Hemostatic changes in patients undergoing hemodialysis: Differences between central venous catheters and arterio-venous fistulas.

BACKGROUND: Failure to mature the fistula in patients undergoing hemodialysis leads to prolonged use of the central venous catheter (CVC) and can compromise the patency of the catheter and the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) due to thrombus development. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate hemostatic changes in patients undergoing hemodialysis with prolonged use of CVC or AVF. METHOD: Cross-sectional study with a total of 200 adult participants who were divided into the following groups: I:control; II: patients who had 5-8 months of CVC insertion; III: patients who had 9-36 months of insertion; IV patients who had 5-8 months of AVF; and V: patients who had 9-36 months of AVF. Platelet activation was investigated by expressions of GPIIb/IIIa and p-selectin using flow cytometry. The Elisa-thrombomodulin (TM) test was used to compare groups III and V. RESULTS: The p-selectin percentage expression of group I was 15.30 (12.30-16.80), II 23.25 (20.75-30.55); and III 54.00 (44.75-59.29) were significant (p < 0.001). Groups I, IV, and V were also significant (p < 0.001). The median fluorescence for GPIIb/IIIa for groups I, II, and III were significant (p < 0.0001). As for the Elisa test, an increased absorbance of TM was verified in patients who used the CVC 4372 (3951-4733) compared with those patients who used the AVF 2162 (1932-2485) (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that CVC patients had a larger platelet expression of GPIIb/IIIa and p-selectin than AVF patients. The high concentration of TM in CVC patients may suggest a greater stimulation of the intrinsic than extrinsic coagulation pathways.

Effect of the expression of CD62P and thrombin generation on patients using central venous catheters for hemodialysis.

The formation of thrombi in medical devices that come into contact with blood is a common cause of increased morbidity and mortality. Prolonged use of central venous catheters (CVCs) may cause high infection rates or compromise CVC patency due to thrombus development. In this study, we sought insights into possible changes in the hemostatic system during prolonged use of inserted CVCs for hemodialysis by assessing platelets by CD62P and CD41a expression and the potential for thrombin generation (TG). This study included patients with chronic renal failure who were undergoing hemodialysis three times a week using a CVC, and healthy subjects as controls. The participants were distributed into three groups: Group 1: clinically and laboratorially healthy individuals matched by sex and age to the patients (controls); Group II: patients who had completed 1 month of CVC insertion; and Group III: the same patients after they had completed 4 months of CVC insertion. Platelet activation analysis and TG evaluation were performed using blood samples obtained through two different accesses, that is, through a peripheral vein and directly from the CVC lumen. The data showed platelet activation and an increase in the generation of thrombin, particularly after 4 months of CVC use. The results also indicated that insertion of the catheter into the blood stream stimulated the intrinsic rather than the extrinsic pathway. Taken together, the data showed a direct relationship between the use of CVCs in hemodialysis patients and a state of hypercoagulability, most likely associated with endothelial damage and the contact of the medical device with blood components such as platelets and coagulation factors.

Microstructural evaluation by confocal and electron microscopy in thrombi developed in central venous catheters.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating thrombi microstructure developed in central venous catheters using confocal and electron microscopy. METHOD: An experimental, descriptive study carrying out a microstructural evaluation of venous thrombi developed in central venous catheters using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. RESULTS: A total of 78 venous catheters were collected over a period of three months. Different fibrin structures were distinguished: fibrin plates, fibrin network, and fibrin fibers. It was observed that the thrombus had thick fibrin plates adhered to the catheter wall openings in both a catheter with three days of permanence as well as in a catheter with 20 days of insertion in the patient. However, a greater amount of erythrocytes and fibrin fibers were found in the central region of the thrombus. CONCLUSION: This study contributes to improving health care and can have a positive impact on clinical practice, as easy adherence of platelets and fibrins to the catheter wall demonstrated in this study makes it possible to adopt thrombus prevention strategies such as therapy discontinuation for an extended period, blood reflux by a catheter, slow infusion rate and hypercoagulo pathyclinical conditions. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a microestrutura por microscopia confocal e eletrônica em trombos desenvolvidos em cateteres venosos centrais. MÉTODO: Pesquisa experimental, descritiva, em que foi feita uma avaliação microestrutural de trombos venosos desenvolvidos em cateteres venosos centrais por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Microscopia Confocal de Varredura a Laser. RESULTADOS: Foram coletados 78 cateteres venosos centrais num período de três meses. Distinguiram-se diferentes estruturas de fibrina: a placa de fibrina, a rede de fibrina e as fibras de fibrina. Observou-se que tanto em um cateter com três dias de permanência quanto em um cateter com 20 dias inserido no paciente o trombo apresentou placas de fibrina espessas aderidas às paredes dos orifícios dos cateteres. Na região central do trombo, no entanto, observou-se maior quantidade de eritrócitos e fibras de fibrina. CONCLUSÃO: O trabalho contribui para uma melhoria da assistência à saúde e pode gerar um impacto positivo na prática clínica, uma vez que a facilidade de aderência de plaquetas e fibrinas à parede do cateter demonstrada neste estudo possibilita a adoção de estratégias de prevenção do trombo, tais como a interrupção de terapia por tempo prolongado, o refluxo de sangue pelo cateter, a velocidade lenta de infusão e os estados clínicos de hipercoagulopatia.

