Point-of-Care Noninvasive Prediction of Liver-Related Events in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Individual risk prediction of liver-related events (LRE) is needed for clinical assessment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. We aimed to provide point-of-care validated liver stiffness measurement (LSM)-based risk prediction models for the development of LRE in patients with NAFLD, focusing on selecting patients for clinical trials at risk of clinical events. METHODS: Two large multicenter cohorts were evaluated, 2638 NAFLD patients covering all LSM values as the derivation cohort and 679 more advanced patients as the validation cohort. We used Cox regression to develop and validate risk prediction models based on LSM alone, and the ANTICIPATE and ANTICIPATE-NASH models for clinically significant portal hypertension. The main outcome of the study was the rate of LRE in the first 3 years after initial assessment. RESULTS: The 3 predictive models had similar performance in the derivation cohort with a very high discriminative value (c-statistic, 0.87-0.91). In the validation cohort, the LSM-LRE alone model had a significant inferior discrimination (c-statistic, 0.75) compared with the other 2 models, whereas the ANTICIPATE-NASH-LRE model (0.81) was significantly better than the ANTICIPATE-LRE model (0.79). In addition, the ANTICIPATE-NASH-LRE model presented very good calibration in the validation cohort (integrated calibration index, 0.016), and was better than the ANTICIPATE-LRE model. CONCLUSIONS: The ANTICIPATE-LRE models, and especially the ANTICIPATE-NASH-LRE model, could be valuable validated clinical tools to individually assess the risk of LRE at 3 years in patients with NAFLD/NASH.

Noninvasive Diagnosis of Portal Hypertension in Patients With Compensated Advanced Chronic Liver Disease.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to explore the prevalence of portal hypertension in the most common etiologies of patients with compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) and develop classification rules, based on liver stiffness measurement (LSM), that could be readily used to diagnose or exclude clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) in clinical practice. METHODS: This is an international cohort study including patients with paired LSM/hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG), LSM ≥10 kPa, and no previous decompensation. Portal hypertension was defined by an HVPG >5 mm Hg. A positive predictive value ≥90% was considered to validate LSM cutoffs for CSPH (HVPG ≥10 mm Hg), whereas a negative predictive value ≥90% ruled out CSPH. RESULTS: A total of 836 patients with hepatitis C (n = 358), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, n = 248), alcohol use (n = 203), and hepatitis B (n = 27) were evaluated. Portal hypertension prevalence was >90% in all cACLD etiologies, except for patients with NASH (60.9%), being even lower in obese patients with NASH (53.3%); these lower prevalences of portal hypertension in patients with NASH were maintained across different strata of LSM values. LSM ≥25 kPa was the best cutoff to rule in CSPH in alcoholic liver disease, chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C, and nonobese patients with NASH, whereas in obese NASH patients, the positive predictive value was only 62.8%. A new model for patients with NASH (ANTICIPATE-NASH model) to predict CSPH considering body mass index, LSM, and platelet count was developed, and a nomogram was constructed. LSM ≤15 kPa plus platelets ≥150 × 10/L ruled out CSPH in most etiologies. DISCUSSION: Patients with cACLD of NASH etiology, especially obese patients with NASH, present lower prevalences of portal hypertension compared with other cACLD etiologies. LSM ≥25 kPa is sufficient to rule in CSPH in most etiologies, including nonobese patients with NASH, but not in obese patients with NASH.

Severe muscle depletion in patients on the liver transplant wait list: its prevalence and independent prognostic value.

As detected by cross-sectional imaging, severe muscle depletion, which is termed sarcopenia, holds promise for prognostication in patients with cirrhosis. Our aims were to describe the prevalence and predictors of sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis listed for liver transplantation (LT) and to determine its independent prognostic significance for the prediction of waiting-list mortality. Adults listed for LT who underwent abdominal computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging within 6 weeks of activation were retrospectively identified. The exclusions were hepatocellular carcinoma, acute liver failure, prior LT, and listing for multivisceral transplantation or living related LT. Sixty percent of the 142 eligible patients were male, the median age was 53 years, and the median Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score at listing was 15. Forty-one percent were sarcopenic; sarcopenia was more prevalent in males versus females (54% versus 21%, P < 0.001) and increased with the Child-Pugh class (10% for class A, 34% for class B, and 54% for class C, P = 0.007). Male sex, the dry-weight body mass index (BMI), and Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis (but not the MELD score) were independent predictors of sarcopenia. Sarcopenia was an independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio = 2.36, 95% confidence interval = 1.23-4.53) after adjustments for age and MELD scores. In conclusion, sarcopenia is associated with increased waiting-list mortality and is poorly predicted by subjective nutritional assessment tools such as BMI and subjective global assessment. If this is validated in larger studies, the objective assessment of sarcopenia holds promise for prognostication in this patient population.

