However, excess Zn supply (10 mg l(-1)) reduced plant dry weights and leaf chlorophyll content. Iron supply (5 mg l(-1)) reduced wheat Zn concentrations by 49%, Cu concentrations by 34%, and Mn by 56% respectively. Zinc supply (10 mg l(-1)) reduced wheat Fe concentrations by an average of 8%, but had no significant effect on Cu and Mn concentrations. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations were negatively correlated with root- and leaf-Fe concentrations, but positively correlated with stem-Fe concentrations. Leaf-Mn concentrations were negatively correlated with root-, stem- and leaf-Zn concentrations.