Blood flow in hemodialysis catheters: a numerical simulation and microscopic analysis of in vivo-formed fibrin.

Although catheters with side holes allow high flow rate during hemodialysis, they also induce flow disturbances and create a critical hemodynamic environment that can favor fibrin deposition and thrombus formation. This study compared the blood flow and analyzed the influence of shear stress and shear rate in fibrin deposition and thrombus formation in nontunneled hemodialysis catheters with unobstructed side holes (unobstructed device) or with some side holes obstructed by blood thrombi (obstructed device). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was performed to simulate realistic blood flow under laminar and turbulent conditions. The results from the numerical simulations were compared with the fibrin distribution and thrombus architecture data obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and two photons laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) on human thrombus formed in catheters removed from patients. CFD showed that regions of flow eddies and separation were mainly found in the venous holes region. TPLSM characterization of thrombi and fibrin structure in patient samples showed fibrin formations in accordance with simulated flux dynamics. Under laminar flow conditions, the wall shear stress close to border holes increased from 87.3±0.2 Pa in the unobstructed device to 176.2±0.5 Pa in the obstructed one. Under turbulent flow conditions, the shear stress increased by 47% when comparing the obstructed to the unobstructed catheter. The shear rates were generally higher than 5000/s and therefore sufficient to induce fibrin deposition. This findings were supported by SEM data documenting a preferential fibrin arrangement on side hole walls.

LED phototherapy in tissue repair of chronic wounds in people with diabetes: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify scientific evidence of LED photobiomodulation in the treatment and tissue repair of chronic wounds in people with Diabetes Mellitus, types I and II. METHOD: Systematic review conducted from September/2021 to April/2022 in PubMed, LILACS, SCIELO, COHRANE, EMBASE and Web of Science. Randomized and observational clinical trials using LED in wound healing in diabetics, published between 2015 and 2022 were included. Data were descriptively analyzed with title/abstract screening, full text articles reading and definitive selection after meeting the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: Fromthe total of 840 references, eight articles were selected, that evaluated the effectiveness of LED phototherapy in wounds of diabetic patients. CONCLUSION: LED light proved to be beneficial in tissue repair, with increased production in collagen and fibroblasts, angiogenesis, reduction of inflammation and, consequently, a decrease in lesion size.

Microbiological and microstructural analysis of indwelling bladder catheters and urinary tract infection prevention.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the microbiological and microstructural part of indwelling urinary catheters and their association with urinary tract infection prevention. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study, from June to December 2020, in which 42 indwelling urinary catheter tips and sterile urine samples were collected for analysis of crystals in optical microscopy and biofilms in scanning electron microscopy. Culture analysis and specification of the type of bacteria were performed. RESULTS: It was found that 35.71% of the samples had mature biofilm adhered to the catheter tip. Biofilms of Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium and Enterobacter cloacae stood out. The presence of magnesium-ammonium-phosphate crystal was associated with the presence of urinary tract infection and with Proteus mirabilis. There was a significant association (p = 0.001) between the use of prophylactic antibiotics versus urine culture >105 CFU/mL. CONCLUSION: The analyzes contributed to clinical practice, as it reinforces the development of effective and monitored strategies on cultures and urinary tract infection prevention associated with indwelling urinary catheters.

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 genome on inanimate surfaces in COVID-19 intensive care units and emergency care cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Understanding the different transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial in planning effective interventions in healthcare institutions. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of SARS-Cov-2 genome on inanimate surfaces in COVID-19 intensive care unit and emergency care cohorts. METHODS: This is a prospective cross-sectional study. Samples of the environmental surface of objects and furniture were collected between July 15 and October 15, 2020, at COVID-19 intensive and emergency care units. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 genome was determined by quantitative RT-qPCR. The positivity rate for SARS-Cov-2 genome is presented as the arithmetic mean of the sum of the values obtained in each collection. Values of 1.0, 0.5, and 0.0 were assigned for positive, indeterminate, and negative events, respectively. RESULTS: In the intensive care unit, 86% of samples collected at the stethoscope and bed rail surfaces were positive. In the emergency care unit, 43% of bathroom tap, bed rails, and bedside table samples were positive. SARS-CoV-2 genome was not detected at the computer mouse and keyboard. At the emergency care unit, 14.3% of the samples from the collection room armchair were positive. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 genome can be found at the environmental surface of objects and furniture at COVID-19 care units. They can represent a potential source of indirect transmission pathway for COVID-19, especially within health service institutions.