Severe Hepatic Steatosis Is Associated With Low-Level Viremia and Advanced Fibrosis in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B in North America.

Background and Aims: The obesity epidemic has increased the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in both the general and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) populations. Our study aims to determine the prevalence of NAFLD in patients with CHB based on controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and the epidemiological, clinical, and virological factors associated with severe hepatic steatosis. Methods: The Canadian Hepatitis B Network cohort was utilized to provide a cross-sectional description of demographics, comorbidities, antiviral treatment, and hepatits B virus (HBV) tests. Liver fibrosis and steatosis were measured by transient elastography and CAP, respectively. Any grade and severe steatosis were defined as CAP >248 and >280 dB/m, respectively. Advanced liver fibrosis was defined as transient elastography measurement >10.7 kPa. Results: In 1178 patients with CHB (median age: 47.4%, 57.7% males, 75.7% Asian, 13% African, 6.5% White, 86% HBV e antigen negative, median HBV DNA of 2.44 log10IU/mL, 42.7% receiving treatment), the prevalence of any grade and severe steatosis was 53% and 36%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, obesity was a significant predictor for severe steatosis (adjusted odds ratio: 5.046, 95% confidence interval: 1.22-20.93). Severe steatosis was a determinant associated with viral load (adjusted odds ratio: 0.385, 95% confidence interval: 0.20-0.75, P < .01; r = -0.096, P = .007) regardless of antiviral therapy, age, and alanine aminotransferase levels. Conclusion: In this large multiethnic CHB population, hepatic steatosis is common. Severe steatosis is independently associated with higher fibrosis, but negatively with HBV DNA, regardless of antiviral therapy history.

Clinical Outcomes and Quantitative HBV Surface Antigen Levels in Diverse Chronic Hepatitis B Patients in Canada: A Retrospective Real-World Study of CHB in Canada (REVEAL-CANADA).

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss is associated with improved clinical outcomes for individuals with chronic hepatitis B (CHB); however, the effects of varying HBsAg levels on clinical outcomes in diverse cohorts are understudied. METHODS: In this cross-sectional, multicentre, retrospective study, the data on adult subjects enrolled in the Canadian HBV Network with CHB seen from 1 January 2012 to 30 January 2021 with the treatment and virologic data within 1 year of HBsAg testing were analyzed. Patients were tested for HBsAg using qualitative (for HBsAg-negative samples) and/or commercial quantitative assays. Fibrosis or hepatic necroinflammation was determined by the liver stiffness measurement (LSM). The baseline data were summarized using descriptive statistics and compared by using univariable/multivariable analyses. RESULTS: This study included 844 CHB patients, with a median age of 49.6 years (IQR 40.1-60.5), and 37% were female. In total, 751 patients (78.6%) had known ethnicity data, and 76.7% self-reported as Asian, 11.4% as Black, 6.8% as White, and 4.8% as other. Among the 844 patients, 237 (28.0%) were HBsAg (-) (1000 IU/mL. Overall, 80% (682) had known HBeAg status at the last follow-up, and the majority (87.0%) were HBeAg-negative. In addition, 54% (461/844) had prior antiviral therapy, 19.7% of which (16.3, 23.7, n = 91) were HBsAg (-). The treated patients had a lower risk of cirrhosis (16.46, 95% CI 1.89-143.39, p = 0.01) or HCC (8.23, 95% CI 1.01-67.39, p = 0.05) than the untreated patients. A lower proportion of the HBsAg-loss group had cirrhosis (5.7% vs. 10.9%, p = 0.021) and HCC (0.9% vs. 6.2%, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this retrospective, ethnically diverse cohort study, CHB patients who received antiviral therapy and/or had HBsAg loss were less likely to develop cirrhosis and HCC, confirming the results of the studies in less diverse cohorts. No association was found between the qHBsAg level and fibrosis determined with LSM. Individuals who achieved HBsAg loss had low-level qHBsAg within 1 year of seroclearance.

