RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Worldwide, the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to rise and remains a major public health concern. This study aimed to analyze the temporal and spatial trends in CRC incidence and related risk factors at the country level. METHODS: Data on CRC and related risk factors were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019 study. Temporal trends were evaluated using estimated annual percentage change while spatial trends were analyzed using spatial autocorrelation and autoregression. Additionally, linear mixed-effects models were employed to identify risk factors linked to CRC incidence. RESULTS: Globally, from 1990 to 2019, the incidence cases of CRC increased by 157.23%. At the national level, the incidence of CRC increased in most countries, with the highest increases of age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) in Equatorial Guinea, Vietnam, and China. In both 1990 and 2019, global spatial clustering of CRC ASIR highlighted hotspots in Europe, characterized by elevated CRC ASIR levels. A comparative analysis of risk factors between hotspot countries and others indicated that gender and alcohol use exerted greater influence in hotspots than elsewhere. CONCLUSION: Although from 1990 to 2019, the highest growth in ASIR of CRC has been observed in African, Asian, and Latin American countries, the hotspots are still concentrated in Europe. In the identified hotspots, gender and alcohol use exert a more significant impact on CRC incidence compared with other countries. Thus, we should pay attention to countries where the CRC incidence is increasing and these risk factors.
RESUMEN
The extensive application of amorphous silica nanoparticles (aSiNPs) in recent years has resulted in unavoidable human exposure in daily life, thus raising widespread concerns regarding the safety of aSiNPs on human health. The particle size is one of the important characteristics of nanomaterials that could influence their toxicity. For the reason that particles with smaller sizes possess larger surface area, which may lead to higher surface activity and biological reactivity. However, due to the complexity of experimental conditions and biological systems, the relationship between the particle size and the toxic effect of aSiNPs remains unclear. Therefore, this systematic review aims to investigate how particle size influences the toxic effect of aSiNPs in vivo and to analyze the relevant experimental factors affecting the size-dependent toxicity of aSiNPs in vivo. We found that 83.8% of 35 papers included in the present review came to the conclusion that smaller-sized aSiNPs exhibited stronger toxicity, though a few papers (6 papers) put forward different opinions. The reasons for smaller aSiNPs manifested greater toxicity were summarized. In addition, certain important experimental factors could influence the size-dependent effects and in vivo toxicity of aSiNPs, such as the synthesis method of aSiNPs, disperse medium of aSiNPs, administration route of aSiNPs, species or strain of experimental animals, sex of experimental animals, aggregation/agglomeration and protein corona of aSiNPs.