Is it possible to decontaminate N95 masks in pandemic times? integrative literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protocols on decontamination/reuse of N95 masks available in the literature in times of the Covid-19 pandemic. METHOD: Integrative literature review, in the period from 2010 to 2020, on the databases MEDLINE/PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, SAGE journals, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase and Wiley, with the descriptors Masks AND Respiratory protective devices; Mask OR N95 AND Covid-19; N95 AND Respirators; Decontamination AND N95 AND Coronavirus; Facemask OR Pandemic. RESULTS: Twelve studies were included, of which 3 (30.0%) used ultraviolet germicidal irradiation and indicated mask deterioration between 2 and 10 cycles, 4 (40.0%) used hydrogen peroxide vapor, and seal loss varied from 5 to 20 cycles, 4 (33.3%) evaluated the structural integrity of the N95 mask through visual inspection and 6 (54.4%), its filtration efficiency. CONCLUSION: Reuse strategies to overcome a shortage of devices in the face of the pandemic challenge the current concept for good practices in health-product processing.

Molecular tracking of pathogens in central venous catheter.

BACKGROUND: Central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection is an important adverse event in health care. Molecular methods are not yet substitutive of microbiological in the detection of the pathogens responsible for the infection, but they can help in the epidemiological characterization. AIM: To detect bacteria by polymerase chain reaction, from material extracted from the tip of central catheters of patients suspected of infection at the intensive care unit. METHODS: Catheters (n = 34) of patients suspected of central venous catheter-related infection were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. The findings were compared with culture of catheter tip and blood cultures performed by the hospital. FINDINGS: The prevalence of bacteria was Staphylococcus aureus (50%), Enterococcus faecalis (41.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (32.4), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.6%), Acinetobacter baumannii (38.2%), Escherichia coli (2.9%), and Enterobacter cloacae (0%). No blood culture showed bacterial growth, the culture of catheter tip revealed bacteria in 21 (61.8%) and the polymerase chain reaction had positivity in 31 (91.2%) of the catheters. The mean central venous catheter time was 11 days, and the jugular vein was the site of insertion. CONCLUSION: The molecular method identified more bacteria than microbiological methods and revealed colonization of the catheters. The most commonly found bacteria are in the environment and in the microbiota of the skin, which suggests contamination by the hands of health professionals and points out the need for more efforts in preventive strategies.

Phototherapy (cluster multi-diode 630 nm and 940 nm) on the healing of pressure injury: A pilot study.

The therapeutic benefits of LED in wound care have been reported since the 1990s. Nevertheless, studies directly related to the effects of LED phototherapy on the venous and arterial circulation and the healing process of pressure injuries are scarce in literature. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a LED phototherapy prototype in participants with pressure injuries. In this pilot study 15 participants were randomized into three therapeutic groups. The experimental groups received applications of 630 and 940 nm LED three times a week for 8 weeks, with a dose of 6 J/cm2 in Group I. In group II, a dose of 8 J/cm2 in addition to the standard treatment. Group III (control group) received only daily standard treatment which consisted of cleaning the lesioned area with physiological solution, followed by application of an alginate hydrogel dressing over a period of 8 weeks. Pressure injuries were photographed and the area was measured by the Quantikov® image analyzer software. There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between the three groups when assessing the initial lesion area. At the end of 2 months, the median and interquartile ranges of the injuries were 5.90 (0.79-9.5) cm2 for group I, 0.54 (0.47-1.16) cm2 for group II and 26.76 (17.25-41.05) for group III. There was a statistically significant difference between treatment types (I x III and II x III) for pressure injuries over the 21 sessions. However, there was no significant difference between groups I x II that received different doses of LED phototherapy. The initial hypothesis was supported given that the combination of two wavelengths in the LED phototherapy with different doses may be helpful in accelerating the healing of pressure injuries.

[Reprocessing validation of angiographic cardiac catheters: an evaluation of the functionality and integrity]. / Validação do reprocessamento de cateteres cardíacos angiográficos: uma avaliação da funcionalidade e da integridade.