Impact of specialized multidisciplinary care on cirrhosis outcomes and acute care utilization.

Background: Multidisciplinary care has the potential to improve outcomes among patients with cirrhosis, yet its impact on this population remains unclear, with existing studies demonstrating discrepant results. Using data from the multidisciplinary outpatient Cirrhosis Care Clinic (CCC) at the University of Alberta Hospital, we aimed to evaluate acute care utilization and survival outcomes of patients followed by the CCC compared with those receiving standard care (SC). Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of 212 patients with cirrhosis admitted to University of Alberta Hospital between 2014 and 2015. CCC patients (n = 36) were followed through the CCC before index admission. SC patients (n = 176) were managed outside of the CCC. Readmission time in hospital was collected until 1 year, death, or liver transplant. Results: CCC patients had more advanced liver disease (higher prevalence of ascites, encephalopathy, and varices). Despite this, acute care utilization was significantly lower among CCC patients (adjusted length of stay lower by 3 days, p = 0.03, and adjusted survival days spent in hospital lower by 9%, p = 0.02). CCC patients also had improved 1-year transplant-free survival, with an adjusted 1-year relative risk reduction of 53% (p = 0.03). Total mean cost of care was lower in the CCC group by $2,280 per patient-month of life. Discussion: For patients admitted with cirrhosis, specialized post-discharge multidisciplinary outpatient care is associated with decreased acute care utilization, improved 1-year transplant-free survival probability, and the potential for cost savings to the system.

Reduced immune responses to hepatitis B primary vaccination in obese individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Obesity and cirrhosis are associated with poor hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine responses, but vaccine efficacy has not been assessed in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Sixty-eight HBV-naïve adults with NAFLD were enrolled through the Canadian HBV network and completed three-dose HBV or HBV/HAV vaccine (Engerix-B®, or Twinrix®, GlaxoSmithKline). Anti-HBs titers were measured at 1-3 months post third dose. In 31/68 subjects enrolled at the coordinating-site, T-cell proliferation and follicular T-helper cells (pTFH) were assessed using PBMC. Immune response was also studied in NAFLD mice. NAFLD patients were stratified as low-risk-obesity, BMI < 35 (N = 40) vs. medium-high-risk obesity, BMI > 35 (N = 28). Anti-HBs titers were lower in medium/high-risk obesity, 385 IU/L ± 79 vs. low-risk obesity class, 642 IU/L ± 68.2, p = 0.02. High-risk obesity cases, N = 14 showed lower vaccine-specific-CD3+ CD4+ T-cell response compared to low-risk obesity patients, N = 17, p = 0.02. Low vaccine responders showed dysfunctional pTFH. NAFLD mice showed lower anti-HBs levels and T-cell response vs. controls. In conclusion, we report here that obese individuals with NAFLD exhibit decreased HBV vaccine-specific immune responses.

The natural history of inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation--a single-centre experience.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) after liver transplant, the predictors of PSC and IBD recurrence, and the interaction of these disease processes. METHODS: Data regarding patients who received liver transplants for PSC at the University of Alberta Hospital (Edmonton, Alberta) from 1989 to 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. Recurrent PSC (rPSC) was defined by the Mayo Clinic criteria. Cox proportional hazards modelling and Kaplan-Meier statistics were used. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients were studied, with a median follow-up of 68 months. A total of 71.2% of patients were diagnosed with IBD pretransplant. Clinical IBD severity post-transplant compared with severity pretransplant was unchanged in 67%, worse in 26.5% and improved in 6.1% of patients. Twenty-five per cent of patients developed rPSC posttransplant. The occurrence of at least one episode of acute cellular rejection (hazard ratio 5.7; 95% CI 1.3 to 25.8) and cytomegalovirus mismatch (hazard ratio 4.2; 95% CI 1.1 to 15.4) were found to be significant predictors of rPSC. Although not statistically significant, there was no rPSC in patients without pre- or post-transplant IBD, and in only one patient with a colectomy. Actuarial patient survival rates at one, five and 10 years posttransplant were 97%, 86% and 79%, respectively. Although a significant proportion of patients experienced worsening IBD post-transplantation, the presence or severity of IBD did not influence rPSC or patient survival. CONCLUSION: Acute cellular rejection and cytomegalovirus mismatch were both identified as independent predictors of rPSC. The impact of steroids and the ideal immunosuppressive regimen for the control of both IBD and PSC post-transplant requires further examination in prospective studies.

