Short-term efficacy of two breast pumps and impact on breastfeeding outcomes at 6 months in exclusively breastfeeding mothers: A randomised trial.

The provision of breast pumps is a potential strategy to increase breastfeeding duration. This trial compared the effectiveness and acceptability of two breast pumps in mothers exclusively breastfeeding (EBF) their healthy term infant. It also tested whether provision of pumps versus vouchers of equivalent value influenced breastfeeding or attainment of mothers' goals at 3 and 6 months. Mothers were randomised at 3- to 4-week post-partum (Beijing [n = 30], Moscow [n = 34], London [n = 45], New York [n = 3]) to groups A (Philips single-electric pump, Natural bottle), B (Medela Swing single-electric pump, Calma bottle), or C (Control; vouchers). At 6 weeks, group A and B mothers expressed for 10 min/breast; milk weight and opinions of pump/bottle were recorded. Feeding practices were assessed using questionnaires at 3 and 6 months. Milk weight/flow pattern did not differ between groups. Pump A scored significantly better for ease-of-use, cushion-feel, need-to-lean-forward, pleasant, comfort. At 3 and 6 months, %EBF or meeting their goal was not significantly different; (3 months: 86%, 85%, 84%; 6 months: 20%, 15%, 26%; meeting goal 24%, 17%, 27% for A, B, and C). Expressed breast milk (EBM) provision was higher in groups A and B (3 months: 76%, 76%, 24% (p < 0.001); 6 months: 83%, 87%, 32% (p < 0.001); and negatively predicted EBF at 6 months (OR no EBM 5.07, 95% CI [1.56, 16.5]). The pumps were equally effective for milk expression at 6 weeks. Pump provision did not significantly influence breastfeeding practices or attainment of goals but resulted in higher EBM provision, which was associated with lower EBF but not other breastfeeding categories at 6 months.

N,N'-fused bisphosphole: heteroaromatic molecule with two-coordinate and formally divalent phosphorus. Synthesis, electronic structure, and chemical properties.

The reduction of 6,12-dichloro-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10-octahydro-6H,12H-[1,2,3]benzodiazaphospholo[2,1-a][1,2,3]benzodiazaphosphole (3) by metallic magnesium in tetrahydrofuran (THF) affords the N,N'-fused bisphosphole 1 in 92% yield. The compound reveals a novel type of 10π-electron heteroaromatic system [NICS(0) = -11.4], containing a two-coordinate and formally divalent phosphorus atom. Compound 1 possesses a much higher coordination activity than many other diazaphospholes. This is caused by a novel type of complexation to a metal ion wherein the lone phosphorus pairs are not involved in metal coordination. Instead, the 10π-electron heteroaromatic system provides two electrons for P → M bond formation. Polarization of the ligand results in the formation of extended molecular associates or cluster compounds. Complexes of 1 with mercury dichloride [{(1)3HgCl}2(µ6-Cl)](+)Cl(-) (7) and tin dichlorides [1·SnCl2(PhMe solvate)] (8a) and [1·SnCl2] (8b) are, in fact, supramolecular in nature, containing multiple intermolecular short contacts. Crystals of complex 8a containing short Sn···Sn packing interactions were converted reversibly to metallic tin after workup with THF. The simple mixing of 1 and 3 (1:1) gave a P-P bridging dimeric species prone to easy dissociation. The addition of GeCl2(diox) to the equimolar mixture of 1 and 3 shifted the equilibrium to the formation of a poorly soluble salt-like dimer 6, which is, in fact, a stacked 18π-electron dication having a through-space delocalization of π electrons.

The intramolecular rearrangement of phosphinohydrazides [R'2P-NR-NR-M] → [RN═PR'2-NR-M]: general rules and exceptions. transformations of bulky phosphinohydrazines (R-NH-N(PPh2)2, R = tBu, Ph2P).