The objective of this study was to validate the reprocessing of angiographic cardiac catheters regarding their characteristics of mechanical functionality and the molecular and micro-structural integrity of the polymeric chain.This is an experimental, applied, comparative and controlled study. A simulation set was built for a left coronary angiography in order to simulate mechanical and biological stress in the catheters. Traction tests were performed for the functionality and the integrity was tested through Infrared Spectrometry and Scanning Electronic Microscopy. The study evidenced a tendency to an increase in rigidity at every increment of the reprocessing number (p < 0.05). The changes in the mechanical properties and molecular structures of the polymers were more evident as of the fifth reprocessing. Micrographies revealed an increase in rugosity as of the forth reprocessing. The results of this study may contribute to the elaboration of reprocessing protocols and a systematic surveillance of the reutilization of single use materials, not only due to their economical relevance, but especially from the ethical, legal, biological, functional and care point of view.

Application of the educational method of realistic simulation in the treatment of pressure injuries.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the use of realistic simulation as a strategy to promote teaching about pressure injuries. METHOD: This is a quasi-experimental study. A modified and translated version of the Pieper Pressure Ulcer knowledge test was applied. Kappa statistical analysis was used to assess the professionals' knowledge in the realistic simulation using the SPSS software. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Seventy-seven nursing professionals participated in the realistic simulation, the majority (72.7%) being nursing technicians. Regarding the knowledge of primary and secondary coverage techniques, the Kappa index went from 0.56 (p=0.002) in the pre-test to 0.87 (p=0.001) in the post-test. As for the sterile dressing technique, there was a variation from 0.55 (p=0.002) in the pre-test to 0.91 (p=0.001) in the post-test. Regarding the cleaning of pressure injuries, there was a variation from 0.81 (CI: 0.62-0.84) in the pre-test to 0.91 (0.85-0.97) in the post-test. The knowledge about the use of a sterile spatula to distribute the dressing in the wound increased from an agreement index from regular to good. CONCLUSION: The introduction of the realistic simulation in the clinical practice has created quality assessment indicators for the prevention and treatment of pressure injuries.

Comparison of five methods of extraction of Staphylococcus aureus DNA for molecular detection by PCR.

INTRODUCTION: Molecular techniques for the detection of pathogens have been shown to be effective diagnostic tools with high sensitivity and short turnaround times. METHODS: This study compared five Staphylococcus aureus DNA extraction methods for detection by the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The concentration and purity of the extracted DNA showed that the methods did not yield DNA of significant quality. However, most protocols yielded 100% positivity, even with low DNA concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Although one protocol seemed more efficient than the others, PCR was sensitive enough to allow for detection of S. aureus with all the protocols.

LED phototherapy in tissue repair of chronic wounds in people with diabetes: a systematic review / Fototerapia LED en la reparación de tejidos de heridas crónicas en personas con diabetes: una revisión sistemática / Fototerapia com LED no reparo tecidual de feridas crônicas em pessoas com diabetes: revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify scientific evidence of LED photobiomodulation in the treatment and tissue repair of chronic wounds in people with Diabetes Mellitus, types I and II. Method: Systematic review conducted from September/2021 to April/2022 in PubMed, LILACS, SCIELO, COHRANE, EMBASE and Web of Science. Randomized and observational clinical trials using LED in wound healing in diabetics, published between 2015 and 2022 were included. Data were descriptively analyzed with title/abstract screening, full text articles reading and definitive selection after meeting the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Fromthe total of 840 references, eight articles were selected, that evaluated the effectiveness of LED phototherapy in wounds of diabetic patients. Conclusion: LED light proved to be beneficial in tissue repair, with increased production in collagen and fibroblasts, angiogenesis, reduction of inflammation and, consequently, a decrease in lesion size.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar evidencias científicas de fotobiomodulación con LED en el tratamiento y reparación de tejidos de heridas crónicas en personas con Diabetes Mellitus, tipos I y II. Método: Revisión sistemática realizada de septiembre/2021 a abril/2022 en PubMed, LILACS, SCIELO, COHRANE, EMBASE y Web of Science. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y observacionales con uso de LED en la cicatrización de heridas en diabéticos, publicados entre 2015 y 2022. Los datos fueron analizados descriptivamente con selección de título/resumen, lectura de artículos a texto completo y selección definitiva después de cumplir con la inclusión e inclusiones ex - predefinidas. Resultados: Del total de 840 referencias encontradas, se seleccionaron ocho artículos que evaluaron la efectividad de la fototerapia LED en heridas de pacientes diabéticos. Conclusión: La luz LED demostró ser beneficiosa en la reparación de tejidos, con aumento de la producción de colágeno y fibroblastos, angiogénesis, reducción de la inflamación y, en consecuencia, disminución del tamaño de la lesión.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar evidências científicas da fotobiomodulação com LED no tratamento e reparo tecidual em feridas crônicas de pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus, tipo I e II. Método: Revisão sistemática realizada de setembro/2021 a abril/2022 na PubMed, LILACS, SCIELO, COHRANE, EMBASE e Web of Science. Incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados e observacionais utilizando LED na cicatrização de feridas em diabéticos, publicados entre 2015 a 2022. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente com triagem de título/resumo, leitura dos artigos em texto completo e seleção definitiva após atender aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão pré-definidos. Resultados: Do total de 840 referências encontradas, foram selecionados oito artigos que avaliaram a eficácia da fototerapia LED em feridas de pacientes diabéticos. Conclusão: A luz LED mostrou-se benéfica no reparo tecidual, com aumento na produção de colágeno e fibroblastos, angiogênese, redução da inflamação e consequentemente, diminuição no tamanho da lesão.