A shorter duration of pre-transplant abstinence predicts problem drinking after liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVES: Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease (ALD) can be complicated by abusive or "problem" drinking (PD) after transplant. There are limited data for evaluating the effect of pre-transplant abstinence on post-transplant PD. Few existing studies have included a substantial number of patients with co-existing causes of hepatic dysfunction, and the effect of PD on survival in recent European studies has been controversial. We hypothesized that a longer duration of pre-transplant abstinence would lead to less PD after transplantation. Accordingly, the objectives of this study are to analyze a North American cohort of patients with ALD with or without a secondary diagnosis of liver disease to estimate (i) the incidence of PD and its predictors, as well as (ii) the effect of PD on patient survival. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of all patients transplanted for ALD surviving for more than 3 months after transplant. PD was defined as either any drinking (AD) to the point of intoxication or drinking above the toxic threshold (>20 g/day in women and >40 g/day in men) on at least two separate occasions. We used Cox's proportional hazards regression to estimate risk ratios and Kaplan-Meier curves with log-rank analysis to compare survival. RESULTS: Of 213 eligible transplant patients, 42 were excluded. Of the 171 remaining patients, 78% were male; mean age was 52 years. Overall 53% of patients had co-existing causes of liver dysfunction. The mean follow-up was 64.8 months. The median pre-transplant abstinence was 19 months. In all patients, the risk of AD was 24% and PD 13%. Pre-transplant abstinence duration was the only independent predictor of PD after transplant. For every 1-month increment in pre-transplant abstinence, there was a 5% decrease in the adjusted relapse rate. There was no survival difference noted between problem drinkers and non-drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of PD decreased with increasing pre-transplant abstinence. Our data support pre-transplant abstinence as an important predictor of post-transplant recidivism; however, the optimal period of abstinence remains unclear. Patients with <18 months of abstinence may benefit from more intensive follow-up and rehabilitation after transplant.

Effects of probiotic therapy on portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Recent literature has supported the role of bacterial translocation as a mediator of splanchnic vasodilatation and portal hypertension. The objective of this study was to determine whether the probiotic VSL#3 would reduce portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS: Eight patients with compensated or very early decompensated cirrhosis and hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) >10 mmHg, received 2 months of VSL#3 (3600 billion bacteria daily). The HVPG, intestinal permeability, endotoxin, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, renin and aldosterone were measured at baseline and study end. RESULTS: There was no change in the HVPG or intestinal permeability from baseline to study end but there was a trend to reduction in plasma endotoxin (P=0.09), a mild but significant increase in serum TNF-alpha (P=0.02) and a significant reduction in plasma aldosterone (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of small sample size, there does not appear to be a benefit of probiotic therapy for portal pressure reduction in patients with compensated or early decompensated cirrhosis. The reductions in endotoxin and aldosterone suggest possible beneficial effects of probiotics for this patient population. The clinical significance of the small but unexpected increase in TNF-alpha is unclear. Future studies are planned in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

The effect of 1 month of therapy with midodrine, octreotide-LAR and albumin in refractory ascites: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of refractory ascites (RA) is linked to splanchnic vasodilation. We hypothesized that a combination of midodrine, octreotide long-acting release (LAR) and albumin would result in increased natriuresis, better control of ascites and an improvement in renal function in patients with RA+/-Type 2 hepatorenal syndrome. METHODS: A prospective pilot study in patients with RA as defined by the International Ascites Club. Consecutive patients received an intramuscular injection of octreotide-LAR, 50 g of albumin three times per week and midodrine titrated to increase the systolic blood pressure for 1 month. RESULTS: Ten patients with RA were enrolled and eight with complete data to 1 month post-treatment were included in the analysis. There was no change in renal function but there was a trend towards a reduction in the volume of ascites removed by paracentesis (P=0.08) and a significant reduction in the plasma renin (P=0.01) and aldosterone concentrations (P=0.01). Interestingly, there was a transient worsening in the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score (P=0.01). The deterioration in MELD was completely reversible after discontinuation of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study of prolonged midodrine, octreotide and albumin therapy in RA. We observed a significant reduction in the plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations and a trend towards a reduction in the volume of ascites removed by paracentesis without an effect on renal function. The beneficial effects are at the expense of a reversible deterioration in the MELD score. Large controlled trials are needed before this therapy can be routinely recommended.

