Severity of Intracranial Large Artery Disease Correlates With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease.

BACKGROUND: Small vessel disease (SVD) shares common vascular risk factors with large artery disease (LAD). However, little is known about the relationship between intracranial artery stenosis and SVD burden. PURPOSE: To investigate whether SVD burden correlates with severity of intracranial LAD. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective. POPULATION: Five hundred and sixteen patients with LAD of arterial circulation were enrolled from one hospital, including 384 males (59 ± 11 years) and 132 females (60 ± 12 years). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 3 T. T1 -weighted fast spin echo (T1 W FSE), T2 W FSE, T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion-weighted imaging, susceptibility-weight imaging, and time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography. ASSESSMENT: The LAD was divided into mild stenosis (<30%), moderate stenosis (30%-69%), and severe stenosis (≥70%). The Standard for Reporting Vascular Changes on Neuroimaging criteria was used to rate the SVD burden according to the level of white matter hyperintensity (WMH), perivascular space (PVS), cerebral microbleed (CMB), and lacunes. STATISTICAL TESTS: Lilliefors test, ANOVA, chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Bonferroni test, Spearman's correlation, logistic regression, and Cohen's kappa test. RESULTS: The grade scores for centrum semiovale PVS (CS-PVS) were positively correlated with the degree of stenosis (R = 0.413), whereas the presence of severe basal ganglia PVS (BG-PVS) was associated with CMB (R = 0.508), lacunes (R = 0.365), and severe WMH (R = 0.478). In multivariate analysis, severe CS-PVS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-4.8) and lacunes (aOR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3-3.4) were associated with severe stenosis of LAD. In addition, CS-PVS was related to severe stenosis in a dose-dependent manner: when CS-PVS score was 3 and 4, the aORs of severe stenosis were 1.9 and 7.7, respectively. DATA CONCLUSION: The severity of LAD in anterior circulation is associated with SVD burden, which suggests that different SVD burden may be used for risk stratification in LAD. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.

FLAIR vessel hyperintensities predict functional outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with medical therapy.

OBJECTIVES: The prognostic value of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery vessel hyperintensity (FVH) remains controversial in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The objective was to investigate whether the presence of FVH could predict long-term functional outcomes in patients with AIS receiving medical therapy. METHODS: Consecutive AIS patients with anterior circulation large vessel stenosis (LVS) in multiple centers between January 2019 and December 2020 were studied. Presence of FVH was identified and evaluated as FVH (+). Quantification of FVH was performed using an FVH-Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) system and divided into grades: FVH-ASPECTS of 0 = grade 0; 1-2 = grade 1; 3-7 = grade 2. Poor functional outcome was defined as modified Rankin scale > 2 at 3 months. RESULTS: Overall, 175 patients were analyzed (age, 64.31 ± 13.47 years; men, 65.1%), and 78.9% patients presented with FVH. Larger infarct volume (19.90 mL vs. 5.50 mL, p < 0.001), higher rates of FVH (+) (92.0% vs. 65.9%, p < 0.001), and higher FVH grades (grade 2, 34.5% vs. 10.2%, p < 0.001) were more prone to be observed in patients with poor functional outcomes. FVH (+) with infarct volume larger than 6.265 mL (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 6.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.82-19.98) and FVH grade (grade 1, aOR 3.07, 95% CI 1.12-8.43; grade 2, aOR 5.80, 95% CI 1.59-21.11) were independently associated with poor functional outcomes. CONCLUSION: FVH (+) combined with large infarct volume and high FVH grade can predict poor long-term functional outcomes in patients with LVS who receive medical therapy. KEY POINTS: • FVH is expected to be a contrast agent-independent alternative for assessing hemodynamic status in the acute stage of stroke. • FVH (+) and high FVH grade, quantified by FVH-ASPECTS rating system and grades, are associated with large infarct volume. • The combination of FVH and DWI-based infarct volume has independent predictive value for long-term functional outcomes in AIS patients with large artery stenosis treated with medical therapy.

Differential diagnosis of mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and ischemic stroke using 3D pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of 3D pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (3D pCASL) in the differential diagnosis between mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and acute ischemic stroke (AIS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including T2 -weighted imaging (T2 WI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and 3D pCASL perfusion data were obtained on a 3.0T MR scanner in 16 newly appearing lesions in nine patients with MELAS and 14 acute lesions in 12 patients with AIS. A postlabeling delay (PLD) time of 2025 msec was applied. The cerebral blood flow (CBF) values were measured in the central part and the peripheral part of the lesions and the CBF values were compared between MELAS and AIS patients. RESULTS: The lesions of both MELAS and AIS showed high signal intensity on T2 WI and demonstrated hyperintensity on DWI. Compared with the perfusion defects or hypoperfusion in all AIS, hyperperfusion was revealed in 16 acute MELAS lesions, especially in the peripheral part of the lesions. The CBF values of 16 lesions in MELAS were 11.20-73.11 ml/100g/min in the central part and 65.33-169.11 ml/100g/min in the peripheral part. The CBF values of 14 lesions in AIS were 12.32-19.94 ml/100g/min in the central part and 11.66-18.37 ml/100g/min in the peripheral part. The CBF value of the peripheral part (119.80 ± 35.41) in MELAS was significantly higher than that (14.66 ± 2.61) in AIS (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The whole-brain 3D pCASL technique might be useful in differentiating MELAS from AIS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:199-206.

Diffusion-weighted MRI findings and clinical correlations in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

The objective of this study is to investigate the hyperintense lesions on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and its clinical correlation in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). Patients who suffered from sCJD and followed up at the Department of Neurology at the General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army during the period of June 1, 2007 to July 1, 2014 were reviewed. The location of the hyperintense lesions on DWI, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the hyperintense lesions were correlated with symptoms and clinical course. A total of 58 sCJD patients and ten healthy controls were included. Hyperintense lesions on DWI were observed in all the patients. The patients with basal ganglia (BG) hyperintense lesions on DWI had shorter disease duration and higher incidence of myoclonus (92 versus 44 %) than those without BG hyperintense lesions. The patients with occipital cortex hyperintense lesions on DWI had shorter disease duration between symptom onset and akinetic mutism than those without these lesions. The lower of the BG ADC value the faster presence of akinetic mutism and the shorter disease duration the patients will have. The presence of BG and occipital cortex hyperintense lesions on DWI and BG ADC values is correlated with the clinical course and clinical symptoms.