Intervenção educativa dos pacientes com doença renal crônica terminal: fatores de risco e complicaçõe associadas / intervención educativa de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal: factores de riesgo y complicaciones asociadas / Educational intervention in patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease:risk factors and associated complications

Objetivo:avaliar o conhecimento dos pacientes com doença renal crônica terminal quantoaos fatores de risco e complicações associadas antes e após uma intervenção educativa. Método: estudo de intervenção, randomizado com 101 participantes subdivididos em dois gruposde um setor de hemodiálise entre 2019 a julho de 2020. Para as análises fizeram-se testes McNemar, t-Student pareado, Qui-Quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: após intervenção, houve diminuição significativa (p<0,05) das complicações como hipotensão, hipoglicemia, câimbra, náuseas ,tremores, calafrio e febre. As equipes de enfermagem e médica verificaram posicionamento ativo dos participantes quanto aos cuidados com a fístula arteriovenosa e com o cateter venoso central. O aumento do conhecimento sobre o processo de hemodiálise propiciou entender a causa das complicações associadas ao tratamento. Conclusão: a ação educativa foi efetiva e gerou indicadores de avaliação positivos, permitindo que os participantes se tornassem protagonistas do autocuidado (AU)

Objective:to assess the knowledge of patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease regarding the risk factors and associated complications before and after an educational intervention. Method:an intervention and randomized study conducted with 101 participants divided into two groups of a hemodialysis sector from 2019 to July 2020. The analyses were performed using the McNemar, paired Student'st, Pearson's Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact tests, with a 5% significance level. Results:after the intervention, there was a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the number of complications such as hypotension, hypoglycemia, cramps, nausea, tremors, chills and fever. The nursing and medical team verified the participants' active stance regarding the care measures for the arteriovenous fistula and the central venous catheter. The increase in knowledge about the hemodialysis process made it possible to understand the cause of the complications associated with the treatment. Conclusion:the educational action was effective and generated positive evaluation indicators, allowing the participants to become protagonists of self-care(AU)

Objetivo:evaluar el conocimiento de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal sobre los factores de riesgo y las complicaciones asociadas antes y después de una intervención educativa. Método:estudio de intervención, aleatorizado con 101 participantes divididos en dos grupos de un sector de hemodiálisis entre 2019 a julio de 2020. Los análisis se realizaron mediante las pruebas de McNemar, t-Student pareada, Chi-Cuadrado de Pearson y Exacta de Fisher, con nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados:tras la intervención hubo una disminución significativa (p<0,05) de complicaciones como hipotensión, hipoglucemia, calambres, náuseas, temblores, escalofríos y fiebre. El personal médico y de enfermería verificó la posición activa de los participantes con respecto al cuidado de la fístula arteriovenosa y del catéter venoso central. El aumento del conocimiento sobre el proceso de hemodiálisis permitió comprender la causa de las complicaciones asociadas al tratamiento. Conclusión:la acción educativa fue efectiva y generó indicadores de evaluación positivos, permitiendo a los participantes convertirse en protagonistas del autocuidado (AU)

Microbiological and microstructural analysis of indwelling bladder catheters and urinary tract infection prevention / Análisis microbiológico y microestructural de sondas vesicales permanentes y prevención de infecciones del tracto urinario / Análise microbiológica e microestrutural dos cateteres vesicais de demora e prevenção de infecção do trato urinário