Impact of Implementing a "FIB-4 First" Strategy on a Pathway for Patients With NAFLD Referred From Primary Care.

Detection of advanced fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is essential for stratifying patients according to the risk of liver-related morbidity. Noninvasive methods such as vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) and Fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) have been recommended to identify patients for further assessment. The aim of this study was to assess the potential impact of implementing a "FIB-4 First" strategy to triage patients entering a NAFLD assessment pathway. The pathway for patients with suspected NAFLD was piloted at a tertiary liver center. Referral criteria were 16-65 years old, elevated alanine aminotransferase and/or steatosis on imaging, and absence of a previous liver diagnosis. A registered nurse risk-stratified all patients based on VCTE and FIB-4 was calculated. Potential alternative diagnoses were excluded with bloodwork. A total of 565 patients underwent risk stratification with VCTE with a 97% success rate. Ten percent had VCTE of at least 8 kPa; 560 patients had FIB-4 available for analysis and 87% had values less than 1.3. Of those with a FIB-4 of at least 1.3, 69% had a VCTE less than 8 kPa. Further modeling showed that the presence of diabetes, age, and body mass index had only a moderate impact on the association between FIB-4 and elastography values if using a FIB-4 threshold of 1.3. Conclusion: A FIB-4 threshold of 1.3 was acceptable for excluding the presence of advanced fibrosis (assessed by VCTE). A staged risk-stratification model using FIB-4 and VCTE could save up to 87% of further assessments. This model could improve accessibility by moving the initial fibrosis evaluation to the medical home and helping to prioritize patients for further specialized care.

Impact of Sofosbuvir-Based Regimens for the Treatment of Hepatitis C After Liver Transplant on Renal Function: Results of a Canadian National Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the impact of sofosbuvir-based regimens on renal function in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C virus and the role of renal function on the efficacy and safety of these regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In an expanded pan-Canadian cohort, 180 liver transplant recipients were treated with sofosbuvir-based regimens for hepatitis C virus recurrence from January 2014 to May 2015. Mean age was 58 ± 6.85 years, and 50% had F3/4 fibrosis. Patients were stratified into 4 groups based on baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula): < 30, 30 to 45, 46 to 60, and > 60 mL/min/173 m2. The primary outcome was posttreatment changes in renal function from baseline. Secondary outcomes included sustained virologic response at 12 weeks posttreatment and anemia-related and serious adverse events. RESULTS: Posttreatment renal function was improved in most patients (58%). Renal function declined in 22% of patients, which was more marked in those with estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min/173 m2, advanced cirrhosis (P = .05), and aggressive hepatitis C virus/fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis (P < .05). High rates (80%-88%) of sustained virologic response at 12 weeks posttreatment were seen across all renal function strata. Cirrhotic patients with glomerular filtration rates < 30 mL/min/173 m2 had sustained virologic response rates at 12 weeks posttreatment comparable to the overall patient group. Rates of anemia-related adverse events and transfusion requirements increased across decreasing estimated glomerular filtration rate groups, with notably more occurrences with ribavirin-based regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Sofosbuvir-based regimens improved overall renal function in liver transplant recipients, with sustained virologic response, suggesting an association of subclinical hepatitis C virus-related renal disease. Sustained virologic response rates at 12 weeks posttreatment (80%-88%) were comparable regardless of baseline renal function but lower in cirrhosis.

Epidemiologic and clinical features of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in 8 Canadian provinces: a descriptive study by the Canadian HBV Network.