Reactions of diphosphinohydrazines R-NH-N(PPh(2))(2) (R = tBu (1), Ph(2)P (3)) with some metalation reagents (Co[N(SiMe(3))(2)](2), LiN(SiMe(3))(2), La[N(SiMe(3))(2)](3), nBuLi, MeLi) were performed. Compound 1 was synthesized by the reaction of Ph(2)PCl with tert-butylhydrazine hydrochloride in 83% yield. This compound reveals temperature-dependent (31)P NMR spectra due to hindered rotation about the P-N bonds. Complicated redox reaction of 1 with Co[N(SiMe(3))(2)](2) proceeds with cleavage of the P-N and N-N bonds to form a binuclear cobalt complex [Co{HN(PPh(2))(2)-κ(2)P,P'}(2)(µ-PPh(2))](2) (2) demonstrating a short Co···Co distance of 2.3857(5) Å, which implies a formal double bond between the Co atoms. Strong nucleophiles (nBuLi, MeLi) cause fragmentation of the molecules 1 and 3, while reactions of 3 with lithium and lanthanum silylamides give products of the NNP → NPN rearrangement [Li{Ph(2)P(NPPh(2))(2)-κ(2)N,N'}(THF)(2)] (4) and [La{Ph(2)P(NPPh(2))(2)-κ(2)N,N'}{N(SiMe(3))(2)}(2)] (5), respectively. These complexes represent the first examples of a κ(2)N,N' bonding mode for the triphosphazenide ligand [(Ph(2)PN)(2)PPh(2)](-). DFT calculations showed large energy gain (52.1 kcal/mol) of the [NNP](-) to [NPN](-) anion rearrangement.

Chemistry of the phosphorus-nitrogen ligands. Multiple isomeric transformations of the diphosphinohydrazine bearing 8-quinolyl substituent: P→C, P→N, and P→P migrations caused by different factors.

The reaction of 8-quinolylhydrazine with 2 equiv of Ph(2)PCl in the presence of Et(3)N gives 8-[(Ph(2)P)(2)NNH]-Quin (1) (Quin = quinolyl) in 84% yield. The heating of 1 at 130 °C for 1 h in toluene results in migration of the [Ph(2)PNPPh(2)] group to a carbon atom of the quinolyl fragment to form an isomer, 7-(Ph(2)P-N═PPh(2))-8-NH(2)-Quin (2). The same migration is caused by the addition of LiN(SiMe(3))(2) to 1. On the contrary, lithiation of 1 with n-BuLi followed by the addition of ZnI(2) (1:1) affords the aminoquinolyl-phosphazenide dinuclear complex [ZnI(8-Quin-NPPh(2)═N-PPh(2))-κ(3)N,N,P](2) (4), which is a result of P→N migration. Compound 1 itself reacts with ZnI(2) in THF to form 4 and protonated molecule 1·HI, which rearranges to the more stable iminobiphosphine salt (Ph(2)P-PPh(2)═N-NH-Quin-8)·HI. Zinc iodide reacts with 2 equiv of the lithium salt of 1 without rearrangement, to form homoleptic aminoquinolyl zinc complex Zn[{(Ph(2)P)(2)NN-Quin-8}-κ(2)N,N](2) (6). Solutions of 4 and 2 in dichloromethane show luminescence at 510 and 460 nm (quantum yields are 45% and 7%, respectively). DFT calculations were provided for possible isomers and their complexes.

Maternal Infant-Feeding Attitudes, Infant Eating Behaviors, and Maternal Feeding Choice at 3 and 6 Months Postpartum: A Comparative Multicenter International Study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare mothers' attitudes toward infant feeding and infant eating behavior in different countries, and their associations with infant feeding at 3 and 6 months. Methods: Data from 164 mothers with healthy term infants recruited for a randomized trial comparing breast pumps from the UK (n = 68), Russia (n = 51), and China (n = 45) were included in this analysis. Feeding practices were assessed using questionnaires at 3 and 6 months. Maternal attitudes toward infant feeding and infant eating behaviors were measured by Iowa Infant Feeding Attitudes Scale (IIFAS) and Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire (BEBQ) at 5-6 weeks postpartum; scores were compared between countries and associations with infant feeding at 3 and 6 months were examined. Results: IIFAS score was significantly different between countries; mean scores in Chinese and Russian mothers (China 64.6 ± 4.88 and Russia 61.5 ± 6.15) lay in the range of "neutral breastfeeding attitudes," while British mothers had more positive attitudes (70.6 ± 6.47, post hoc p < 0.001). Russian infants had higher scores for "general appetite" (mean = 4.8 ± 0.41, p < 0.05) and "satiety responsiveness" (mean = 8.7 ± 1.08, p < 0.01) than Chinese or British infants. Longer duration of full-time education was associated with more positive attitudes toward breastfeeding in the whole sample (p < 0.001) and in the United Kingdom (p < 0.05). The majority of mothers were exclusively breastfeeding (EBF) at 3 months. Total IIFAS and BEBQ scores were not significant predictors of EBF at 3 and 6 months (p > 0.05), although greater agreement with the IIFAS statement "Formula feeding is more convenient than breastfeeding" was associated with lower EBF at 3 months (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.29-0.78, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Maternal attitudes toward infant feeding and perceptions of infant eating behavior differed between countries, but were not associated with EBF at 6 months. Mothers with a greater baseline perception that formula feeding is more convenient than breastfeeding were less likely to EBF at 3 months; this could be a potential target for education.