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the microbiological and microstructural part of indwelling urinary catheters and their association with urinary tract infection prevention. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, from June to December 2020, in which 42 indwelling urinary catheter tips and sterile urine samples were collected for analysis of crystals in optical microscopy and biofilms in scanning electron microscopy. Culture analysis and specification of the type of bacteria were performed. Results: It was found that 35.71% of the samples had mature biofilm adhered to the catheter tip. Biofilms of Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium and Enterobacter cloacae stood out. The presence of magnesium-ammonium-phosphate crystal was associated with the presence of urinary tract infection and with Proteus mirabilis. There was a significant association (p = 0.001) between the use of prophylactic antibiotics versus urine culture >105 CFU/mL. Conclusion: The analyzes contributed to clinical practice, as it reinforces the development of effective and monitored strategies on cultures and urinary tract infection prevention associated with indwelling urinary catheters.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la parte microbiológica y microestructural de los catéteres urinarios permanentes y su asociación con la prevención de la infección del tracto urinario. Método: Transversal, de junio a diciembre de 2020, en el que se recolectaron 42 puntas de sonda urinaria permanente y muestras de orina estéril para análisis de cristales en microscopía óptica y biopelículas en microscopía electrónica de barrido. Se realizaron análisis de cultivo y especificación del tipo de bacteria. Resultados: Se encontró que el 35,71% de las muestras presentaban biopelícula madura adherida a la punta del catéter. Se destacaron las biopelículas de Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium y Enterobacter cloacae. La presencia de cristales de fosfato de magnesio-amonio se asoció con la presencia de infección del tracto urinario y con Proteus mirabilis. Hubo una asociación significativa (p = 0,001) entre el uso de antibióticos profilácticos versus urocultivo >105 UFC/mL. Conclusión: Los análisis contribuyeron a la práctica clínica, ya que refuerzan el desarrollo de estrategias efectivas y monitoreadas sobre cultivos y prevención de la infección del tracto urinario asociada a los catéteres urinarios permanentes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a parte microbiológica e microestrutural dos cateteres vesicais de demora e sua associação com a prevenção de infecção do trato urinário. Método: Transversal, entre junho e dezembro de 2020, em que foram coletadas 42 pontas cateteres vesicais de demora e amostras de urina estéril para análise de cristais em microscopia óptica e de biofilmes em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Fez-se analise de cultura e especificação do tipo de bactérias. Resultados: Verificou-se que 35,71% das amostras apresentaram o biofilme maduro aderido à ponta do cateter. Destacaram-se biofilmes de Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium e Enterobacter cloacae. A presença do cristal magnésio-amônio-fosfato foi associada à presença de infecção do trato urinário e ao Proteus mirabilis. Verificou-se associação significativa (p = 0,001) entre o uso de antibiótico profilático versus a urocultura >105 UFC/mL. Conclusão: As análises contribuíram para a prática clínica, pois reforçam a elaboração de estratégias efetivas e monitoradas sobre culturas e prevenção de infecção do trato urinário associada ao cateter vesical de demora.

Health professionals' perception on the risk of contamination by COVID-19 in Brazil / Percepción del riesgo de contaminación por COVID-19 en profesionales de salud en Brasil / Percepção do risco de contaminação dos profissionais de saúde por COVID-19 no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: to know the factors that exert an influence on the health professionals' perception of the risk of becoming contaminated with COVID-19 in Brazil. Methods: a survey conducted from May to October 2020 with 436 active health professionals working in the front line against COVID-19. Descriptive analyses were used and a structural equation model from an exploratory factor analysis was estimated. Results: the health professionals' perception on contracting COVID-19 was considered as medium to very high for 72% of the respondents. In the structural equation model, knowledge of the treatment for COVID-19, preparation of the health professionals to work, and safety in the institutional protocol together with confidence in official protocols and disclosures through social, printed and television media exerted an influence on confidence to face the pandemic (P<0.05). This self-confidence along with the male gender were significant determinants (P<0.001) for the perception of the possibility of becoming contaminated. Conclusion: this study may contribute to the realization of strategies, public policies and guidelines that may impact on improving self-confidence and protecting the health professionals in their performance during the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer los factores que influencian la percepción del riesgo de infección por COVID-19 de los profesionales de salud en Brasil. Métodos: estudio del tipo survey realizado entre mayo y octubre de 2020 con 436 profesionales de salud que trabajan en la primera línea de combate contra el COVID-19. Se utilizaron análisis descriptivos y se estimó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales a partir de un análisis factorial exploratorio. Resultados: la percepción de los profesionales de salud con respecto a contraer COVID-19 se consideró entre media y muy alta en el 72% de los encuestados. En el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, el conocimiento sobre el tratamiento del COVID-19, la preparación de los profesionales de salud para trabajar, y la confianza en el protocolo institucional, en conjunto con la confianza en protocolos oficiales y diversas informaciones divulgadas a través de medios sociales, impresos y televisivos influenciaron la autoconfianza para enfrentar la pandemia (P<0,05). Dicha autoconfianza, junto con el sexo masculino, fueron determinantes significativos (P<0,001) para la percepción de la posibilidad de contagio. Conclusión: este estudio podrá contribuir para que se lleven adelante estrategias, políticas públicas y directrices que repercutan sobre la mejora de la autoconfianza y sobre la protección de los profesionales de salud frente a su desempeño en la pandemia de COVID-19.