BACKGROUND: Published Canadian epidemiologic data on hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection include single-centre studies or are focused on Indigenous populations. We performed a study to characterize the demographic and clinical features, liver disease status and treatment of people with chronic hepatitis B in Canada. METHODS: In this descriptive, opportunistic, cross-sectional study, available data for people known to be monoinfected with HBV were collected by the Canadian HBV Network from existing clinical databases, with support from the National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada. Data were collected in all provinces with the exception of New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador. We analyzed the data using parametric and nonparametric statistical methods, with a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: In the 9380 unique patient records reviewed, the median age was 48 years, and 5193 patients (55.4%) were male. Ethnicity information was available for 7858 patients, of whom 5803 (73.8%) were Asian, 916 (11.6%) were black and 914 (11.6%) were white. Most of those tested (5556/6796 [81.8%]) were negative for HBV e-antigen, and most of those with fibrosis data (3481/4260 [81.7%]) had minimal liver fibrosis, with more advanced fibrosis noted in older people (> 40 yr). Of the 980 patients with genotype data, 521 (53.2%) had genotype B or C infection. Most of the 9241 patients with known confirmed treatment status received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (1655 [17.9%]), lamivudine (1434 [15.5%]) or entecavir (548 [5.9%]). INTERPRETATION: Based on available data, Canadian patients with chronic hepatitis B are predominantly Asian and negative for HBV e-antigen, and have genotype B or C infection. Interprovincial variations were noted in antiviral treatment regimen. This multicentre nationwide study provides data regarding patients with chronic hepatitis B and may inform future studies on the epidemiologic features of HBV infection in Canada.

Management of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: 2018 Guidelines from the Canadian Association for the Study of Liver Disease and Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an important public health problem in Canada. In keeping with evolving evidence and understanding of HBV pathogenesis, the Canadian Association for the Study of Liver Disease periodically publishes HBV management guidelines. The goals of the 2018 guidelines are to (1) highlight the public health impact of HBV infection in Canada and the need to improve diagnosis and linkage to care, (2) recommend current best-practice guidelines for treatment of HBV, (3) summarize the key HBV laboratory diagnostic tests, and (4) review evidence on HBV management in special patient populations and include more detail on management of HBV in pediatric populations. An overview of novel HBV tests and therapies for HBV in development is provided to highlight the recent advances in HBV clinical research. The aim and scope of these guidelines are to serve as an up-to-date, comprehensive resource for Canadian health care providers in the management of HBV infection.

De novo sirolimus-based immunosuppression after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term outcomes and side effects.

BACKGROUND: We report long-term outcomes and side effects after transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using de novo, sirolimus-based immunosuppression (IS). METHODS: A total of 70 patients with HCC (mean age: 54.4+/-7 years, female/male: 12/58) were transplanted and included in the study. Immunosuppression included de novo sirolimus, low-dose calcineurin inhibitor for 6 to 12 months, with short-course (3 months) or no steroids. RESULTS: After 49 months-median follow-up, eight patients have experienced an HCC recurrence, 2 of 34 when Milan criteria were respected (6%) and 6 of 36 when beyond Milan criteria (17%). One- and 4-year tumor-free survivals were 85 and 73%, when Milan criteria were respected and 82% and 75% when they were not, respectively. (P=0.9). After recurrence, mean survival was 23+/-28 months. Half (35 of 70) of the patients experienced a rejection. Incisional hernia (24 of 70, 34%), wound infection (12 of 70, 17%), anemia (39 of 70, 56%), leucopenia (39 of 70, 56%), high triglyceride (43 of 70, 61%), and cholesterol (28 of 70, 40%) levels and mouth ulcers (20 of 70, 29%) were among the most frequent complications. No hepatic artery thrombosis was observed. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that de novo sirolimus-based immunosuppression is associated with satisfactory outcomes after transplantation, even in selected patients beyond Milan criteria. The protocol has proven safe, with an acceptable side-effect profile. This study supports the conduct of larger randomized trials investigating sirolimus after transplantation for HCC.

