RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most common complications of diabetes. It is reported that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived exosomes (MSCs-Exo) may have great clinical application potential for the treatment of DKD, but the underlying mechanism has not been illustrated. To clarify the effect of MSC-Exo on NOD2 signaling pathway in podocytes under high glucose (HG) and DKD, we conduct this study. METHODS: We co-cultured podocytes and MSCs-Exo under 30 mM HG and injected MSCs-Exo into DKD mice, then we detected the NOD2 signaling pathway by western blot, qRT-PCT, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: In vitro, HG lead to the apoptosis, increased the ROS level and activated the NOD2 signaling pathway in podocytes, while MSCs-Exo protected podocytes from injury reduced the expression of inflammatory factors including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, and IL-18 and alleviated the inflammatory response, inhibited the activation of NOD2 signaling pathway and the expression of it's downstream protein p-P65, p-RIP2, prevented apoptosis, increased cell viability in podocytes caused by HG. In vivo, MSCs-Exo alleviated renal injury in DKD mice, protected renal function, decreased urinary albumin excretion and inhibited the activation of NOD2 signaling pathway as well as the inflammation in renal tissue. CONCLUSION: MSCs-Exo protected the podocytes and DKD mice from inflammation by mediating NOD2 pathway, MSCs-Exo may provide a new target for the treatment of DKD.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis , Nefropatías Diabéticas , Exosomas , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Proteína Adaptadora de Señalización NOD2 , Podocitos , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Exosomas/metabolismo , Nefropatías Diabéticas/metabolismo , Nefropatías Diabéticas/terapia , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/metabolismo , Ratones , Proteína Adaptadora de Señalización NOD2/metabolismo , Podocitos/metabolismo , Podocitos/patología , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Glucosa/metabolismo , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinasa 2 de Interacción con Receptor/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Trasplante de Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/métodos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Riñón/patología , Riñón/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicacionesRESUMEN
Two new species of genus Metanigrus Tsaur, Yang & Wilson, 1986 (Fulgoromorpha, Meenoplidae), M. afflatus sp. nov. from Hainan Province and M. angularus sp. nov. from Yunnan Province, are described and illustrated, bringing the total number of species within the genus to 8. An updated checklist and identification key to known species of Metanigrus are provided.
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Hemípteros , Animales , ChinaRESUMEN
Three new species of the genus Oecleopsis Emeljanov, 1971 from China, O.acerbus Lv & Chen, sp. nov. and O.panxianensis Lv & Chen, sp. nov. from Guizhou Province, and O.digitatus Lv & Chen, sp. nov. from Sichuan Province, are described and illustrated. With these additions, the number of species in the genus is increased to 18. An updated identification key and checklist of all known species of Oecleopsis are provided as well as a map of their geographic distributions.
RESUMEN
Background: Erythropoietin resistance is present in some patients with chronic kidney disease, especially in those undergoing hemodialysis, and is often treated using roxadustat rather than iron supplements and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). However, some patients cannot afford full doses of roxadustat. This retrospective study investigated the efficacy of low-dose roxadustat combined with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhuEPO) therapy in 39 patients with erythropoietin-resistant renal anemia undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (3-4 sessions/week). Methods: The ability of the combination of low-dose roxadustat and rhuEPO to increase the hemoglobin concentration over 12 weeks was assessed. Markers of iron metabolism were evaluated. Eligible adults received 50-60% of the recommended dose of roxadustat and higher doses of rhuEPO. Results: The mean hemoglobin level increased from 77.67 ± 11.18 g/dL to 92.0 ± 8.35 g/dL after treatment, and the hemoglobin response rate increased to 72%. The mean hematocrit level significantly increased from 24.26 ± 3.99% to 30.04 ± 3.69%. The soluble transferrin receptor level increased (27.29 ± 13.60 mg/L to 38.09 ± 12.78 mg/L), while the total iron binding capacity (49.22 ± 11.29 mg/L to 43.91 ± 12.88 mg/L) and ferritin level (171.05 ± 54.75 ng/mL to 140.83 ± 42.03 ng/mL) decreased. Conclusion: Therefore, in patients with ESA-resistant anemia who are undergoing hemodialysis, the combination of low-dose roxadustat and rhuEPO effectively improves renal anemia and iron metabolism.