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer os fatores que influenciam a percepção do risco dos profissionais de saúde para se contaminarem com Covid-19 no Brasil. Métodos: survey realizado de maio a outubro de 2020 com 436 profissionais de saúde atuantes na linha de frente da Covid-19. Utilizaram-se análises descritivas e foi estimado um modelo de equações estruturais a partir de uma análise fatorial exploratória. Resultados: a percepção dos profissionais de saúde para contrair Covid-19 foi considerada média a muito elevada para 72% dos respondentes. No modelo de equações estruturais, o conhecimento do tratamento da Covid-19, preparo dos profissionais de saúde para atuação e a segurança no protocolo institucional em conjunto à confiança em protocolos oficiais e informações divulgadas por mídias sociais, impressa e televisiva influenciaram a autoconfiança para o enfrentamento da pandemia (P<0,05). Essa autoconfiança juntamente com o sexo masculino foram determinantes significativos (P<0,001) para a percepção da possibilidade da vir a se contaminar. Conclusão: este estudo poderá contribuir para a realização de estratégias, políticas públicas e diretrizes que impactem na melhoria da autoconfiança e na proteção dos profissionais de saúde frente a sua atuação na pandemia da Covid-19.

Infecção de sítio cirúrgico em osteossíntese de fêmur: incidência e fatores associados / Infección del sitio quirúrgico en la osteosíntesis femoral: incidencia y factores asociados res / Surgical site infection in femoral osteosynthesis: incidence and associated factors

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar a incidência e os fatores associados da infecção de sítio cirúrgico em osteossíntese de fêmur em uma unidade hospitalar filantrópica no interior de Minas Gerais - Brasil. Método: estudo transversal, descritivo e retrospectivo conduzido no período de 2 de fevereiro de 2017 a 31 de março de 2019. Os dados foram extraídos dos prontuários e das fichas de notificação das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde. Resultados: a incidência de infecções de sítio cirúrgico foi de 5,5%. 46,7% dos pacientes foram reinternados, 26,7% fizeram desbridamento cirúrgico e o tempo médio da internação foi de 13,5±6,2 dias. Não houve registro de óbitos. A profilaxia antimicrobiana foi observada em 80% dos pacientes. Resultados: reporte de experiencia de los diez años de implementación del programa de residencia. Los datos se obtuvieron de documentos internos e informes de coordinadores y tutores. Se capacitó a trescientos setenta y dos profesionales. Entre los avances del programa, cabe destacar el incremento en el número de vacantes y especialidades, la consolidación del Reglamento Interno, la gestión computarizada de la información académica, el incentivo a la investigación y el mejoramiento de la asistencia en el ámbito hospitalario. Conclusão: o estudo contribuiu para a geração de indicadores de saúde e de avaliação que proporcionaram o rastreamento das infecções de sítio cirúrgico e vigilância ativa para a construção de estratégias de prevenção de eventos adversos institucionais.

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar la incidencia y los factores asociados a la infección del sitio quirúrgico en osteosíntesis femoral en una unidad hospitalaria filantrópica del interior de Minas Gerais - Brasil. Método: estudio transversal, descriptivo y retrospectivo realizado en el periodo comprendido entre el 2 de febrero de 2017 y el 31 de marzo de 2019. Los datos se extrajeron de las historias clínicas y de los formularios de notificación de infecciones relacionadas con la atención sanitaria. Resultados: la incidencia de infecciones del sitio quirúrgico fue del 5,5%. El 46,7% de los pacientes reingresaron, el 26,7% fueron sometidos a desbridamiento quirúrgico y la duración media de la estancia fue de 13,5±6,2 días. No había registro de muertes. La profilaxis antimicrobiana se observó en el 80% de los pacientes. Conclusión: el estudio contribuyó a la generación de indicadores de salud y evaluación que proporcionaron el seguimiento de las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico y la vigilancia activa para la construcción de estrategias de prevención de eventos adversos institucionales.

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the incidence and associated factors of surgical site infection in femoral osteosynthesis in a philanthropic hospital unit in the interior of Minas Gerais - Brazil. Method: cross-sectional, descriptive, retrospective study conducted from February 2, 2017, to March 31, 2019. Data were extracted from medical records and health care-related infection notification forms. Results: the incidence of surgical site infections was 5.5%. 46.7% of the patients were readmitted, 26.7% had surgical debridement and the mean length of stay was 13.5±6.2 days. No deaths were reported. Antimicrobial prophylaxis was observed in 80% of the patients. Conclusion: the study contributed to the generation of health and evaluation indicators that provided the tracking of surgical site infections and active surveillance for the construction of strategies to prevent institutional adverse events.

