RESUMEN
Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD-Rio strains are still rare in the former Soviet Union countries and Asia. We describe a strain in Kazakhstan that belongs to the RD-Rio secondary branch, which is endemic to northwest Russia and eastern Europe. Although RD-Rio strains are frequently multidrug resistant, this heterogeneous branch included only drug-susceptible isolates.
Asunto(s)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/clasificación , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Antituberculosos/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Genotipo , Humanos , Kazajstán/epidemiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Repeticiones de Minisatélite , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Filogenia , Vigilancia de la PoblaciónRESUMEN
Fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora reached Kazakhstan in 2008. Here, the disease poses a threat not only to agricultural production of apples and pears, but also to the forests of wild Malus sieversii, the progenitor of most domesticated apple varieties worldwide. In the period 2019-2021, the spread of fire blight in the growth area of wild apples was limited by the weather conditions. In 2022, late spring and early summer were characterized by increased rainfall and moderate temperatures favorable for the disease. The goal of this study was to monitor the distribution of fire blight in private households and small orchards in the zones adjacent to wild apple distribution areas. A total of 91 samples with fire blight-compatible symptoms were collected from cultural apples (68), wild apple (10), pear (5), hawthorn (7), and quince (1) in south-eastern and eastern Kazakhstan, resulting in 21 isolates (one from pear, one from quince, and 19 from apple) of E. amylovora. All isolates belonged to the archetypal CRISPR genotype A. Considering the relative proximity of the infections to the forests of wild M. sieversii, additional measures for fire blight control and prevention will have to be implemented, including state monitoring of the wild apple forests for disease symptoms and awareness campaigns for specially protected natural territories that safeguard M. sieversii, as well as for local pomaceous-fruit growing communities.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Variación Genética , Genotipo , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Federación de Rusia , Factor sigma/genética , Factores de Tiempo , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/microbiologíaRESUMEN
We studied differences between phagocytic responses to nanoparticles (NPs) versus microparticles in the pulmonary region by synthesizing magnetite of different sizes and instilling suspensions of these particles intratracheally into rats' lungs. Ten and 50 nm particles caused a greater increase in cell counts of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) than the instillation of microparticles. The response to 10 nm particles was weaker than to 50 nm ones, and the smaller NPs were more cytotoxic; both were more cytotoxic than the microparticles. Phagocytic activity was also studied using optical and atomic force microscopy. Phagocytes were more "loaded" in the lungs instilled with 10 nm particles as compared with those instilled with 50 nm particles; NPs of both sizes were engulfed more avidly than microparticles. We found in a separate comparative experiment that magnetite NPs were more cytotoxic than titanium dioxide and quartz suspensions having particle size distribution typical of industrial dusts.