Sofosbuvir-Based Antiviral Therapy Is Highly Effective In Recurrent Hepatitis C in Liver Transplant Recipients: Canadian Multicenter "Real-Life" Experience.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of regimens containing sofosbuvir (SOF) in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence in all genotypes in patients outside of clinical trials in all Canadian transplant centers. METHODS: One hundred twenty liver transplantation recipients from across Canada with HCV recurrence were started on SOF-based regimens (SOF + simeprevir ± ribavirin (RBV), n = 53; SOF + pegylated interferon + RBV, n = 25; SOF + RBV, n = 36; and SOF + ledipasvir, n = 6) between January and November 2014. Mean age 58 ± 6.85 years, majority (83%) were genotype 1, male (81%), and treatment experienced (82%). Twenty-seven percent had fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis/early aggressive HCV in the graft, and 48% had F3/4 fibrosis. The primary outcomes included patient and graft survival, on- and end-of-treatment response and sustained virological response at 12 weeks after treatment end (SVR12), and adverse events. RESULTS: One hundred thirteen of 120 (94%) patients were HCV RNA undetectable at end of treatment, and SVR12 was achieved in 102/120 (85%) patients, with 7 relapses, 1 nonresponder, and 10 deaths (liver-related complications). Sixty-three percent had HCV RNA levels below the lower limit of quantification at week 4. Serum creatinine levels remained stable throughout the treatment. Severe anemia occurred in 13% of patients, primarily in RBV-based regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Sofosbuvir-based antiviral therapy for HCV recurrence after liver transplantation was well tolerated, with an overall high SVR12 rate (85%) including patients with severe disease recurrence and F3-4 cirrhosis. The response rate was higher (91%) in mild HCV recurrence, suggesting earlier treatment might be beneficial.

Enhanced activation of memory, but not naïve, B cells in chronic hepatitis C virus-infected patients with cryoglobulinemia and advanced liver fibrosis.

Mixed cryoglobulinemia is the most common extrahepatic disease manifestation of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, where immunoglobulins precipitate at low temperatures and cause symptoms such as vasculitis, glomerulonephritis and arthralgia. HCV-associated cryoglobulinemia is also strongly linked with the development of B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Abnormal B cell function in HCV infections can lead to the formation of HCV cryoglobulin complexes that usually comprise monoclonal rheumatoid factor and HCV-specific immune complexes. The aim of this study was to characterize the activation phenotype of B cells from patients with chronic HCV infection in comparison to healthy controls using flow cytometry. In addition, we determined how the activation status varies depending on the presence of cryoglobulinemia and advanced liver fibrosis. We found that only memory B cells, not naïve cells, were significantly activated in chronic HCV infection when compared with healthy controls. We also identified markers of memory B cell activation that were specific for HCV patients with cryoglobulinemia (CD86, CD71, HLA-DR) and advanced liver disease (CD86). Our results demonstrate that HCV infection has differential effects on B cells depending on the severity of hepatic and extrahepatic disease.

Management of chronic hepatitis B: Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver consensus guidelines.

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a dynamic disease that is influenced by host and virological factors. The management of CHB has become more complex with the increasing use of long-term oral nucleos/tide analogue antiviral therapies and the availability of novel diagnostic assays. Furthermore, there is often a lack of robust data to guide optimal management such as the selection of therapy, duration of treatment, potential antiviral side effects and the treatment of special populations. In November 2011, the Canadian Liver Foundation and the Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver convened a consensus conference to review the literature and analyze published data, including other international expert guidelines on CHB management. The proceedings of the consensus conference are summarized and provide updated clinical practice guidelines to assist Canadian health care providers in the prevention, diagnosis, assessment and treatment of CHB.

MELD score, insulin-like growth factor 1 and cytokines on bone density in end-stage liver disease.

AIM: To determine the contributions of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), cytokines and liver disease severity to bone mineral density in patients pre-transplantation. METHODS: Serum IGF-1, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured and the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score calculated in 121 adult patients referred to a single centre for liver transplantation. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were assessed via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Demographics, liver disease etiology, medication use and relevant biochemistry were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 117 subjects were included, with low BMD seen in 68.6%, irrespective of disease etiology. In multivariable analysis, low body mass index (BMI), increased bone turnover and low IGF-1 were independent predictors of low spinal bone density. At the hip, BMI, IGF-1 and vitamin D status were predictive. Despite prevalent elevations of TNFα and IL-6, levels did not correlate with degree of bone loss. The MELD score failed to predict low BMD in this pre-transplant population. CONCLUSION: Osteopenia/osteoporosis is common in advanced liver disease. Low serum IGF-1 is weakly predictive but serum cytokine and MELD score fail to predict the severity of bone disease.