Activated platelets in central venous catheters: a flow cytometry and numerical simulation approach

The central venous catheter that is inserted in patients undergoing hemodialysis can cause hemodynamic instability and trigger complications such as thrombus formation. The objective of this study was to investigate hemostatic and numerical influences on thrombus formation in patients undergoing hemodialysis with a central venous catheter. Participants were assigned to three groups: I: clinical and laboratorial healthy individuals matched by sex and age (controls); II: participants after one month of insertion of the catheter and III: participants after 4 months of insertion of the catheter. Platelet activation was investigated by GPIIb/IIIa and p-selectin expressions using flow cytometry. A three-dimensional model of the catheter was constructed in the numerical simulation for the calculation of partial differential equation of a platelet activation model. A significant difference was detected by the expression of p-selectin comparing the group I (33.42 ± 4.74), group II (40.79 ± 5.54) and group III(51.00 ± 7.21) (p < 0.0001). The median values for GPIIb/IIIa were 10426 (10029-10721), 13921 (13412-15652) and 19946 (18714-21815) after catheter insertion (p < 0.0001), for groups I, II and III, respectively. Excluding the first arterial orifice, venous orifices tend to have greater platelet activation when compared to the other arterial orifices. The results of this study showed the influence of arterial and venous lateral orifices in stimulating the development of thrombi associated with the activation of platelet markers the longer the catheter was used.

What has the covid-19 pandemic taught us about adopting preventive measures? / ¿lo que la pandemia covid-19 nos enseñó sobre la adopción de las medidas preventivas? / O que a pandemia da covid-19 tem nos ensinado sobre adoção de medidas de precaução?

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the COVID-19 pandemic and what we have (re)learned from the world experience of adopting prevention measures recommended by the World Health Organization as well as the epidemiological overview in the world, in Latin America and in Brazil. Results: the World Health Organization has pointed out that the path to reduce the speed of circulation of the virus, control and decrease in the number of cases and deaths resulting from this pandemic can only be accomplished with mass adoption of fundamental measures that include hand hygiene, alcohol gel use, cough etiquette, cleaning surfaces, avoiding agglomerations and social distancing. The epidemiological curve of the disease clearly shows the devastating proportions in Italy, Spain and the United States, surpassing China in death records, due to the delay in adopting the aforementioned measures. In Brazil, the rapid progression in relation to the world and Latin America points to an important increase in the number of cases. Conclusion: this is possibly the most serious pandemic in recent human history, and its course can be influenced by the rigor in adopting individual and collective behavioral measures.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la pandemia de COVID-19 y lo que hemos (re)aprendido de la experiencia mundial para la adopción de las medidas de prevención recomendadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, así como el panorama epidemiológico en el mundo, en América Latina y en Brasil. Resultados: la Organización Mundial de la Salud ha señalado que el camino hacia la reducción de la velocidad de circulación del virus, el control y la reducción del número de casos y muertes resultantes de esta pandemia solo se puede lograr con la adopción masiva de medidas fundamentales que incluyan la higiene de las manos, uso de alcohol en gel, etiqueta respiratoria, limpieza de superficies, evitando hacinamiento y distancia social. La curva epidemiológica de la enfermedad muestra claramente las proporciones devastadoras en Italia, España y Estados Unidos, superando a China en los registros de defunciones, debido a la demora en la adopción de estas medidas. En Brasil, la rápida progresión en relación con el mundo y América Latina apunta a un aumento importante en el número de casos. Conclusión: esta pandemia es posiblemente la más grave en la historia humana reciente y su curso puede verse influenciado por el rigor en la adopción de medidas de comportamiento individuales y colectivas.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a pandemia da Covid-19 e o que temos (re)aprendido com a experiência mundial para adoção das medidas de prevenção preconizadas pela Organização Mundial de Saúde bem como o panorama epidemiológico no mundo, na América Latina e no Brasil. Resultados: a Organização Mundial de Saúde tem apontado que o caminho para a redução da velocidade de circulação do vírus, o controle e queda do número de casos e óbitos decorrentes dessa pandemia só poderá ser alcançado com adoção em massa de medidas fundamentais que incluem higienização das mãos, uso do álcool em gel, etiqueta respiratória, limpeza de superfícies, evitar aglomerações e distanciamento social. A curva epidemiológica da doença mostra claramente as proporções devastadoras na Itália, Espanha e nos Estados Unidos, superando a China em registros de óbitos, devido ao atraso na adoção dessas medidas. No Brasil, a progressão rápida em relação ao mundo e à América Latina aponta um importante aumento do número de casos. Conclusão: essa pandemia possivelmente é a mais grave da história recente da humanidade e seu curso pode ser influenciado pelo rigor na adoção de medidas comportamentais individuais e coletivas.